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ANA, BCHM, PHY > 1.1 PHYSIOLOGY - Cellular Physio > Flashcards

1.1 PHYSIOLOGY - Cellular Physio Flashcards

0
Q

Ability to maintain stable internal environment.

A

Homeostasis

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1
Q

Define physiology.

A

Explains the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life.

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2
Q

Arterial O2 partial pressure

A

100 mmhg

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3
Q

Arterial CO2 partial pressure

A

40mmhg

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4
Q

Typical GFR

A

125ml/min

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5
Q

Typical value of setum Ca2+

A

2.4 meq/L

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6
Q

Which is more common? Negative or positive feedback control?

A

Negative

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7
Q

2 parts of the cell cycle

A

Interphase and mitosis

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8
Q

Parts of interphase

A

G1
DNA synthesis
G2

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9
Q

Mitosis typically lasts for

A

30 mins

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10
Q

Parts of mitosis

A

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Mnemonic PPMAT

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11
Q

Name which part of mitosis is described.

Condensation of chromosomes and formation of mitotic spindle

A

Prophase

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12
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A

Aster fragments the nuclear envelope and attaches to the centromere
Sister chromatids pulled towards opposite poles

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13
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Two asters are pushed further apart

Chromatids line up to form the equatorial plane

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14
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere tords opposite poles

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15
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

New nuclear membrane develops, mitotic spindle dissolute, cell pinches into two

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16
Q

Cell classification according to membrane bound organelles

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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17
Q

Cell classification according to the ability to reproduce

A

Labile, Quiescent/Stable, Permanent/Non-dividing

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19
Q

Examples of labile cells

A

Hematopoeitic cells, skin (spontaneous production)

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20
Q

Example of quiescent cells

A

Intestine, liver cells (do not reproduce but can if prompted)

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20
Q

Substance that makes up the cell

A

Protoplasm

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21
Q

Examples of permament or non-dividing cells

A

Neuron, skeletal, cardiac muscle (do not reproduce)

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22
Q

Water is not present in adipose tissue. True or false.

A

True

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23
Q

Composition of the protoplasm

A 
Water 70-80%
Proteins 10-20%
Lipids 2%
Ions
Carbohydrates
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24
Q

Almost all nucleated cells in the body contain the SAME set of chromosomes and DNA except

A

Lymphocytes which undergo genetic rearrangement

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25
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

Forms ATP

A

Mitochondria

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26
Q

Parts of the mitichondria

A

Outer membrane
Intermembranous space
Inner membrane
Mitochondrial matrix

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27
Q

Organelle that contains its own DNA

A

Mitochondria

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28
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

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29
Q

Other name for smooth ER

A

Agranular ER

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30
Q

Genetic material from the mitochondria is purely

A

Maternally-derived

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31
Q

SERs are abundant in which organs?

A

Liver, kidney cells, testes, ovaries, adrenal cortex

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32
Q

Function of the SER

A

Mr clean of the cell (smooth, panlaba, mataba)
Involved in DETOXIFICATION
Synthesis of lipids and contains glycogenolytic enzymes

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33
Q

Other name for Rough ER

A

Granular ER

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34
Q

Function of the RER

A

Protein factory of the cell

RER contains ribosomes

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35
Q

RERs are abundant in which organs

A

Liver, neurons, pancreas, thyroid

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36
Q

2 types of ribosomes

A

RER vs free floating

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37
Q

Ribosomes bound to the RER are found in the

A

Cell membrane
Lysosomes
Any proteins secreted out of the cell (hormones, neurotransmitters)

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38
Q

Free floating ribosomes are found in the

A

Cytoplasm and mitochondria

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39
Q

The SER in skeletal muscles and the RER in the neuron are called?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum/Nissl substance

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40
Q

Packaging department of the cell

A

Golgi apparatus

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41
Q

Functions of the Golgi apparatus

A

Packaging
Molecular tagging
Synthesis of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate

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42
Q

Structure of the Golgi apparatus

A

4 or more stacked layers of thin, flat enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus

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43
Q

What is the only protein modified in the RER and not in the golgi apparatus?

A

Collagen

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44
Q

Protein enters and exits which sides of the Golgi apparatus

A

Protein enters the Covex (cis) side and exits on the concave (trans) side

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45
Q

Secretory vesicles or granules are formed from the

A

ER-Golgi system

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46
Q

Inactivated proteins

A

Proenzymes

Contained in secretory vesicles or granules

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47
Q

Lysosomes come from the

A

Golgi apparatus

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48
Q

Ribosomal subunits in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes: 30s and 50s (70s)
Eukaryotes: 40s and 60s (80s)

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49
Q

Suicide enzymes in the lysosomes

A

Hydrolases (40)

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50
Q

Functions of the lysosome

A

warfreak guy of the cell
Digests damaged cellular structures, food particles ingested by the cell and foreign bodies
Autolysis

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51
Q

Lysosomes are involved in which physiologic scenarios?

