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Y3 Neurology > Physiology - Introduction to the Nervous System > Flashcards

Physiology - Introduction to the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of the dendrites?

A

receives inputs from other neurones and convey signals to the soma

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2
Q

what is the role of the cell body of a neurone?

A

it is the synthetic and metabolic centre of the neurone

integrates incoming electrical signals and conducts them to the axon

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3
Q

what happens at the axon hillock?

A

it is the site of initiation of the action potential

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4
Q

what is the role of the axon?

A

conducts output signals as action potentials to the presynaptic terminal

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5
Q

what is anterograde transport?

A

along an axon from the soma to the presynaptic terminal

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6
Q

what is retrograde transport?

A

along an axon from the presynaptic terminal to the soma

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7
Q

what is another name for the neurone cell body?

A

the soma

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8
Q

what is a synapse?

A

a point of chemical communication between neurones or other cells

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9
Q

what can viruses exploit to infect neurones?

A

the retrograde transport system

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10
Q

what are the three components that make up a synapse?

A

presynaptic terminal
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic membrane

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11
Q

what is another name for the processes arising from the soma?

A

neurites

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12
Q

describe a unipolar neurone

A

one neurite

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13
Q

describe a pseudo-unipolar neurone

A

one neurite that bifurcates

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14
Q

describe a bipolar neurone

A

two neurites

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15
Q

describe a multipolar neurone

A

three or more neurites

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16
Q

what are the four functional regions found in most neurones?

A

input
integrative
conductive
output

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17
Q

what happens to the electrical signal in an action potential as it is conducted over a large distance?

A

they do not decay but stay constant

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18
Q

what happens to passive signals as they pass from their site of initiation and why?

A

they diminish

the nerve cell membrane is leaky meaning current is lost

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19
Q

what is the length constant (λ)?

A

the distance that the current can travel before it diminishes to zero

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20
Q

what two factors does the length constant depend on?

A 
membrane resistance (rm) 
axial resistance (ri)
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21
Q

what is membrane resistance (rm)?

A

the membranes ability to resists leakage of current

should be high

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22
Q

what is axial resistance (ri)?

A

the impedance of the current inside the axon

should be low

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23
Q

how can the length constant be increased?

A

increase the ratio of membrane resistance/axial resistance

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24
Q

what impact does increasing length constant have on AP conduction velocity?

A

increases local current spread which increases AP conduction velocity

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25
Q

how can you increase passive current spread in an axon?

A

either decrease axial resistance or increase membrane resistance

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26
Q

how can you decrease axial resistance?

A

increase axon diameter

27
Q

how can you increase membrane resistance?

A

myelination

28
Q

what cells are responsible for myelination?

A

Schwann cells in the PNS

oligodendrocytes in the CNS

29
Q

what cell type are Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?

A

macroglia

30
Q

describe the presence of Schwann cells around axons

A

many Schwann cells surround one axon

31
Q

describe the presence of oligodendrocytes around axons

A

one oligodendrocyte surrounds many axons

32
Q

is conduction faster in a myelinated or non-myelinated axon?

A

myelinated

33
Q

what is saltatory conduction?

A

when the AP jumps from one node of ranvier to the next

34
Q

in which axons does saltatory conduction occur in?

A

myelinated axons

35
Q

what effect do demyelinating disorders have on conduction?

A

slow down nerve conduction speed

36
Q

name two demyelinating disorders

A

MS

Guillain Barre syndrome

37
Q

what separates the pre and post synaptic membranes?

A

synaptic cleft

38
Q

what is found in the synaptic cleft and what does it do?

A

a matrix of fibrous extracellular protein

holds the membranes together

39
Q

where are neurotransmitters stored?

A

within vesicles in the presynaptic terminal

40
Q

what feature is found in the presynaptic membrane?

A

active zones where vesicles cluster

41
Q

what feature is found in the postsynaptic membrane?

A

the postsynaptic density containing neurotransmitter receptors

42
Q

what are the three types of synapses classified by the location of the presynaptic terminal on the postsynaptic cell?

A

axodendritic
axosomatic
axoaxonic

43
Q

what is an axodendritic synapse?

A

axon meets the dendrites

44
Q

what is an axosomatic synapse?

A

axon meets the soma

45
Q

what is an axoaxonic synapse?

A

axon meets the axon

46
Q

what are the two functional types of synapse?

A

excitatory

inhibitory

47
Q

what is the transmitter for excitatory synapses in the CNS?

A

glutamate

48
Q

what postsynaptic receptors does glutamate bind to?

A

cation selective glutamate receptors

49
Q

what does glutamate binding cause?

A

the excitatory postsynaptic potential (epsp)

50
Q

what are the transmitters for inhibitory synapses in the CNS?

A

GABA or glycine

51
Q

what postsynaptic receptors does GABA/glycine bind to?

A

anion selective GABA/glycine receptors

52
Q

what effect does GABA/glycine binding have?

A

inhibitory post synaptic potential (ipsp)

53
Q

what ion channels are opened in response to the epsp?

A

positive sodium channels

causes a depolarisation

54
Q

what ion channels are opened in response to the ipsp?

A

negative chloride channels

causes a hyperpolarisation

55
Q

what are the three main classes of neurotransmitters?

A

amino acids
amines
peptides

56
Q

name an amino acid neurotransmitter and where they are released from?

A

glutamate

synaptic vesicles

57
Q

name an amine neurotransmitter and where they are released from?

A

noradrenaline

synaptic vesicles

58
Q

name a peptide neurotransmitter and where they are released from?

A

CCK

secretory vesicles

59
Q

how does a neurotransmitter work directly on an ion channel?

A

via ionotropic receptors

60
Q

describe an ionotropic receptor

A

the receptor is an integral part of the channel

61
Q

which is causes faster gating - ionotropic or metabotropic receptors?

A

ionotropic

62
Q

how does a neurotransmitter work indirectly on an ion channel?

A

via metabotropic receptors

63
Q

describe a metabotropic receptor

A

the receptor and the channel it controls are two separate, distinct components

Y3 Neurology (31 decks)

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