✅1.6 PHYSIOLOGY - Hema Flashcards
Examples of alpha globulins
Proteases, antiproteases, transport proteins
3 types of globulins
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Examples of beta globulins
Transferrin and other transport proteins
Examples of gamma globulins
Immunoglobulins
Process of forming blood cells in the bone marrow
Haemopoeisis
Site of blood cell formation beginning 3rd week AOG
Yolk sac/ Aortic Gonad Mesonephros (AGM) Region
Site of blood cell formation from the 3rd month AOG to birth
Liver with minor contributions from the spleen, LN
Only source of blood cells postnatally
Bone marrow
Age group where all bone marrow are active
Birth to puberty
Age group where only bone marrow of vertebra, ribs, sternum, skull, and pelvis, proximal epiphyseal region of the humerus are active
Age 20 (remaining bone marrow, fatty, yellow, inactive)
Post embryonic extramedullary hematopoeisis in full term infant is always
Abnormal
Most abundant of blood cells
RBCs
How does RBC act as an acid base buffer?
It contains carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and water to form carbonic acid or H2CO3
The carbonic anydrase buffer system is important because
- It allows about 70% of CO2 to be transported in blood plasma from tissue cells to the lungs in the form of HCO3
2 Serves as an important buffer in extracellular fluid
The normal biconcave disc shape of RBC is due to
Spectrin
Composition of hemoglobin
4 polypeptide subunits (2 alpha and 2 beta)
Composition of fetal hemoglobin
2 alpha and 2 gamma
How many oxygen molecules can 1 hemoglobin molecule bind?
4
How many O2 molecules can myoglobin molecules bind?
1
Most common hemoglobin in adults
Hemoglobin A
Essential metalic component of heme
Iron
Total iron in the body
4-5g
Vitamin required for the absorption of iron
Vitamin C
Iron and vitamin c are absorbed in the
Duodenum
1 storage protein for iron in the liver
ferritin
Supplemental storage for iron
Hemosiderin
Other name for hemosiderin laden macrophages
Heart failure cells
Last nucleated stage of RBC
Orthochromatic erythroblast
First non-nucleated RBCs
Reticulocytes
Reticulocytes take how many days to mature
1-2 days
How many liters of water is absorbed in the large intestine?
1.5 L
Substances exclusively absorbed in the ileum
Vit ADEK, IF, B12, Bile salts
Substances absorbed in the jejunum
CArbs, fat, CHON, H20
Only valid indication for stem cell therapy
Leukemia and lymphoma
Main stimulus for EPO production
Hypoxia
Effect of EPO will manifest after how many days?
5 days
Characteristics of mature RBCs
No nucleus, no mitochondria, no ER
Lifespan of adult RBCs
120 days
Life span of fetal RBCs
90 days
Intravascular destruction of RBCs happen here
Spleen
Extravascular destruction of RBC is due to
Macrophages
Fate of heme in destroyed RBC
Bilirubin
Nutrients essential in DNA synthesis
Folic acid, vit B12
Megaloblastic anemia + neural deficits
Vit B12 deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia + neural tube disorders
Folic acid deficiency
Needed to absorb vitamin B12
Intrinsic factor
Granulocytes/PML/Myeloid cells
Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Agranulocytes
Monocytes, lymphocytes
Site of production of granulocytes and monocytes
Bone marrow
Site of production of lymphocytes and plasma cells
LN, spleen, thymus, tonsils, peyer’s patches
Lifespan of granulocytes
4-8 hrs in blood, 4-5 days in tissues (shortened in infection)
Lifespan of monocytes
10-20 hrs in blood
For several months in tissues
Lifespan of lymphocytes
Weeks to months
Most common WBC
Neutrophils
Prominent feature of neutrophils
Highly lobulated nucleus
Involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions
Eosinophils
Stains bright red with eosin dye
Eosinophils
WBCs with bilobed nucleus
Eosinophils and basophils
Least common type of WBC
Basophils
Tissue “basophils”
Mast cells
Basophils produce
Histamine, heparin, bradykinin, serotonin
Largest WBC
Monocytes
Monocytes in the tissue are called
Macrophages
Prominent feature of monocytes
Eccentrically placed nucleus
Platelets are from
Megakaryocytes
Life span of platelets
7-10 days
2nd most common type WBC
Lymphocytes
Cells of adaptive immunity
Lymphocytes
Smallest of WBC
Lymphocytes
What does “CD” mean?