A

Regression of tissues (uterus after pregnancy, skeletal muscles follwoing inactivity, mammary glands after lactation)

Autolysis of cells (apoptosis and necrosis)

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52
Q

Wear and tear pigment that accumulates in lysosomes

A

Lipofuscin

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53
Q

Enzyme in lysosomes that dissolve bacterial membranes

A

Lysozyme

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54
Q

Enzyme in lysosomes that bind iron and other substances to prevent bacterial growth

A

Lysoferritin

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55
Q

Enzymes in lysosomes that activates hydrolases and inactivates bacterial metabolic systems

A

Acid with ph 5.0

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56
Q

Functions of peroxisomes

A

Formed by self-replication or budding from SER
Contains oxidase and catalase
Oxidises many poisons (eg alcohol)

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57
Q

Peaceful guy of the cell

Physically similar to lysosomes but with different functions

A

Peroxisomes

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58
Q

Types of filament or tubular structures

A

Actin and myosin

Microtubules

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59
Q

Lysosomes:hydrolases
Peroxisomes:?

A

Catalases and Oxidases (for detoxification)

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60
Q

Kartagener Syndrome

A

Situs inversus
Bronchiectasis
Infertility

Pathophysio: ciliary diskinesia

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61
Q

2 types of cell movement

A

Amoeboid and ciliary

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62
Q

2 types of proteins in the cell

A

Structural and Globular (Enzymes)

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63
Q

Degrades membrane associated proteins, not membrane bound.

A

Proteosomes

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64
Q

Drug of choice for S. aureus nasal carriers

A

Mupirocin

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65
Q

DOC for Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

A

Clinda + Vancomycin

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66
Q

GI Hormone that increase during intake of coffee

A

Gastrin

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67
Q

Characterised by an episode of dramatic bradycardia following manipulation of extra-ocular muscles or dramatically raised intraocular pressure

A

Oculocardiac reflex

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68
Q

Other name for the oculocardiac reflex

A

Aschner phenomenon

69
Q

% mass regeneration of the liver in 2-3 mos when removed

A

70%

70
Q

DNA contains how many base pairs and genes?

A

3 billion base pairs and 200,000 genes

71
Q

A chromosome is made up of

A

DNA + histone

72
Q

Number of chromosome pairs in humans

A

23

73
Q

Charges of DNA and Histone

A

DNA (-) charge

Histone (+) charge

74
Q

Basic proteins of histones

A

Lysine and Arginine

75
Q

The ETC in the mitochondria is found in the

A

Inner Mitochondrial Matrix

76
Q

Number of complexes in the electron transport chain

A

I, II, III, IV

77
Q

Complex V of the ETC

A

ATP synthase complex

78
Q

In the ETC, oxygen is the final acceptor found in which complex?

A

Complex IV

79
Q

MOA of Cyanide

A

ETC inhibitor (inhibits complex IV) - no generation of ATP

80
Q

Hexokinase is created in the

A

Free floating ribosomes (glycolysis- cytoplasm)

81
Q

Important molecular tag that tells the protein to go to the lysosome.

A

Mannose-6-phosphate

82
Q

TB secretes ____ to prevent fusion of the lysosome and bacteria.

A

Sulfatides

83
Q

Macrophages that fail to fuse with the TB bacteria are called

A

Langhan’s giant cell

84
Q

2 Faces of the Golgi apparatus

A

Cis (convex) and Trans (concave)

85
Q

Types of RNA

A

mRNA - massive
rRNA - rampant
tRNA - tiny

86
Q

Nucleus without a nucleolus

A

Orphan annie

87
Q

Why is the mitochondrial DNA only maternally derived?

A

Mitochondria of sperm dissociates during fertilization and what is left is the mitochondrial dna of the egg.

88
Q

AUG codes for

A

methionine

89
Q

Evolutionary explanation for the mitochondria

A

Anaerobic cell swallowing an aerobic cell (symbiosis)

90
Q

Site of transcription and processing of rRNA

A

Nucleolus

91
Q

The only substance modified in the RER and not the golgi appparatus

A

Collagen

92
Q

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes come from which organelles?

