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ANA, BCHM, PHY > ✅1.3 PHYSIOLOGY - Special topics > Flashcards

✅1.3 PHYSIOLOGY - Special topics Flashcards

0
Q

If detected temperature is less than the set point temp, the hypothalamus will

A

Initiate heat generating mechanisms

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1
Q

Thermoregulatory center

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

Heat generating mechanisms include

A

Shivering, thyroid hormone (inc in basal metabolism by inc Na K ATPase pum activity), decreased sweating, piloerection, skin vasoconstriction (alpha1), brown fat in babies (beta 3)

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3
Q

Heat loss mechanisms

A

Sweating, piloerction, skin vasodilation, dcreased heat production

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4
Q

Role of fat and skin in terms of body tem regulation

A

Fat-insulator

Skin- radiator (vasoconstriction and dilation of vessels)

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5
Q

Most of the body heat is lost through which way? (Order and percentage)

A

Radiation 60%
Evaporation 20%
Conduction to air
Conduction to objects

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6
Q

Interleukins involved in the pathophysiology of fever

A

IL-1 and IL-6

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7
Q

Differentiate heat exhaustion and heat stroke

A

Heat exhaustion- excessive fainting causing fainting

Heat stroke - high temp causing tissue damage and impaired responses

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8
Q

High temp secondary to succinylcholine and halothane

A

Malignant hyperthermia

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9
Q

Antidote for malignant hyperthermia

A

Dantrolene

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10
Q

Pathophysio of malignant hyperthermia

A

Overstimulation of skeletal muscles

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11
Q

Strength per square centimeter of x-sec area for men and women

A

3-4kg/cm2

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12
Q

Sequence of energy systems and onset and duration

A

Phosphagen energy system - 8-10 seconds
Glycogen lactic acid system - 1.3 -1.6 mins
Aerobic system - unlimited time as long as with energy supply

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13
Q

Example of activities that use the phosphagen energy system

A

100 m dash, jumping, diving

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14
Q

Example of activities that use the glycogen lactic acid system

A

Tennis, soccer

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15
Q

Example of activities that use the aerobic system

A

Long distance jogging

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16
Q

In the aerobic system, _____ supplies 50% of the energy requirements after 3-4 hrs

A

Fat

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17
Q

What is the basis for muscle endurance?

A

Glycogen

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18
Q

What is the best diet for muscle glycogen recovery?

A

High carb diet

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19
Q

How long does it take to recover muscle glycogen?

A

2 days

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20
Q

An increase in muscle strength is always due to what?

A

Increase in muscle size

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21
Q

Maximal breathing capacity

A

150-170L/min

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22
Q

Pulmonary ventilation during maximal exercise

A

100-110L/min

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23
Q

Difference between maximal breathing capacity and pulmo ventilation during maximal exercise is used to compensate for:

A

Exercise at high altitude
Exercise under hot conditions
Abnormalities of the respiratory system

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24
Q

Muscle blood flow increases up to how many times during the most strenous exercise?

A

20x

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25
Q

Resting cardiac output

A

5L/min

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26
Q

CO can increase to up to how much during exercise?

Values for athletes and non-athletes

A

Athletes 30L/min

Non athletes 20L/min

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27
Q

At macimal exercise cardiac output is at how many percent of its maximum?

A

90%

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28
Q

At maximal exercise, pulmonary ventilation is at how many percent of its maximum?

A

65%

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29
Q

Heatstroke in exercise happens when temp is

A

> 42C

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30
Q

Treatment for heatstroke

A

Remove clothing, sponge/spray with water, fan, give fluids

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31
Q

Sweat glands may acclimatize to hot and humid conditions because of

A

Aldosterone

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32
Q

Effects of substances in athletes

A

Inconsistent results

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33
Q

Effects of substances in athletes

Testosterone

A

Increases muscle strength and aggresiveness

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34
Q

Effects of substances in athletes

Ampetamines and cocaine

A

Psychological effects only, may cause Vfib

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35
Q

Rationale for decreased O2 in high altitude

A

O2 molecules are farther apart hence decreased oxygenation

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36
Q

Most important effect of hypoxia

A

Decreased mental proficiency

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37
Q

Symptoms at 12,000 feet

A

Drowsiness, lassitude, mental and muscle fatigue, headache, nausea, and euphoria

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38
Q

Symptoms at 18,000 feet

A

Twitchings and seizures

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39
Q

Effects at 23,000 feet

A

Coma and death

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40
Q

Mechanisms for acclimatization to low pO2

A

Increased pulmo ventilation
Polycythemia
Inc diffusing capacity of oxygen
Inc vascularity of the peripheral tissues
Inc ability of cells to use oxygen despite low pO2

