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ANA, BCHM, PHY > ✅PHYSIOLOGY - Endocrine > Flashcards

✅PHYSIOLOGY - Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones that are derivatives of tyrosine

A

T3, t4, epinephrine, norepinephrine dopamine

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2
Q

What hormone attaches to a cytoplasmic receptor (instead of a nuclear) for transcription?

A

Cortisol

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3
Q

2nd messenger of glucagon

A

Camp

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4
Q

2nd messenger of insulin

A

Tyrosine kinase

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5
Q

Protein complex subunits in GPCR

A

Alpha (most impt)
Beta
Gamma

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6
Q

GTP is stimulated by

A

Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs)

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7
Q

GTP is inhibited by

A 
GTPase accelerating proteins (GAPs)
RGS Proteins (Regulatin of G protein signalling)
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8
Q

G-protein with alpha(t) subunit is responsible for

A

Hyperpolarization of the eye

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9
Q

Alpha(t) subunit is also called

A

Transducin

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10
Q

Messengers associated with phospholipase C

A

DAG

Ip3

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11
Q

DAG activates

A

Protein kinase C

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12
Q

cAMP activates

A

Protein kinase A

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13
Q

Examples of water soluble hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Catecholamines

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14
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

A

Steroids
Calcitriol
Thyroxines
Retinoic acid

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15
Q

Other name for IGF-1

A

Somatomedin

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16
Q

EPO uses what 2nd messenger

A

Tyrosine associated kinase receptors

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17
Q

Tyrosine kinase receptors

A

Growth factors

NGF
EGF
PDGF
IGF-1
Insulin
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18
Q

All hypothalamic hormones except _____ use the IP3 DAG mechanism

A

CRH

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19
Q

Transport of steroid hormones

A

Bound to proteins

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20
Q

Active form of steroid hormones

A

Free unbound form

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21
Q

Main site of inactivation of hormones

A

Liver

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22
Q

Main site of excretion of hormones

A

Liver

Kidneys

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23
Q

Hormone receptors are constant. T or F

A

False

Variable

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24
Q

Minimum amount of a hormone to produce an effect

A

1 picogram per ml

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25
Q

Hormone interaction that uses upregulation of receptors in response to another hormone

A

Permissive effects

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26
Q

2 types of synergistic effects

A

Additive and complementary

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27
Q

What type of hormone interaction does NE and E have?

A

Additive effect

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28
Q

3 moments where positive feedback of hormone is seen

A

LH surge
Oxytocin in delivery
Oxytocin in milk secretion

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29
Q

Example of negative feedback that does not use HPA

A

Insulin

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30
Q

The pituitary gland is connected to the _______ of the hypotahalamus via the pituitary stalk

A

Median eminence

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31
Q

Parts of the pituitary gland

A

Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
Pars intermedia

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32
Q

Avascular portion of the pituitary gland

A

Pars intermedia

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33
Q

The anterior pituitary is derived from the

A

Oral ectoderm or

Rathke’s pouch

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34
Q

Hormones produced in the neurohypophysis

A

Vasopressin

Oxytocin

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35
Q

The posterior pituitry is derived from the

A

Neural ectoderm

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36
Q

2 types of cells in the anterior pituitary

A

Basophilic and acidophilic cells

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37
Q

Acidophilic cells produce

A

GH

Prolactin

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38
Q

Basophilic cells produce

A

B FLAT Major

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
MSH
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39
Q

If the pituitary stalk is damaged, all hormones would decrease except

A

Prolactin

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40
Q

In terms of number, what are the top 2 cells in the anterior pituitary

A

Somatotropes (40%)

Corticotropes (20%)

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41
Q

Hormones derived from POMC

A

MSH

ACTH

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42
Q

Hormone family in the anterior pituitary with the same alpha unit but unique beta subunits

A

TSH
LH
FSH

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43
Q

3 hormone classes

A

Steroids
Protein
Derivatives of tyrosine

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44
Q

Growth hormone is both catabolic and anabolic. T or F

A

t

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45
Q

Other name for growth hormone

A

Somatotropin

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46
Q

Other name for IGF

A

Somatomedin

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47
Q

Growth hormone is released in a ________ fashion

A

Pulsatile (every 2 hrs)

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48
Q

Nocturnal peak of GH

A

1 hour after stage 3 or 4 sleep

49
Q

4 diabetogenic hormones

A

Glucagon
GH
Epinephrone
cortisol

50
Q

GH secretion requires normal plasma levels of this hormone.

A

Thyroid hormones

51
Q

Decreased GH

MCC of dwarfism

A

Achondroplasia

52
Q

Achondroplasia is a defect in

A

FGF 3 receptor

53
Q

Inc GH with skeletal deformities

A

Acromegaly

54
Q

Symmetrical

Inc GH

55
Q

Lactational amenorrhea duration

56
Q

What is one possible side effect of antipsychotic drugs that involve prolactin?

