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Respiratory > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

intracellular mechanisms which consume O2 and produce CO2

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2
Q

What is external respiration?

A

sequence of events that lead to the exchange of O2 and CO2 between external enviroment and the cells of the body.

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3
Q

4 steps of external respiration?

A
  • ventilation
  • gas exchange
  • gas transport
  • gas exchange at a tissue level
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4
Q

Explain ventilation

A

mechanical process of moving gas in and out of the lungs

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5
Q

Explain gas transport

A

Binding of O2 and CO2 in the blood

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6
Q

4 body systems involved in external respiration

A
  • respiratory
  • cardiovasular
  • haematology
  • nervous
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7
Q

What is Boyles Law?

A
  • at any constant temperature the pressure excerted by a gas varies inversely to the volume of that gas
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8
Q

What holds the thoarcic wall and lungs together?

A
  • Intraplural fluid cohesivness

- Negative intrapleural pressure

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9
Q

What is the intralpleural fluid cohesivness?

A
  • Water molecules in intrapleural fluid are attracted to each other
  • resist being pulled apart
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10
Q

What is negative intrapleural pressure?

A
  • the sub-atmospheric intrapleural pressure creates a transmural pressure gradient across the lung wall and across the chest wall. So the lungs are forced to expand outwards while the chest is forced to squeeze inwards
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11
Q

Explain inspiration

A
  • Active process
  • Volume of the thorax is increased vertically
  • Contraction of the diaphragm
  • External intercost muscle contracts
  • Intra alveolar pressure falls (Boyles law)
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12
Q

Explain expiration

A
  • Passive process
  • recoil of the lungs allows intra alveolar pressure to rise
  • air leaves lungs down pressure gradient
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13
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air in the pleural space

- abolishes lung gradients –> lung collapse

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14
Q

What causes the lungs to recoil?

A
  • elastic connective tissue

- alveolar surface tension

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15
Q

What is surfactant?

A
  • mixture of lipids and proteins excreted by type II alveoli

- if was just water the tension would be too high

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16
Q

What is LaPlace Law

A

The smaller the alveoli the higher the tendency to collapse

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17
Q

What is alveolar interdependance?

A

If an alveolus start to collapse the surrounding alveoli are
stretched and then recoil exerting expanding forces in the
collapsing alveolus to open it

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18
Q

What is transmural pressure?

A

Transmural pressure refers to the pressure inside relative to outside of a compartment.

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19
Q

3 main sets of muscles of respiration?

A
  • Accessory Muscles
  • Major inspiratory Muscles
  • Muscles of active expiration
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20
Q

What muscles make up the accessory muscles?

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • scalenus
  • pectoral
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21
Q

What muscles make up the major inspiratory muscles?

A
  • Diaphragm

- External Intercostal Muscles

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22
Q

What muscles make up the muscles of active expiration?

A
  • Abdominal muscles

- Internal intercostal muscles

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23
Q

What is Tidal Volume (TV)?

A
  • volume of air entering or leaving lungs during a single breath
  • 0.5L
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24
Q

What is the Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?

A
  • Extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above the typical resting tidal volume
  • 3.0L
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25
Q

What is the Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

A
  • Extra volume of air that can be acitvely expired by maximal contraction, beyond the normal tidal volume
  • 1.0L
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26
Q

What is the Residual Volume (RV)?

A
  • Minimum volume of air remaning in the lungs even after a maximal expiration
  • 1.2L
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27
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration
(VC = IRV + TV + ERV)

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28
Q

What is Total Lung Capacity?

A

Total volume of air the lungs can hold
(TLC = VC + RV)
- unable to measure by spirometry

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29
Q

FVC?

A

Forced Vital Capacity (maximum volume that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs following a maximum inspiration

30
Q

FEV1?

A

Forced Expiratory volume in one second. Volume of air that can be expired during the first second of expiration in an FVC (Forced Vital Capacity) determination.

31
Q

FEV1/FVC Ratio?

