✅1.2 PHYSIOLOGY - Neuro Flashcards
More numerous: glial cells or neurons?
Glial cells
Produces CSF
Ependymal Cells
Macrophage of the brain
Microglia
Regulates ECF ion levels, gives mechanical support forms BBB
Astrocyte
Creates myelin in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes (myelinates many cells at a time)
Creates myelin in the PNS
Schwann cell (one cell at a time)
Brain tumors from non-mature neurons
Neuroblastoma, Retinoblastoma
“Receiving” Portion (for NTS) of the Neuron
Dendrites
Where Action Potential in a neuron actually starts
Axon Hillock
Function of Myelin Sheath
Insulator
Space between 2 neurons
Synapse
Unmyelinated portion of the Axon
Nodes of Ranvler
Branches of the Axons
Neural Fibril
Terminal portion of a neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles
Axon Terminal/Boutons/End-Feet
2 types of axonal transport
Anterograde and Retrograde
What do you call the death of the axon distal to the site of injury?
Anterograde/Orthograde/Walllerian Degeneration
What do you call the changes to the soma after an axon is transected?
Axonal reaction/Chromatolysis
Axonal regeneration occurs better in the CNS or PNS?
PNS
Acetylcholine is mainly secreted where?
Nucleus basalis of Meynert
Raw materials for synthesis of acetylcholine
Uses Acetyl Coa and Choline
Enzyme: Choline acetyltransferase
Raw materials produced in the degradation of acetylcholine
Produces Acetate and choline
Enzyme: Acetylcholinesterase
Dopamine is found mainly in the
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta and ventral tegmental area
REM sleep is every
90 mins
Neurotransmitter that triggers REM sleep
Ach
Dopamine is degraded by
MAO and COMT
Norepi and epi are secreted by neurons in the
Locus ceruleus
Mnemonic: iLOCUS NORte
Mnemonic phenylalanine derviatives
Pare true live does not exist to me
Phenylalaline Tyrosine L-DOPA Dopamine Norepi Epi Throxine Melanin
Mnemonic tryptophan derivatives
Trip mo siya no?
Tryptophan
Melatonin
Serotonin
Niacin
Serotonin is secreted by the
Median raphe of the brainstem
Dubbed as the happy hormone
Serotonin
Serotonin is converted to ____ in the pineal gland
Melatonin
secreted in areas of the brain responsible for long term memory
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide is from what amino acid?
Arginine
Histamine is located mainly in the ____ in the CNS
Tuberomamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus
GAba comes from
Glutamate
Action of GABA a and GABA b?
Gaba A inc chloride influx
Gaba B potassium efflux
Inhibitory neurotransmitter usually found in the spinal interneurons
Glycine
Typical RMP
-70mV
Threshold voltage for depolarization
-40mv
Give examples of sodium channel blockers of neurons
Tetradotoxin
Saxitoxin
Giv examples of potassiu channel blocker of neurons
Tetraethyl ammonium
2 types of refactory periods
Absolute and relative
Ionic basis of absolute refractory period
No action potential can occur unless sodium inactivation gates open
RRP is due to the
Prolonged opening of K channels
When a cell is depolarized slowly such that the threshold potential is passed without firing an action potential
Accommodation
Effect of hypokalemia in an excitable cell such as the heart
Hyperpolarization
Effect of hyperkalemia in an excitable cell such as the heart
Cell is more depolarizable
Synaptic inputs that depolarize the post synaptic cell
Excitatory post synaptic potential
Synaptic inputs that hyperpolarizes the post synaptic cell
IPSPs
Two or more presynaptic inputs arrive at the postsynaptic cell simultaneously
Spatial summation
Potentials are on the same “space”
Two or more presynaptic inputs arrive at postsynaptic cell in rapid succession
Temporal summation
Repeated stimulation causes response of postsynaptic cell to be greater than expected
Nerve facilitation
Increased release of NT and inc sensitivity to the NT
Long term potentiation
Repeated stimulation causes decreased response of postsynaptic cell
Synaptic fatigue
Vasomotor center, respiratory DRG, VRG, swallowing, coughing, vomiting centers
Medulla (think of medullary syndromes)
Micturition, pneumotaxic and apneustic centers
Pons
Memory is accelerated and potentiated by
Rehearsal
In memory, hippocampal lesions cause ___ while thalamic lesions cause ___
Hippocampal - anterograde amnesia
Thalamic - retrograde amnesia
Major parts of the limbic system
Hypothalamus Reward and punsihment centers Hippocampus Amygdala Limbic cortex
Name the part of the limbic system
Produces mainly oxytocin
Paraventricular nuclei
“Para sa voobs”
Name the part of the limbic system
Produces mainly vasopressin
Supraoptic nuclei
Name the part of the limbic system
Satiety center
Ventromedial nuclei
“Vutsog”
Name the part of the limbic system
Hunger center
Lateral nuclei
“Lamon”
Name the part of the limbic system
Sweating/heat release
Anterior hypothalamus
Name the part of the limbic system
Shivering, heat conservation
Posterior hypothalamus
Name the part of the limbic system
Reward center
Medial forebrain bundle
Name the part of the limbic system
Punishment center
Central gray area around aqueduct of sylvius
Name the part of the limbic system
Social inhibition
Amygdala
Which is more powerful in creating new memories? Reward or fear and punishment?
Fear and punishment
Master clock
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Stages of EEG changes in slow wave sleep
Stage N1 - Alpha waves
Stage N2 - Theta waves interrupted by sleep spindles and K complexes
Stage N3 - delta waves interrupted by sleep spindles
Waves present in REM
Beta waves
Sources of energy of the brain
Glucose and ketone bodies
Total csf in the brain
150ml
Circumventricular organs (no blood brain barrier)
Some areas of the hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Area postrema
Mnemonic for autonomic nervous sytem tracts
PLASMA
Parasympa Long preganglionic Ach used Short postganglionic Muscarinic receptors Ach used
Synpathetic nervous system with muscrinic receptors are found in the
Piloerector muscle
And some blood vessels
Adrenoceptor with IP3 as secondary messenger
Alpha 1
Moa of alpha 2 adrenoceptors
INHIBITION OF ADENYLYL CYCLASE, dec CAMP