A

Amenorrhea

Galactorrhea

57
Q

Prolactin is stimulated mainly by

A

Pregnancy (estrogen)

Breast feeding

58
Q

Prolactin is inhibited by

A

Dopamine

Bromocriptine

59
Q

Other names of vasopressin

A

AFH

AVP(arginine vasopressin)

60
Q

Vasopressin is secreted byvthe

A

Supraoptic nuclei in the hypothalamus

61
Q

Vasopressin responds to ECF changes detected by osmoreceptors in the

A

Organum vasculosum

62
Q

Most poteng stimulus for vasopressin release

A

Increased plasma osmolality

63
Q

Vasopressin acts on what type of receptors in the kidney?

A

V2 receptors

Causing the insertion of AQP2 in the late distal tubule and CD

64
Q

Peripheral vasoconstriction is mediated by which receptor of ADH

65
Q

Treatment in central diabetes insipidus

66
Q

Treatment of peripheral diabetes insipidus

A

Thiazide diuretics

67
Q

Treatment for SIADH

A

Demeclocycline

68
Q

Rapid correction of hyponatremia results in

A

Central pontine myelenosis

69
Q

Oxytocin is from the

A

Paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

70
Q

2 actions of oxytocin

A 
Milk ejection (contraction of myoepithelial cells)
Uterine contraction
71
Q

Only hormones that we can store

A

Thyroid hormones

72
Q

Thyroid hormones are synthesized by the

A

Follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid

73
Q

Thyroid gland can produce and store hormones for up to how many mos?

74
Q

What thyroid hormone is more active?

75
Q

Percent of T3 and T4 synthesized

A

T4 93 %

T3 7 %

76
Q

How do thyroid hormones regulate basal metabolic rate?

A

Increases mitochondria and NaKATPase activity

77
Q

Effect of thyroid hormones that causes fine muscle tremors

A

Increases muscle vigor

78
Q

Important in regulation of thyroid hormones

A

Temperature

79
Q

Cold temperature stimulates what thyroid regulation process

A

TRH secretion

80
Q

Exophthalmos is pathognomonic for which disease

81
Q

Whole body myxedema is seen in hypo or hyperthyroidism?

A

Hypo

Hyper- pretibial myxedema

82
Q

RDA of iodine per day

83
Q

What is the WOLFF-CHAIKOFF EFFECT?

A

High levels of iodine inhibiting organification and iodine thyroid hormone synthesis

84
Q

TBG levels in kidney and liver failure

85
Q

TBG levels in estrogen or pregnancy

86
Q

Enzyme that converts T4 to T3

A

5 iodinase

87
Q

T4 can also be converted to

A

rT3 (inactive)

88
Q

What is theJod-Basedow phenomenon?

A

Hyperthyroidism following administration of iodine

89
Q

Where is cortisol produced?

A

Zona fasciculata

90
Q

Main catecholamine produced in the adrenal medulla

A

Epi 80%

Norepi 20%

91
Q

Inhibits 11 beta hydroxylase

A

Metyrapone

92
Q

Inhibits desmolase

A

Ketoconazole

93
Q

Significance of adrenal androgens in males and females respectively

A

Inisgnificant

Significant

94
Q

Diabetogenic hormones

A

GH
Epi
Glucagon
Cortisol

95
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency

A

Addison’s disease

96
Q

Primary adrenal hyperplasia

A

Cushing syndrome

97
Q

Treatment for cushing’s syndrome

A

Ketoconazole

Metyrapone

98
Q

11 depxycorticosterone is a _____ hence there is increased BP with accumulation

A

Weak mineralocorticoid like aldosterone

99
Q

Most abundant cells in the islets of langerhans

A

Beta cells 60%

100
Q

Name the secretion of each cell:

Beta
Alpha
Delta
f cell /PP cell

A

Beta - insulin and amylin
Alpha - glucagon
Delta - somatostatin
f cell /PP cell - pancreatic polypeptide

101
Q

Half life of insulin

102
Q

Structure of insulin

A

A chain and B chain joined by disulfide bonds

103
Q

Effect of insulin on potassium uptake

A

Inc potassium uptake of the cells

104
Q

Percentage of beta cell lost to manifest with DM type 1

105
Q

2nd messenger of insulin

106
Q

Effects if insulin on the brain

107
Q

GLUT transporter found in beta cells

108
Q

Calcium is ___ in bone

A

Hydroxyapatite

109
Q

Where are PTH receptors located

A

Osteoblasts

110
Q

What is secreted by osteoblast to inhibit osteoclastic activity in hyperparathyroidism?

A

Alkaline phosphatase

111
Q

Active vitamin D

A

1,25 OH2 cholecalciferol

112
Q

PTH is secreted

A

Chief cells of the parathyroid gland

113
Q

Calcitonin is secreted by

A

Parafollicular cells (c-cells) of the thyroid gland

114
Q

Stimulus for clacitonin release

A

High plasma Ca

115
Q

Mnemonic calcitonin

A

“Calcium in”

116
Q

Net effect of vit d on serum level of Calcium and phosphate

A

Inc calcium and phosphate

117
Q

Net effect of PTH on serum level of calcium and phosphate

A

Inc calcium

Dec phosphate

118
Q

Effect of pth on the kidneys

A

Inc calcium reabsorption in the DCT

Dec phopshate reabsorption in the PCT

ANA, BCHM, PHY (23 decks)

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