A

The proportion of the Forced Vital Capacity that can be expired in the first second = (FEV1/FVC) X 100% - Normally more than 70%

32
Q

Explain the FVC and FEV1 and the ratio for an obstructive disease

A 
FVC = normal/lower
FEV1 = Lower
Ratio = Lower
33
Q

Explain the FVC and FEV1 and the ratio for a restrictive disease

A 
FVC = lower
FEV1 = lower
Ratio = normal
34
Q

Airway resistance equation

A

Flow = change in pressure / resistance

35
Q

What does parasympathetic stimulation do

A

bronchoconstriction

36
Q

What is a peak flow meter

A
  • gives an estimate on peak flow
  • to assess obstructive ariway diseases
  • best of three taken
37
Q

Pulmonary compliance

A
  • the measure of the amount of effort required to strech the lungs
  • less compliant = more work required to take in air
  • can be decreased by pulmonary fibrosis
  • can be increased by loss in elasticity = emphysema (hyperinflation- hard to get air out)
38
Q

Explain why the alveolar ventilation will always be less than the pulmonary?

A

Alveolar ventilation includes the dead space volume

39
Q

Equation for pulmonary ventilation

A

PV = TV X RR

-Is the volume of air breathed in and out per minute

40
Q

Equation for alveolar ventilation

A

AR = (TV-Dead space volume) X RR

-Is the volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli per minute

41
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A
  • Alveoli that are ventilated but not adequetly perfused

- not avaliable for gas exchange

42
Q

What occurs when perfusion>ventilation

A
  • increase in CO2
  • decrease in O2
  • dilation of airways
  • contristiction of local blood vessels
  • decreased blood flow
  • increased air flow
43
Q

4 factors that influence gas exchange

A
  • partial pressure of O2 and CO2
  • Diffusion coefficent
  • surface area of alveoli
  • thickness of alveoli membrane
44
Q

what is partial pressure

A

the pressure that would be exerted by one of the gases in a mixture if it occupied the same volume on its own

45
Q

Darltons Law

A
  • sum of all the partial pressures of each individual gas in a mixture
46
Q

Diffusion coefficent for CO2

A

Is 20times that of O2

47
Q

Ficks law of diffusion

A

The amount of gas that moves across a sheet of tissue in unit time is proportional to the area of the sheet but inversely proportional to its thickness

48
Q

Henrys law

A

the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid

49
Q

How is oxygen present in the blood?

A
  • bound to haemoglobin

- physically dissolved (very little)

50
Q

What is the Oxygen Delivery Index equal to

A

= O2 content of arterial blood X cardiac index

51
Q

What can effect oxygen delivery to tissues?

A
  • decreased partial pressure of inspired oxygen
  • heart failure (reduce CI)
  • aneamia
52
Q

Explain cooperativity

A

O2 binding to one Hb increases the affinity of other molecules for O2

53
Q

Bohr effect?

A
  • a shift to the right of the o2 saturation sigmoid graph
54
Q

Difference in feotel hb

A

HbF has a greater affinity for O2 over adult Hb

- sigmoid shifted to the left in HbF

55
Q

Where is myoglobin present?

A

skeletal and cardiac muscles

56
Q

differences with myoglobin

A

no cooperativity
dissociation curve hyperbolic
1 haem group per molecule

57
Q

3 ways in which CO2 is transported in the blood?

A
  • solution
  • bicarbonate
  • carbamino acidd
58
Q

CO2 is _______ times more soluble than O2

A
  • 20 times
59
Q

Where is bicorbonate formed?

A
  • red blood cells

- carbonic anhydrase

60
Q

What is the haldane effect?

A
  • removing o2 from Hb increases the ability of Hb too pick up CO2
  • works in syrnchrony with the bohr effect
61
Q

What is the major controller of respiratory rhytm?

A
  • pre-boltzinger complex
62
Q

Explain how muscles are contracted during inspiratiom?

A
  • pre boltzinger complex generates rhythm
  • dorsal group is excited
  • dorsal group fires
  • contraction of inspiratory muscles
63
Q

The _____ neuron group is responsible for active expiration

- dorsal or ventral?

A
  • ventral
64
Q

What can modify the rate generated my the medulla?

A
  • pons
65
Q

What are some examples of involuntary modicifications of breathing?

A
  • stretch reflex in lungs (prevents hyperinflation)

- joint receptor reflex (during exercise)

66
Q

Chemical control of respiration is a ______ feedback system

A
  • negative feedback
67
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A
  • carotid

- aorta

68
Q

Where are central chemorecpetors located?

A
  • medulla
69
Q

What senses blood gas pH?

A
  • chemoreceptors
70
Q

Explain hypoxic drive

A
  • peripheral chemoreceptors

- if PO2 falls too low –> increase in ventilation

71
Q

Increase in H+ suggests _____ and causes____

A
  • increased CO2
  • increases ventilation
  • recognised by peripheral chemoreceptors

Respiratory (25 decks)

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