A

Lysosome: Golgi
Peroxisome: SER

93
Q

Wear and tear pigment that accumulates in the lysosomes

A

Lipofuscin

94
Q

Cell filaments

A

Actin/Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

95
Q

Microtubules are from

A

Tubulin Dimers

96
Q

Structures that are made up of Actin/Microfilaments

A

Microvilli, locomotion of macrophages, muscles, zonula adherens, zonula occludens

97
Q

Structures that are made up of Intermediate filaments

A

keratin, neurofilaments, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes

98
Q

2 Motor proteins found in microtubules

A

Kinesin and Dynein

99
Q

Structures that are made up of microtubules

A

Flagella, Cilia, Centrioles, Mitotic spindle, intracellular vesicles

100
Q

Disease with dynein missing in cilia and flagella

A

Kartagener Syndrome

101
Q

Pathophysio of situs inversus in Kartagener’s

A

Defective primary cilia

102
Q

Locomotion of cells

A

Ameboid movement, Ciliary movement, Flagellar movement

103
Q

Cilia is found in which body structures

A

Fallopian tubes

Respiratory epithelium

104
Q

Ameboid movement is exhibited by which cells

A

WBC, fibroblasts, germinal cells of the skin, fertilized embryo
In response to chemotactic substance

105
Q

4 Junctional Complexes

A 
Macula adherens (desmosomes)
Zonula adherens (fascia adherens)
Zonula occludens (tight junctions)
Gap junctions
106
Q

Structure, function and site of desmosomes

A

Structure: disk-shaped
Fxn: For firm intercellular adhesions
Sites: Epithelium “waterproofing”

107
Q

Structure, function and site of fascia adherens

A

Ring-shaped
Increases surface area for contact
Sites: Intercalated discs of cardiac muscles

108
Q

2 types of tight junctions

A

Leaky and tight

109
Q

Structure, function and site of tight junctions

A

Reticular pattern
Divides cell into apical and basolateral side
Leaky: PCT, Jejunum
Tight: CD, terminal colon, BBB

110
Q

Function and site of gap junctions

A

For intercellular communication

Cardiac and unitary smooth muscle

111
Q

What is the functional unit of the gap junction?

A

Connexon

112
Q

What do you call the movement of substances through the apical and basolateral side?

A

Transcellular transport

113
Q

What do you call the movement of substances between cells through tight junctions?

A

Paracellular transport

114
Q

The cell membrane divides the body into what compartments?

A

ECF and ICF Compartment

115
Q

Majority of the cell membrane are made up of

A

Proteins (55%)

116
Q

2 types of cell membrane proteins

A

Integral Proteins and Peripheral proteins

117
Q

Components of the cell membrane

A 
Proteins (55%)
Phospholipids (25%)
Cholesterol (13%)
Other lipids (4%) Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)
Carbs (3%)
118
Q

The phospholipid bilayer is divided into

A
  1. Outer leaflet

2. Inner leaflet

119
Q

What lipids are found in the outer and inner leaflet respectively?

A

Outer: Phosphatidylcholine, Sphingomyelin, Phosphatidylethanolamine

Inner: Phosphatidylinositol, Phosphatidylserine

120
Q

Component of the cell membrane that mainly determines membrane fluidity and permeability to water soluble structures. (Most important component)

A

Cholesterol

121
Q

Integral proteins vs. Peripheral

type of attachment and interaction

A

Integral: Tight attachments and Hydrophobic interactions

Peripheral: Loose and Electrostatic interactions

122
Q

Which disease involves a mutation in the gene of Chromosome 7 that encodes for an ABC transporter called CFTR?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

123
Q

2 types of endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis

124
Q

Which type of endocytosis is used in proteins? For bacteria?

A

Pinocytosis: Proteins
Phagocytosis: Bacteria

125
Q

Exocytosis is mediated by

A

SNARE Proteins

126
Q

Endocytosis is mediated by

A

Clathrin

127
Q

What is the 60-40-20 rule?

A

TBW 60% of Body weight
ICF 40%
ECF 20%

128
Q

ECF is further subdivided into?

A

ECF 20%
Plasma 5%
Interstitial fluid 15%
Transcellular fluid 1L

129
Q

Predominant Cation and Anion in the ECF and ICF

A

ECF: Na+, Cl-
ICF: K+, Ph-

130
Q

Fluid intake on a normal day (ml/day)

A

2100 ml/day

131
Q

Water Intake from metabolism (ml/day)

A

200

132
Q

Total water intake (ml/day)

A

2300

133
Q

Insensible losses from the skin/lungs (ml/day)

A

350 ml

134
Q

Output from sweat and feces (ml/day)

A

100

135
Q

Urine output (ml/day)

A

1400

136
Q

Insensible loss from the skin during prolonged heavy exercise (ml/day)

A

350

137
Q

Insensible water loss from the lungs during prolonged heavy exercise (ml/day)

A

650

138
Q

Water loss from sweat during prolonged heavy exercise (ml/day)

A

5000

139
Q

Water loss from feces during prolonged heavy exercise (ml/day)

A

100

140
Q

Water loss from urine during prolonged heavy exercise (ml/day)

A

500

141
Q

What is the principle of MACROSCOPIC ELECTRONEUTRALITY?

