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Respiratory > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the URT

A
  • Nasal cavities
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
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2
Q

What makes up the LRT

A
  • Trachea
  • Left and right main bronchus
  • Lobar bronchi
  • Segmental bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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3
Q

What happens at the C6 vertebra?

A
  • The larynx –> trachea

- The pharynx –> oesphagus

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4
Q

Explain the 5 lung lobes

A
  • The left lung, only has an upper and lower lobe due to the heart being positioned there.
  • The right lung has an upper, middle and lower lobe
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5
Q

What is a fissure?

A
  • Deep crevices

- seperates the different lobes of the lung

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6
Q

Why can surgery be perfomed within the lung?

A
  • Each lung lobe, bronchopulmonary segment has its own air supply, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nervous supply
  • surgens able to remove segments of lung if appropriate
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7
Q

What is the lining of the bronchial tree?

A
  • The bronchial tree (except distal bronchioles and alveoli) is lined with respiratory epithelium
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8
Q

What is respiratory epithelium

A
  • Mucous glands

- Cilia

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9
Q

Explain the differences in hyaline cartilage and smooth muscle in the respiratory tree?

A
  • as you move down the tree, hyaline cartilage decreases (bronchioles and alveoli have none)
  • smooth muscle increases (alvoli have none)
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10
Q

Purpose of hyaline cartilage?

A

Patency (keeping airways open)

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11
Q

Purpose of smooth muscle in the bronchioles?

A

Allows them to constrict or dilate

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12
Q

Principle 1?

A

We must ensure that enough O2 and CO2 can diffuse between alveolus and blood at the pulmonary capillary beds

  • thin alvolar walls
  • minimal tissue fluid
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13
Q

Principle 2?

A

We must ensure that we can move air freely into and out of our lungs

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14
Q

What is the ethmoid bone

A
  • Posterior part of the nasal septum (superior to vomer)

- seperates nasal cavity with brain

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15
Q

How do we keep our URT patent

A
  • hyoid bone
  • thyroid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage
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16
Q

2 functions of the vocal ligaments?

A
  • Voice production (Phonation and articulation)

- airway protection (rima glottidis narrowest part of URT- cough reflex)

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17
Q

Principle 3?

A

We must ensure that we move warm, moist, “clean” air into and out of our lungs

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18
Q

What is the conchae?

A

Shell like part of nasal cavity
Increases surface area
produces turbulent flow

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19
Q

How do we ensure principle 3 is met?

A

Warmth - respiratory epithelium has good arterial blood suppyly
Humidified - mucous provides moisture
Clean - mucous traps infected particles

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20
Q

What do the tonsils do?

A
  • part of the lymphatic system
  • produce white blood cells
  • defend against infection
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21
Q

3 parts that make up the pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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22
Q

Principle 4?

A

We must protect our precious lungs

23
Q

How many ribs?

A

12 in total
true 1-7
false 8-10
floating 11-12

24
Q

At what rib level is the sternal angle?

A

Rib 2

25
Q

What marks the spot of correct CPR

A

Xiphoid process

26
Q

What type of join is the sternocostal joint

A
  • joins costal cartilage to the sternum

- synovial joint

27
Q

What is the thorax made up of?

A
  • Chest wall

- Chest cavity

28
Q

Explain embryo development of lungs

A
  • Lung bud
  • pushes out from mediastnium
  • covered in pleura
29
Q

3 skeletal muscles of breathing?

A
  • external intercostal muscles
  • internal intercostal muscles
  • innermost intercostal muscles
  • diaphragm also important
30
Q

What are intercostal spaces and how many are there?

A
  • spaces between the ribs

- 11 pairs

31
Q

What makes up the neurovascular bundle in the intercostal space?

A
  • nerve
  • artery
  • vein
32
Q

Nerve supply to the intercostal space?

A
  • Anterior ramus of spinal nerve

- intercostal nerve

33
Q

Posterior blood supply to the intercostal space?

A
  • Arterial supply – Thoracic aorta

- Venous drainage - Azygous vein

34
Q

Anterior blood supply to the intercostal space?

A
  • Arterial supply – Internal thoracic artery

- Venous drainage – internal thoracic vein

35
Q

What nerve supplies the diaphragm

A
  • Phrenic Nerve

- Anterior Rami (C3,4,5)

36
Q

Name the 4 different perital pleuras

A
  • cervical parietal pleura
  • costal parietal pleura
  • diagphramatic parietal pleura
  • mediastinal parietal pleura
37
Q

Name of the angle between ribs and diaphragm?

A

Costophrenic angle

Costodiaphragmatic recess

38
Q

Rough description of the helium

A

Arteries at top

Veins at bottom

39
Q

Explain roughly cough production

A
  • stimulation of sensory receptors
  • CNS produces response
  • deep inspiration
  • adduction of vocal cods + rima glottidis
  • contraction of abdominal muscles
  • increase in intraabdominal pressure
  • abduction of vocal cords + rima glottidis
  • tense soft palate
40
Q

What nerve supplies the diaphragm?

A
  • phrenic nerve

- C3,4,5

41
Q

What nerve controls the opening and closing of vocal cords/rima glottidis?

A
  • Vagus nerve

- CN X

42
Q

What crainal nerve causes the soft palate to tense during a cough?

A
  • CN V
43
Q

What 2 nerves are involved in sneezing?

A
  • CN V

- CN IX

44
Q

What 2 nerve are involved in coughing?

A
  • CN IX

- CN X

45
Q

What is contained within the carotoid sheaths?

A
  • vagus nerve
  • internal carotid artery
  • common carotid artery
  • internal jugular vein
46
Q

What are the 3 layers of abdominal muscles involved in coughing?

A
  • external oblique
  • internal olique
  • transversus abdominus
47
Q

What are the functions of the abdominal muscles?

A
  • tonic contractions for posture
  • guarding of abdominal organs
  • forced expiration
48
Q

what are the consequences of a chronic cough?

A
  • rupture of lung

- pneumothorax

49
Q

What size is a small and large pneumothorax

A
  • small < 2cm

- large > 2cm

50
Q

How would you treat a pneumothorax

A
  • needle aspiration into 4th/5th intercostal space space midaxillary
51
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A
  • one way valve created
  • build up of pressure
  • lung collapses
52
Q

What might a tension pneumothorax cause?

A
  • mediastinal shift to the opposite side of the tension pneumothorax
53
Q

What are the symptoms of a tension pneumothorax?

A
  • SOB
  • No air entry
  • tracheal deviation
  • hypotension
54
Q

Treatment of a tension pneumothorax?

A
  • large gauge cannula

- 2nd/3rd intercostal space midclavicular

Respiratory (25 decks)

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