Cluster of differentiation
Prominent feature of lymphocytes
Round, densely stained nucleus with a pale basophilic, non-granular cytoplasm
Which can pahgocytize more bacteria? Neutrophils or macrophages?
Macrophages - up to 100 bacteria
Neutrophils - 3-20 bacteria
Movement of neutrophils and macrophages towards a chemical signal
Chemotaxis
Criteria for diapedesis
Invasion of the basement membrane
Movement out of the circulatory system and into the site of injury
Diapedesis
In tissue injury, ____ cells will release histamin causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Mast cells
1st line of defense in injury
Tissue macrophages
2nd line of defense
Neutrophils
3rd line of defense
Monocytes
Can be converted to tissue macrophage
Monocyte activation can take up to
8 hours
4th line of defense
Increase monocyte and granulocyte production by the BM
Mediated by: TNF, Il-1, GM-CSF, M-CSF
The 4th line of defense take up to
3-4 days
Antibodies constitute how many percent of plasma proteins?
20%
2 parts of an antibody
Variable portion
Constant portion
Most abundant antibody (75%)
IgG
Smallest antibody, only one able to cross the placenta
IgG
Antibody in secondary response
IgG
Antibody in primary response
IgM
Largest antibody
IgM
Main immunoglobulin in secretions
IgA
Mechanism of action of antibodies
Direct and indirect
Direct mechanism of action of antibodies include
Agglutination
Precipitation
Neutralization
Lysis
The complement system is responsible for 3 things
Opsonization
MAC
Stimulate inflammation
Most numerous of Tcells
Helper T cell
T helper cells
CD and MHC?
CD4 MHCII
Cytotoxic T cell
CD and MHC?
CD8 and MHC I
Cytotoxic T cells create holes through
Perforins
Targets of CD8 cells
Virally infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted cells
Macrophages present antigens to Helper T cells with what interleukin?
Il-1
T helper cells call B cells by which interleukins?
IL 4, 5, 6
t helper cells call CD8, supressor Tc, and memory t cells by which IL?
Il-2
Plays an important role in limiting the ability of the immune system to attack a person’s own body tissue.
Suppressor T cells
Rhesus antigen
Antigen D
Blood type A antigen
n acetyl galactosamine
Type B antigen
Galactose
Determined by genotype from mom and dad
Agglutinogen
Spontaneously acquired from food, bacteria
Agglutinins
Agglutinin production start at
2-8 months of age
Self organ transplantation
Autograft
Same species transplantation
Allograft
Twin transplantation
Isograft/syngeic graft
Transplant from other species
Xenograft
Isograft rejection percentage?
0%
Events in hemostasis
Vascular constriction
Platelet plug formation
Blood coagulation
Resolution
Vasoconstricting agent in injury
Endothelin 1
Mediators of platelet adhesion
VWF
gp1b
Mediators of platelet aggregation
Fibrinogen
GpIIb-IIIa
Pathway activated due to trauma to the vascular walls and is faster and more explosive
Extrinsic pathway
Pathway activated due to trauma of the blood cells or exposure of blood to collagen from traumatized vessel walls
Intrinsic
Extrinsic pathway is initiated by
Tissue factor
Thrombin causes positive feedback via the activation of
Factor V
The intrinsic pathway is initiated by
Factor XII and platelets
Which clotting factors are common to both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways?
V and X
Factor I
Fibrinogen
Factor II
Prothrombin
Factor III
Tissue factor, tissue thromboplastin
Factor IV
Calcium
Factor V
Proaccelerin, labile factor, Ac globulin
Factor VII
Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator, proconvertin, stable factor
Factor VIII
Antihemophilic factor, antihemophilic factor A
Factor IX
Plasma thromboplastin component
Christmas factor
Anyihemophilic factor B
Factor X
Stuart factor
Stuart prower factor
Factor XI
Plasma thromboplastin antecedent
Antihemophilc factor C
Factor XII
Hageman factor
Factor XIII
Fibrin stabilizing factor
Prekallikrein
Fletcher factor
HMW kininogen
Fritzgerald factor
Other name for plasmin
Fibrinolysin
Most crucial event in wound healing
Hemostasis