A

In each compartment, the total number of cations should equal the total number of anions.

142
Q

What are the indicator molecules for TBW?

A

Deuterium oxide, Antipyrine

143
Q

What are the indicator molecules for ECF?

A

Inulin, Mannitol

145
Q

What is the indicator molecule for Plasma?

A

124 I-labeled Albumin

146
Q

Osmolality vs Osmolarity

A 
Osmolality = osmoles/kg of water
Osmolarity = osmoles/liter of water (varies with temp)
147
Q

Formula of osmolarity

A

Concentration x Number of dissociable particles

148
Q

Estimate of plasma osmolarity can be obtained using which solutes

A

Na, glucose, urea

149
Q

Formula for Plasma Osmolarity

A

2 x Plasma Na + (glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8)

150
Q

Osmolar Gap

A

Measured osmolarity - Estimated osmolarity

151
Q

Osmolar gap increases in

A

Alcohol intoxication and ethylene glycol poisoning (more solutes included)

152
Q

Define osmosis

A

Movement of water from area of low concentration to high concentration across a semi-permeable membrane

153
Q

Osmotic pressure is dependent on the

A

Number of molecules

154
Q

Example of IMPERMEANT solute

A

Glucose (Effective Osmole)

155
Q

Example of PERMEANT solute

A

Urea (Ineffective osmole)

156
Q

Effective osmole used in the treatment of brain edema

A

Mannitol

157
Q

Osmotic pressure from large molecules (proteins)

A

Oncotic pressure

158
Q

Weight of the volume of a solution divided by weight of equal volume of distilled (pure) water

A

Specific gravity

159
Q

Define Osmotic Coefficient/Reflection Coefficient

A

Number between one and zero that describes the ease by which a solute permeates a membrane

RC=1 no solute penetration
RC between 1-0 some penetration
RC = zero complete penetration

160
Q

3 functions of the Na K ATPase Pump

A
  1. prevents cellular swelling
  2. contributes to RMP (-4mV)
  3. Helps secondary transport
161
Q

What are the characteristics of active transport?

A
  1. Saturation: Tm occurs once all transporters are used
  2. Stereospecificty: recognizes D or L forms
  3. Competition: chemically-related solutes may compete.
162
Q

Which is faster: simple or facilitated diffusion?

A

At low solute concentration: Facilitate > S
At high solute conc: Simple > F

“Usain bolt and ferrari”
“Usain bolt and speed limit”

163
Q

Give examples of the transport mechanism mentioned below:

Simple Diffusion

A

Oxygen, Nitrogen, CO2, Alcohol, Lipid hormones, Anesthetic drugs

164
Q

Give examples of the transport mechanism mentioned below:

Facilitated Diffusion

A

D-glucose transport to muscles and adipose tissues; Amino acid transport

165
Q

Give examples of the transport mechanism mentioned below:

Primary Active Transport

A

Na-K-ATPase Pump
Ca-ATPase pump
H-K-ATPase Pump (Proton Pump) parietal cells
H-ATPase pump in intercalated cells (kidneys), multi-drug resistance transporters

166
Q

Give examples of the transport mechanism mentioned below:

Secondary Active Transport

A 
SGLT 1 in the Small Intestine
SGLT 2 in the PCT
NaK2Cl Ascending tubule
Na Ca exchange in all cells
Na H Change in PCT
167
Q

Ca-ATPase pump in the cell membrane

A

PMCA

168
Q

Ca-ATPase pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and endoplasmic reticulum

A

SERCA

169
Q

Functions of the Na-K-ATPase pump

A

Prevents cellular swelling, contributes to RMP

170
Q

Functional subunit by Na-K-ATPase pump inhibited by cardiac glycosides

A

Alpha subunit

171
Q

In all epithelial cells, Na-K ATPase is found in the basolateral side except

A

Choroid plexus

172
Q

Why do RBCs swell when chilled?

A

Decrease ATP synthesis –> Dec. Activity of Na-K-ATPase pump

ANA, BCHM, PHY (23 decks)

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