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Y3 Neurology > Neuroanatomy - Overview of the CNS > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy - Overview of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS

PNS

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2
Q

what makes up the CNS?

A

brain

spinal cord

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3
Q

what makes up the PNS?

A

all other nervous tissue

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4
Q

describe the appearance of the neural tube at around four weeks

A

three swellings called the primary vesicles are present

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5
Q

what are the three primary vesicles called?

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

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6
Q

which two primary vesicles subdivide to form the secondary vesicles?

A

prosencephalon (first)

rhombencephalon (third)

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7
Q

what are the two divisions of the prosencephalon?

A

telencephalon

diencephalon

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8
Q

what are the two divisions of the rhombencephalon?

A

metencephalon

myelencephalon

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9
Q

when do the secondary vesicles form?

A

6-8 weeks development

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10
Q

what are the five secondary vesicles?

A 
telencephalon 
diencephalon 
mesencephalon 
metencephalon 
myelencephalon
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11
Q

what parts of the mature brain are formed by the telencephalon?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

what parts of the mature brain are formed by the diencephalon?

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

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13
Q

what parts of the mature brain are formed by the mesencephalon?

A

midbrain

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14
Q

what parts of the mature brain are formed by the metencephalon?

A

pons

cerebellum

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15
Q

what parts of the mature brain are formed by the myelencephalon?

A

medulla oblongata

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16
Q

what forms the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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17
Q

what cells are the communicators and main active cells of the CNS?

A

neurons

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18
Q

what is the most common type of neurones?

A

multipolar

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19
Q

what does a multipolar neuron look like?

A

many dendrites

one axon

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20
Q

what are the support cells of the nervous system called?

A

glial cells

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21
Q

where is connective tissue found in the CNS?

A

nowhere silly smh

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22
Q

what are the four main types of glial cells?

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

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23
Q

describe the appearance of an astrocyte

A

many processes

star shaped

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24
Q

what roles does an astrocyte have?

A

support
maintaining the BBB
homeostasis

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25
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do?

A

produce myelin in the CNS

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26
Q

what cells produce myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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27
Q

describe the structure and function of an oligodendrocyte?

A

numerous branches that extend to produce internodes of myelin around axons

28
Q

what is the gap between two adjacent internodes in an oligodendrocyte?

A

the node of ranvier

29
Q

where do microglia originate?

A

bone marrow

haemopoietic in origin

30
Q

what is the role of microglia?

A

immune monitoring

antigen presentation

31
Q

what does an inactive microglia look like?

A

elongated nucleus

short processes

32
Q

what does an active microglia look like?

A

rounded

33
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

ciliated cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells

34
Q

what do ependymal cells do?

A

line the ventricles of the brain

35
Q

what is a gyrus?

A

projection on the brain

36
Q

what is a sulcus?

A

a depression on the brain

37
Q

what is a fissure?

A

a depression that is deeper than a gyrus

38
Q

what are the two types of matter in the CNS?

A

white

grey

39
Q

what is white matter made of?

A

axons

support cells

40
Q

what is grey matter made of?

A

neutron cells bodies
cell processes
synapses
support cells

41
Q

where is grey and white matter located in the spinal cord?

A 
grey = inside 
white = outside
42
Q

what is the grey matter in the spinal cord referred to as?

A

the horns

43
Q

what are the two horns of the spinal cord matter?

A

posterior and anterior

posterior goes all the way to the edge

44
Q

what is white matter in the spinal cord referred to as?

A

columns

posterior, anterior and lateral

45
Q

what is another name for the lateral fissure?

A

Sylvian fissure

46
Q

what are the two parts of the lentiform nucleus?

A

putamen

globus pallidus

47
Q

what is another name for the longitudinal fissure?

A

inter hemispheric fissure

48
Q

where does the cingulate gyrus sit?

A

just above the corpus callous

49
Q

what is the border for the primary visual cortex?

A

the calcarine sulcus

50
Q

where do the two sides of the thalamus touch?

A

inter-thalamic adhesion

51
Q

what connects the third and lateral ventricles?

A

interventricular foramen

52
Q

what are the boundaries of the frontal lobe laterally?

A

anterior to central sulcus

superior to lateral sulcus

53
Q

what is the posterior border of the frontal lobe laterally?

A

central sulcus

54
Q

what is the boundary of the frontal lobe medially?

A

anterior to a line drawn from the central sulcus to the corpus callosum

55
Q

what are the lateral boundaries of the parietal lobe?

A

posterior to the central sulcus
superior to the lateral sulcus
anterior to a line drawn

56
Q

where is the anterior border of the parietal lobe laterally drawn?

A

between the parieto-occipital sulcus and the pre-occipital notch

57
Q

what are the medial boundaries of the parietal lobe medially?

A

posterior to the frontal lobe

anterior to the Pareto occipital sulcus

58
Q

what is the lateral boundary of the occipital lobe?

A

posterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the pre-occipital notch

59
Q

what is the medial boundary of the occipital lobe?

A

posterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus

60
Q

what are the lateral boundaries of the temporal lobe?

A

inferior to the lateral sulcus

posterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the pre-occipital notch

61
Q

where does the temporal lobe extend to medially?

A

from the temporal pole to a line between the pre-occipital notch and the anterior end of the calcimine sulcus

62
Q

what lobe of the brain is normally hidden?

A

insular lobe

63
Q

what does the insular lobe play a role in?

A

the experience of pain

64
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?

A

dura
arachnoid
pia

65
Q

what are the two blood supplies to the brain?

A

internal carotid system

vertebro-basilar system

66
Q

how does blood from the brain drain?

A

into a system of dural venous sinuses

67
Q

where do the dural venous sinuses drain?

A

into the internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen

Y3 Neurology (31 decks)

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