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41
Q

After a few minutes at high altitude, RR increases by

A

1.65x

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42
Q

After a few DAYS in high altitude, RR increases to

A

5x

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43
Q

Born and raised in a place of high altitude

A

Natural acclimatization

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44
Q

What are the changes seen in NATURAL acclimatization to high altitude?

A

Decreased body mass
Inc chest size
Larger heart and lungs
Better O2 delivery (inc HgB), better O2 utiliztion

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45
Q

What are the manifestations of ACUTE mountain sickness?

A

Acute pulmonary edema

Acute cerebral edema

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46
Q

What are the manifestations of CHRONIC mountain sickness?

A

Pulmonary vasoconstriction, R- sided heart failure

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47
Q

Body in sitting position in an airplane is subject to

A

Linear acceleration

Centrifugal acceleration

48
Q

Define G-force

A

A unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity

49
Q

G force associated with death

A

20G

Vertebral fracture

50
Q

Where is blood shunted in negative and positive Gs

A

Positive - to the lower ex

Negative - to the head

51
Q

Positive G force is more dangerous than negative. True or false

A

True

52
Q

Pilot is pushed against his seat

A

Pos G

53
Q

g force range associated with blackouts, LOC, and death

A

+6-10 G

54
Q

Pilot is pushed against his seatbelt

A

Negative Gs

55
Q

May result in red out of the eyes and psychotic disturbances

A

Neg G

56
Q

What is terminal velocity?

A

Constant speed that a freely falling object eventually reaches when the resistance of the medium through which it is falling prevents further acceleration

57
Q

When using a parachute, opening shock load of ______lb may be felt

A

1200 lb

58
Q

A skydiver would reach terminal velocity in _________ with a speed of ____________

A

12 seconds

175 feet per second

59
Q

A parachute reduces the speed of a skydiver to what fraction of terminal velocity

A

1/9th

60
Q

How to fall when using a parachute

A

Fall to the ground with knees bent and muscles taut to prevent fractures

61
Q

Currently how many percent oxygen is used in a sealed aircraft and at what pressure?

A

20% oxygen at 760mmHg

62
Q

This occurs in chronic weightlessness

A

Deconditioning

63
Q

To keep the lungs from collapsing due to high water pressure, air used by divers are given in _____ pressure

A

High

64
Q

High pressure air given to divers may lead to

A

Nitrogen, CO2 and Oxygen toxicity

65
Q

High nitrogen pressure effects at different levels

A

120 ft - joviality

At 200-250 feet - drowsiness

Beyond 250 feet - “raptures of the depths” (alters ionic conductance in brain cells)

66
Q

Breathing oxygen at ___________ pressure will cause sudden BRAIN SEIZURES followed by COMA.

A

4atm (PO2 = 3040mmHg)

67
Q

Oxygen toxicity is due to

A

Oxygen free radicals (O2- and H2O2)

68
Q

Happens only when diving apparatus has a malfunction

A

High CO2 pressure

69
Q

Acid base disorder in high altitudes

A

Respiratory alkalosis

70
Q

Pathophsyiology in decompression sickness

A

Sudden ascent leading to formation of NITROGEN BUBBLES —-> blocks in blood vessels

71
Q

Manifestations of decompression sickness

Pains in the joints and muscles

A

Bends

72
Q

Manifestations of decompression sickness

Dyspnea

A

Chokes

73
Q

Chronic decompression sickness

A

Caisson’s disease

74
Q

Treatment for decompression sickness

A

Us navy decompression tables
Tank decompression
Use helium in very deep dives (>250 feet)

