Physiology of the Uterus and Vagina Flashcards
monarch usually occurs at what age
11-14
monarch refers to the onset of ____
menses
___: the development of breasts
thelarche
menopause usually occurs at what age
44-55
premature menopause is considered when menopause occurs before what age
40
___: ovulation occurs prior to the age of 8
precocious puberty
what often causes precocious puberty
- pituitary or hypothalamic tumors
- ovarian tumors that secrete estrogen
- can be idiopathic
which layer of the endometrium is shed in menstruation
functional
which layer of the endometrium serves as a source of cell regrowth
basalis
arcuate arteries supply blood to what part of the uterus
myometroim
what are the two hormones that are secreted by anterior pituitary gland
- follicle stimulating
- luteinizing
gonadotropin releasing hormone is secreted by what
hypothalamus
GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release what hormones?
- FSH
- LH
what hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary gland
GnRH
FSH stimulates ___ production
estrogen
follicle stimulating hormone is responsible for what
follicle and ova maturation
luteinizing hormone is responsible for what
ovulation and corpus luteal development
which hormone is responsible for the development of reproductive organs
estrogen
which hormone stimulates the endometrium to thicken prior to ovulation
estrogen
the hormone estrogen stimulates several things what are they?
- endo to thicken prior to ovulation
- contraction of F. Tubes
- cervix to produce viscous mucus to assist the sperm in reaching the ovum
is the is the principle component of estrogen
estradiol
what hormone can be used to predict ovulation in patients undergoing fertility treatments
estradiol
which hormone has been linked to endometriosis, fibroids and carcinoma
estradiol
what are the three major estrogen hormones
- estradiol
- estriol
- estrone
which component of estrogen is only produced in the placenta
estriol
which component of estrogen is only found in postmenopausal women
estrone
what is the hormone that is produces by the corpus luteal cells post ovulation
progesterone
pituitary gland
prolactin is produced by ____
what are some functions of progesterone
- responsible for premenstrual symptoms of pregnancy
- responsible for endometrial proliferation after ovulation
- blocks development of new follicles
- stimulates uterine blood supply for pregnancy
- causes breasts to prepare for lactation
- causes formation of cervical mucus plug in pregnancy
which hormone stimulates milk production with pregnancy
prolactin
testosterone is produces by what
ovary and adrenal glands
overproduction of testosterone in women causes ____
virilization
___: the development of male physical characteristics in women
virilization
what are the phases of the endometrial cycle
- menstrual
- proliferative
- secretory
the menstrual phase is what days of the cycle
1-5
the early proliferative phase is what days of the cycle
6-10
the late proliferative phase occurs through what days
11-14
the secretory phase occurs through what days of the cycle
15-28
how thick should the endow be in the menstrual phase
less than 4mm
increasing estrogen levels causes what to happen to the endometrium
endometrial proliferation
normal thickness of endometrium in the early proliferative phase
4-8mm
in the early proliferative phase what is the normal appearance of endometrium
thin hyperechoic line
S/A endometrium in late proliferative phase
- endometrial thickness of <16mm
- trilaminar layers (hyperechoic outer, hypoechoic middle, echogenic inner layer)
the later proliferative phase can also be referred to as ____
periovulatory phase
in the secretory phase the increased estrogen and progesterone levels cause a decrease in what
FSH and LH
S/A endometrium in secretory phase
<18mm thick
-thick hyperechoc appearance
if no fertilization occurs the corpus luteal cyst involutes causing a decrease in ____
progesterone
in a premenopausal women a normal thickness of the endometrium should be ___
<18mm
in postmenopausal women on estrogen HRT demonstrates a normal endometrial thickness of ____
<8mm
in a postmenopausal women on both estrogen and progesterone HRT a normal endometrial thickness should be ____
10-12mm
in a postmenopausal women that is symptomatic with no HRT a normal endometrial thickness of ___
<5mm
in a postmenopausal women that is asymptomatic with no HRT a normal endometrial thickness should be ___
<8mm
the hypothalamus is triggered that this hormone is role which then releases GnRH
progesterone
increase in FSH cause the ovaries to increase what and eventually cause what
increase estrogen causing follicle growth
which hormones stimulate the production of estrogen by the follicles
FSH and LH
how many dominant follicles form with dizygotic twins
two
normal dominant follicles are typically ___ or less in size
10mm
any dominant follicle over ___ will usually release an egg
> 15mm
LH levels will surge ___ how long before ovulation
24-36hours
the corpus luteal cyst forms to secrete what
progesterone and estrogen
if there is no fertilization the corpus luteum will involute ___ days post ovulation
12-14 days
when the corpus lute involutes it becomes what
corpus albicans
which hormone triggers ovulation
LH
progesterone production is stimulated by which hormone
LH
the rising level of progesterone inhibits the release of ____
GnRH
as the progesterone levels drop the corpus lute begins to degenerate and becomes what
corpus albicans
fertilization normally occurs within ___ after ovulation
24-36 hours
by the end of week 1 the developing embryo has become a ____
blastocyst
implantation occurs day ___ gestational age
20-23
when the blastocyst implants into the uterus it consists of two parts the inner cell mass will become the ___ and the trophoblast will develop into the ___
inner becomes fetus trophoblast becomes placenta
trophoblast secretes ___
HCG
what prevents the deterioration of the corpus lute at the end of the 4th week
HCG
the CL will remain until when
24 weeks when the placenta takes over progesterone production
what is the hormone that may be given to mothers to prevent early birth
synthetic progesteron
