Neuroanatomy - Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum Flashcards
what is the main role of the cerebellum?
vital in movement
where is the cerebellum located?
posterior and inferior to the cerebral hemispheres
what are upwards projections of the cerebellum called?
folia
what are depressions in the cerebellum called?
sulci
what are the three lobes of the cerebellum from largest to smallest?
posterior
anterior
flocculonodular
what attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem?
via peduncles (x3)
white matter structures
what are the three cerebellar peduncles and which is largest?
superior, middle and inferior
largest = middle
what are the three layers of the cerebellar cortex from outer to inner?
molecular layer
purkinje cell layer
granule cell layer
what is the basal ganglia?
a series of grey matter structures deep in the brain
what is the overall role of the basal ganglia?
work to alter how movements are carried out
what five structures make up the basal ganglia?
caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus substantia nigra
what two structures of the basal ganglia form the lenticular nucleus?
putamen
globus pallidus
what two structures of the basal ganglia form the striatum?
caudate nucleus
putamen
what three structures of the basal ganglia form the corpus striatum?
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
(aka the lenticular nucleus + the striatum)
where is the substantia nigra located?
basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain
what basal ganglia structure is involved in the pathology of parkinson’s?
the substantia nigra
how do the basal ganglia work with the motor cortex to enhance normal movement?
via the direct pathway - enhances the outflow of the thalamus, enhancing the desired movement
how do the basal ganglia work with the motor cortex to suppress unwanted movement?
indirect pathway - inhibits the outflow of the thalamus
what side of the body is affected by a unilateral lesion of the basal ganglia?
the contralateral side
opposite
what signs are caused by lesions of the basal ganglia?
changes in muscle tone
dyskinesias such as tremor, chorea and myoclonus
what is the pathology behind parkinson’s?
degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra
what are some signs of parkinson’s?
akinesia
rigidity
resting tremor
what is the pattern of inheritance in huntington’s?
autosomal dominant
what is the pathology behind huntington’s?
progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex
name two signs of huntington’s disease
chorea
progressive dementia