75
Q

Effects of substances in athletes

A

Inconsistent results

76
Q

Effects of substances in athletes

Testosterone

A

Increases muscle strength and aggresiveness

77
Q

Effects of substances in athletes

Ampetamines and cocaine

A

Psychological effects only, may cause Vfib

78
Q

Rationale for decreased O2 in high altitude

A

O2 molecules are farther apart hence decreased oxygenation

79
Q

Most important effect of hypoxia

A

Decreased mental proficiency

80
Q

Symptoms at 12,000 feet

A

Drowsiness, lassitude, mental and muscle fatigue, headache, nausea, and euphoria

81
Q

Symptoms at 18,000 feet

A

Twitchings and seizures

82
Q

Effects at 23,000 feet

A

Coma and death

83
Q

Mechanisms for acclimatization to low pO2

A

Increased pulmo ventilation
Polycythemia
Inc diffusing capacity of oxygen
Inc vascularity of the peripheral tissues
Inc ability of cells to use oxygen despite low pO2

84
Q

After a few minutes at high altitude, RR increases by

A

1.65x

85
Q

After a few DAYS in high altitude, RR increases to

A

5x

86
Q

Born and raised in a place of high altitude

A

Natural acclimatization

87
Q

What are the changes seen in NATURAL acclimatization to high altitude?

A

Decreased body mass
Inc chest size
Larger heart and lungs
Better O2 delivery (inc HgB), better O2 utiliztion

88
Q

What are the manifestations of ACUTE mountain sickness?

A

Acute pulmonary edema

Acute cerebral edema

89
Q

What are the manifestations of CHRONIC mountain sickness?

A

Pulmonary vasoconstriction, R- sided heart failure

90
Q

Body in sitting position in an airplane is subject to

A

Linear acceleration

Centrifugal acceleration

91
Q

Define G-force

A

A unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity

92
Q

G force associated with death

A

20G

Vertebral fracture

93
Q

Where is blood shunted in negative and positive Gs

A

Positive - to the lower ex

Negative - to the head

94
Q

Positive G force is more dangerous than negative. True or false

A

True

95
Q

Pilot is pushed against his seat

A

Pos G

96
Q

g force range associated with blackouts, LOC, and death

A

+6-10 G

97
Q

Pilot is pushed against his seatbelt

A

Negative Gs

98
Q

May result in red out of the eyes and psychotic disturbances

A

Neg G

99
Q

What is terminal velocity?

A

Constant speed that a freely falling object eventually reaches when the resistance of the medium through which it is falling prevents further acceleration

100
Q

When using a parachute, opening shock load of ______lb may be felt

A

1200 lb

101
Q

A skydiver would reach terminal velocity in _________ with a speed of ____________

A

12 seconds

175 feet per second

102
Q

A parachute reduces the speed of a skydiver to what fraction of terminal velocity

A

1/9th

103
Q

How to fall when using a parachute

A

Fall to the ground with knees bent and muscles taut to prevent fractures

104
Q

Currently how many percent oxygen is used in a sealed aircraft and at what pressure?

A

20% oxygen at 760mmHg

105
Q

This occurs in chronic weightlessness

A

Deconditioning

106
Q

To keep the lungs from collapsing due to high water pressure, air used by divers are given in _____ pressure

A

High

107
Q

High pressure air given to divers may lead to

A

Nitrogen, CO2 and Oxygen toxicity

108
Q

High nitrogen pressure effects at different levels

A

120 ft - joviality

At 200-250 feet - drowsiness

Beyond 250 feet - “raptures of the depths” (alters ionic conductance in brain cells)

109
Q

Breathing oxygen at ___________ pressure will cause sudden BRAIN SEIZURES followed by COMA.

A

4atm (PO2 = 3040mmHg)

110
Q

Oxygen toxicity is due to

A

Oxygen free radicals (O2- and H2O2)

111
Q

Happens only when diving apparatus has a malfunction

A

High CO2 pressure

112
Q

Acid base disorder in high altitudes

A

Respiratory alkalosis

113
Q

Pathophsyiology in decompression sickness

A

Sudden ascent leading to formation of NITROGEN BUBBLES —-> blocks in blood vessels

114
Q

Manifestations of decompression sickness

Pains in the joints and muscles

A

Bends

115
Q

Manifestations of decompression sickness

Dyspnea

A

Chokes

116
Q

Chronic decompression sickness

A

Caisson’s disease

117
Q

Treatment for decompression sickness

A

Us navy decompression tables
Tank decompression
Use helium in very deep dives (>250 feet)

ANA, BCHM, PHY (23 decks)

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