Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y3 Neurology > Neuroanatomy - Ascending and Descending Pathways > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy - Ascending and Descending Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

cervical

lumbar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does the spinal cord end in adults?

A

around the level of L1/L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the name of the end of the spinal cord?

A

conus medullaris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the thin connective tissue continuation of the conus medullaris called?

A

the filum terminale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where is the filum terminale anchored to?

A

the dorsum of the coccyx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how are the spinal meninges continuous with the cranial meninges?

A

via the foramen magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what suspends the spinal cord in the spinal canal?

A

denticulate ligaments on the lateral aspects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the denticulate ligaments made of?

A

pia and arachnoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what extends through the centre of the spinal cord?

A

central canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens to the central canal rostrally?

A

opens into the 4th ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what happens to the central canal caudally?

A

blind ending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the white matter of the spinal cord divided into?

A

posterior, lateral and anterior columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the relationship between the columns of white matter in the spinal cord

A

lateral and anterior are continuous

posterior is isolated by the posterior horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what extra feature of grey matter is found at spinal segments T1-L2?

A

lateral horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do the lateral horns of T1-L2 contain?

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the three major groups of vessels supplying the spinal cord?

A

longitudinal arteries
segmental arteries
radicular arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how many longitudinal arteries are there?

A

three - one anterior and two posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where do the longitudinal arteries originate?

A

vertebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what arteries run the length of the spinal cord?

A

longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the segmental arteries derived from?

A

vertebral, intercostal and lumbar arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where do the radicular arteries travel?

A

along the dorsal and ventral roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what can embolic occlusion of any artery supplying the spinal cord result in?

A

areas of spinal cord infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how are neurone organised in the primary somatosensory cortex and what does this mean?

A

somatotopic

the body is mapped onto the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

post central gyrus of the parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how does information travel to the primary somatosensory cortex and what is the exception?

A

spinal cord

information from the face and scalp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what happens to the amount of white matter as you descend the spinal cord?

A

proportion reduces

28
Q

name two ascending tracts?

A

dorsal column

spinothalamic tract

29
Q

what is the dorsal column called in the brainstem?

A

medial lemniscus system

30
Q

what information is carried in the dorsal column?

A

fine touch

conscious proprioception

31
Q

where do the fibres of the dorsal column cross over?

A

the medulla

32
Q

what two nuclei receive the information from the dorsal column?

A

nucleus gracilis

nucleus cuneatus

33
Q

what information does the nucleus gracilis receive from the dorsal column?

A

info from the lower portion of the body

34
Q

what information does the nucleus cuneatus receive from the dorsal column?

A

information from the upper portion of the body

35
Q

what happens to the dorsal column in the cervical region of the spinal cord?

A

develops a sulcus - forms the fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus

36
Q

describe the role of the first, second and third order neurones in the dorsal column?

A 
1 = spinal cord - ML system 
2 = ML system - thalamus 
3 = thalamus - primary somatosensory cortex
37
Q

what information does the spinothalamic tract carry?

A

sensory fibres for pain, temperature and deep pressure

38
Q

where do the fibres of the spinothalamic tract cross?

A

segmentally throughout the spinal cord

39
Q

where do the first order neurones for the spinothalamic tract synapse?

A

immediately as they enter the spinal cord

40
Q

describe the role of the first, second and third order neurones in the spinothalamic tract

A 
1 = sensory receptor - spinal cord 
2 = spinal cord - thalamus 
3 = thalamus - PSC
41
Q

where do the fibres in the spinothalamic tract cross over?

A

in the segment where it synapsed

then joins the tract

42
Q

what are other possible names for the spinothalamic tract?

A

anterolateral tract

anterolateral system

43
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

44
Q

what is another name for the corticospinal tract?

A

the pyramidal tract

45
Q

what type of movement is the corticospinal tract involved in?

A

fine, precise movements

46
Q

why is the corticospinal tract called the pyramidal tract?

A

forms visible ridges known as the pyramids on the anterior surface of the medulla

47
Q

where do the majority of the fibres of the corticospinal tract cross?

A

in the caudal medulla at the decussation of the pyramids

around 85% of fibres

48
Q

what do the crossed fibres of the corticospinal tract form and where do they go?

A

the lateral corticospinal tract

descend in the lateral column of the cord to their effector tissue

49
Q

what do the uncrossed fibres of the corticospinal tract form and where do they go?

A

the ventral corticospinal tract

cross segmentally when they reach the appropriate spinal level and then move out of the column

50
Q

where does the corticospinal tract begin?

A

the primary motor cortex

51
Q

how does the corticospinal tract exit the brain?

A

passes through the internal capsule and then descends out through the brainstem

52
Q

what does a CVA of the internal capsule result in?

A

lack of descending control of the corticospinal tract - resulting in a spastic paralysis with hyperflexion of the upper limbs

sometimes known as decorticate posturing

53
Q

name three tracts that are part of the extrapyramidal system

A

tectospinal tract
reticulospinal tract
vestibulospinal tract

54
Q

where does the input to the tectospinal tract come from?

A

cervical segments

55
Q

what does the tectospinal tract mediate?

A

reflex head and neck movement due to visual stimuli

56
Q

where does the tectospinal tract begin?

A

the midbrain

57
Q

where do the fibres of the tectospinal tract cross the midline?

A

the midbrain

58
Q

where does the tectospinal tract pass out of the spinal cord?

A

in the cervical region

only extends as far down as the cervical region

59
Q

what forms the central core of the brainstem?

A

reticular formation

60
Q

what is one function of the reticulospinal tract?

A

influences voluntary movements

61
Q

where do the fibres of the reticulospinal tract originate?

A

in areas of the reticular formation in the pons and medulla

62
Q

what movements are facilitated by reticulospinal tract fibres originating in the pons?

A

extensor movements

inhibits flexor movements

63
Q

what movements are facilitated by reticulospinal tract fibres originating in the medulla?

A

flexor movements

inhibit extensor movements

64
Q

what does the vestibulospinal tract provide?

A

excitatory input to anti-gravity extensor muscles

65
Q

where do the fibres of the vestibulospinal tract originate?

A

vestibular nuclei of the pons and medulla

66
Q

where do the fibres of the vestibulospinal tract receive input from?

A

the vestibular labyrinth

67
Q

where do the fibres of the vestibulospinal tract cross the midline?

A

nowhere

Y3 Neurology (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions