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Y3 Neurology > Anatomy - Back and Spine > Flashcards

Anatomy - Back and Spine Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two main functions of the back?

A

maintain posture

movement

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2
Q

what do the skin dimples on the back indicate?

A

the positions of the posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS)

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3
Q

what are the three parts of the trapezius from superior to inferior?

A

descending
transverse
ascending

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4
Q

where to the extrinsic back muscles attach?

A

the pectoral girdle

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5
Q

what do the extrinsic back muscles do?

A

move the upper limb

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6
Q

what are the four extrinsic muscles of the back?

A

rhomboids
levator scapulae
trapezius
latissimus dorsi

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7
Q

where are intrinsic back muscles located?

A

entirely within the back

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8
Q

what are the roles of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

maintain back posture

move the spine

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9
Q

what are the two groups of intrinsic back muscles?

A 
erector spinal (superficial)
transversospinalis (deep).
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10
Q

what three muscles make up the erector spine?

A

iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis

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11
Q

where do the erector spinal muscles attach inferiorly?

A

sacrum + iliac crest via a common tendon

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12
Q

where does iliocostalis attach superiorly?

A

rib

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13
Q

where does longissimus attach superiorly?

A

transverse process

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14
Q

where does spinals attach superiorly?

A

spinous process

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15
Q

where is transversospinalis located?

A

in the grooves between the transverse and spinous processes

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16
Q

how many vertebrae are there in total?

A

33

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17
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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18
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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19
Q

how many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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20
Q

how many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5 - fused to form 1 sacrum

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21
Q

how many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

A

4 - fused to form 1 coccyx

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22
Q

describe how the size of the vertebrae changes from superior to inferior

A

become larger as they bear more weight

become smaller again once weight has transferred to the hips

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23
Q

what are the two secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

cervical lordosis

lumbar lordosis

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24
Q

what are the two primary curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

thoracic kyphosis

sacral kyphosis

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25
Q

what is the vertebral arch made of?

A

2 x pedicles

2 x laminas

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26
Q

what is the role of the vertebral foramen?

A

conveys and protects the spinal cord

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27
Q

how do articular processes allow mobility with adjacent vertebrae?

A

via synovial facet joints

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28
Q

where is an intervertebral foramen located?

A

between two adjacent vertebrae

29
Q

what is located in an intervertebral foramen?

A

spinal nerves

30
Q

where are facet joints located?

A

between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

31
Q

what disease process can affect facet joints?

A

arthritis

32
Q

where are intervertebral discs located?

A

between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae

33
Q

where in the vertebral column are there no intervertebral discs?

A

between C1 and C2 or in the sacrum and coccyx

34
Q

what are the two parts of an intervertebral disc?

A

outer fibrous ring

inner soft pulp

35
Q

what is the outer fibrous ring of an intervertebral disc called?

A

annulus fibrosus

36
Q

what is the inner soft pulp of an intervertebral disc called?

A

nucleus pulposus

37
Q

name the five ligaments found in the vertebral column

A 
ligamentum flavum 
posterior longitudinal ligament 
anterior longitudinal ligament 
supraspinous ligament 
interspinous ligament
38
Q

what is the role of the ligamentum flavum?

A

connects adjacent laminae posterior to the spinal cord

39
Q

what is the role of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

prevents over flexion of the spine

40
Q

what is the role of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

prevents over extension of the spine

41
Q

what is the role of the supraspinous ligament?

A

connects the tips of the spinous processes

42
Q

what is the role of the interspinous ligaments?

A

connects superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes

43
Q

what is C1 called?

A

atlas

44
Q

describe the structure of the atlas

A

no body or spinous process
posterior and anterior arches
ligament

45
Q

what is C2 called?

A

axis

46
Q

why is the axis an atypical vertebrae?

A

contains the odontoid process

47
Q

what is C7 called?

A

vertebrae prominens

48
Q

what passes through the transverse foramina of all cervical vertebrae except C7?

A

vertebral arteries

49
Q

where are the atlanto-occipital joints found?

A

between occipital condyles of the base of the skull and the superior articular facets of the atlas

50
Q

what type of joints are the atlanto-occipital joints?

A

synovial

51
Q

why do the atlanto-occipital joints have a loose capsule?

A

to help enable movements of the skull

52
Q

what movements occur at the atlanto-occipital joints?

A

flexion and extension of the neck

a little lateral flexion and rotation

53
Q

how many articulations are there in atlanto-axial joints?

A

three

54
Q

what are the three articulations of the atlanto-axial joints?

A

two between inferior articular facets of the atlas and the superior facets of the axis

one between the anterior arch of the atlas and the odontoid process of the axis

55
Q

what is the main movement of the atlanto-axial joints?

A

rotation

56
Q

where does the spinal cord begin?

A

foramen magnum

it is continuous with the medulla oblongata

56
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

vertebral level L1-L2

can actually end anywhere between T12 and L3

56
Q

what is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medullaris

56
Q

what is the spinal cord surrounded by in the vertebral canal?

A

three layers of meninges and epidural fat

57
Q

where is the needle inserted for spinal and epidural anaesthetic?

A

L3/4 interspace

58
Q

what determines the safest place for spinal/epidural anaesthetic insertion?

A

subarachnoid around the cauda equina, not the spinal cord

vertebrae not fused

59
Q

what is the cauda equina made of?

A

L2-Co spinal nerve roots descending towards their intervertebral foramina

60
Q

where does the subarachnoid space end?

A

at the level of S2

61
Q

when should lumbar puncture NOT be performed?

A

cases of raised ICP

62
Q

where is spinal anaesthetic injected?

A

into the subarachnoid space

63
Q

where is epidural anaesthetic injected?

A

into the epidural space

64
Q

where is anaesthetic injected in caudal anaesthesia?

A

sacral hiatus

65
Q

what is the aim of caudal anaesthesia?

A

to anaesthetise the sacral spinal nerve roots of the cauda equina

66
Q

what does laminectomy involve?

A

the removal of one or more spinous processes and the adjacent lamina

Y3 Neurology (31 decks)

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