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ANA, BCHM, PHY > 1.10 PHYSIOLOGY - Motor > Flashcards

1.10 PHYSIOLOGY - Motor Flashcards

0
Q

Other name for unitary smooth muscle

A

Syncitial smooth muscle

Visceral smooth muscle

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1
Q

3 types of muscles

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

Smooth muscles with gap junctions

A

Unitary smooth muscle

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3
Q

Smooth muscles with no true Action potential (junctional potential only)

A

Multi-unit smooth muscle

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4
Q

Smooth muscle utilizing slow wave, spike potentials and plataeu potentials

A

Unitary

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5
Q

Rhythmic, intermittent smooth muscle

A

Phasic smooth muscle

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6
Q

Continuously active smooth muscle

A

Tonic smooth muscle

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7
Q

Skeletal muscle more active in the glycolytic pathway

A

Fast twitch

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8
Q

Examples of slow twitch fibers

A

Soleus, antigravity back muscles

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9
Q

Examples of fast twitch muscles

A

EOMS

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10
Q

Covers the muscle fascicle

A

Perimysium

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11
Q

Type of muscles arrange in sarcomeres

A

Skeletal and cardiac

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12
Q

Plasma membrane surrounding the muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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13
Q

Invaginations of the sarcolemma in close proximity to the terminal cisternse of the SR

A

T tubules

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14
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum surrounding myofibril

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

Boundary of the sarcomere

A

Z lines

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16
Q

Thick filaments

A

Myosin

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17
Q

Thin filaments

A

Actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin

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18
Q

3 types of troponins

A

Trop T - attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin
Trop I inhibits actin myosin binding
Trop C -calcium binding protein

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19
Q

Tethers myosin to z- lines

A

Titin - also the largest protein in the human body

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20
Q

Stabilizes the sarcolemmma and prevents contraction induced rupture.

A

Dystrophin

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21
Q

Binds actin to z-lines

A

Actinin, capz protein

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22
Q

Binds z lines to sarcolemma

A

Desmin

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23
Q

Acts as a molecular ruler that sets the length of actin during assembly

A

Nebulin

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24
Q

What do you call actin and myosin interaction in the sliding filament model?

A

Cross bridge formation

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25
Q

What does negative pole and positive pole mean?

A

Negative pole - toward the M-line

positive pole - towards the Z-line

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26
Q

Sequesters Ca for storage

A

Calsequestrin

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27
Q

Receptors activated by DHPR receptors

A

Ryanodine receptors

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28
Q

What is the distance achieved in each cross-bridge cycle?

A

10 nm

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29
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

Consists of a somatic motor neuron plus all muscle fibers it stimulates.

30
Q

Small motor units are recruited first before big motor units

A

Size principle

31
Q

Multiple fiber summation

A

Spatial summation

32
Q

Frequency summation

A

Temporal summation

33
Q

What is the Staircase/Treppe Effect

A

Each contraction occurs after complete relaxation producing stronger contraction each time.

34
Q

Basis for the Treppe effect

A

Ca2+ accumulation, pH changes, increased temperature

35
Q

Complete fusion of individual muscle contraction when Ca 2+ is all used up

A

Tetany

36
Q

Which of the following tetanizes at a lower stimulus frquency? Fast or slow twitch?

A

Slow-twitch

37
Q

Which if the following has a larger maximal force during tetany?

A

Fast twitch

38
Q

Active tension reflect what?

A

Number of cross bridges that cycle

39
Q

Velocity of cross bridging reflects

A

Speed of cross-bridging cycling

40
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Length is held constant

41
Q

Load is held constant

A

Isotonic contraction

42
Q

2 types of isotonic contraction

A 
Concentric contraction (weight up)
Eccentric contraction (lowering weight down)

Remember book diagram

43
Q

Protective mechanism to prevent muscle cell injury or death

A

Muscle fatigue

44
Q

Relationship of muscle fatigue to glycogen and lactate

A

Directly prop to lactate and inversely prop to glycogen

45
Q

Relies both on intra and extracellular calcium

A

Cardiac muscle

46
Q

Why is there no tetany in cardiac muscles?

A

Due to the long refractory period brought about by phase 2

47
Q

Location of transverse tubules in cardiac muscles

A

In the Z lines

48
Q

Location of transverse tubules of skeletal muscles

A

At the ends of the I bands

49
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum is more developed im cardiac or skeletal?

A

Skeletal

50
Q

Are there troponins in smooth muscle?

A

None

51
Q

Secondary messenger for calcium release in smooth muscles

A

IP3

52
Q

Trop C equivalent in smooth muscle

A

Calmodulin

53
Q

Phosphorylates myosin

A

MLCK

54
Q

Trop I equivalent in smooth muscle

A

Caldesmon and Calponin

55
Q

Additioj of phosphate means the smooth muscle is active. True or false.

A

True

56
Q

Enzyme that removes phosphate

A

MLCP

57
Q

Caldesmon and Calponin are inhibited by

A

Ca-Calmodulin complex

58
Q

Similar to z discs in smooth muscles

A

Dense bodies

59
Q

Rudimentary structure in smooth muscles compared to skeletal muscles

A

SR

60
Q

Rudimentary t tubules

A

Caveoli

61
Q

Connect dense bodies with cytoskeletal network in smooth muscle

A

Desmin and vimentin

Intermediate filaments

62
Q

Force of contraction in smooth muscles are stronger or weaker than skeletal muscle

A

Stronger

63
Q

Spinal cord neurons important in control of muscles

A

Anterior motor neurons
Interneurons
Renshaw cell

64
Q

Anterior motor neuron for extrafusal fibers

A

Alpha motor neuron

65
Q

Angerior motor neuron for intrafusal fibers

A

Gamma motor neuron

66
Q

Facilitates lateral inhibition in the control of muscles

A

Renshaw cell

67
Q

Detects position of body in space

A

Proprioception

68
Q

2 major proprioceptors

A

Muscle spindle and golgi tendon

69
Q

Muscle spindles and are arranged in a ________ and detects changes in ___________

A

Parallel

Muscle length and rate of change of muscle length

70
Q

Golgi tendon and are arranged in a ________ and detects changes in ___________

A

Series

Muscle tension

71
Q

Functional unit of the cerebellum

A

Purkinje and deep nuclear cell

72
Q

Which functional unit of the cerebellum is the middle layer and is always inhibitory?

A

Purkinje

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