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Respiratory > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic fibres located?

A

In the brainstem

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2
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the postganglionic fibres located?

A

Embedded in the bronchi and bronchioles

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3
Q

Stimulation of postganglionic cholinergic fibres causes___

A
  • bronchial smooth muscle constriction
  • mediated by M3 –> ACh muscarinic receptors
  • increased mucus secretions
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4
Q

Stimulation of postganglionic non-cholinergic fibres causes____

A
  • bronchial smooth muscle relaxation

- mediated by nitric oxide (NO) and Vasoactive interstinal peptide (VIP)

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5
Q

Stimulation of autonomic sympathetic transmitters causes_____

A
  • bronchial smooth muscle relaxation by b2-adrenoceptors
  • decreased mucus secretion
  • vascular smooth muscle contraction by a1-adrenoceptors
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6
Q

What initates smooth muscle contraction?

A

Ca2+

  • causes phosphorylation of myosin heads
  • myosin light chain (MLC) activated
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7
Q

what does Ca2+ bind to in smooth muscle contraction?

A

Calmodulin –> Ca2+ Calmodulin

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8
Q

what causes smooth muscle relaxation?

A
  • MLC dephosphorylated

- myosin phosphatase

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9
Q

What happens when Ca2+ levels increase

A
  • rate of phosphorylation is greater than dephophorylation

- contraction

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10
Q

M3 is _____ coupled

A

Gq

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11
Q

M3 causes _____ to smooth muscles by increases in ___

A

contraction

ca2+

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12
Q

Beta2 is ______ coupled

A

Gs

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13
Q

Beta2 causes _____ to vascular airway smooth muscle by _____

A

dilation

protein kinase A and cAMP

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14
Q

What characteristics are involved in chronic asthma

A
  • increased mass of smooth muscle
  • accumulation of interstitial fluid
  • increased mucus secretion
  • sub-epithelial fibrosis
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15
Q

Differences in time scale between type I and IV hypersensitivity

A

type I is immediate

type IV is delayed

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16
Q

Th___ is involved in atopic person

A

Th2
antibody mediated
IgE

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17
Q

Th___ is involved in non-atopic person

A

Th1
cell mediated
IgG and macrophages

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18
Q

What interleukin causes eosinophils to come

A

IL 5

19
Q

Mast cells produced IgE receptors by which two interleukins?

A

IL 4

IL 13

20
Q

Cross links of IgE receptors cause what?

A
  • Ca2+ to enter mast cell

- release ofsecretory granules containing preformed histamine

21
Q

Bronchodilators 2 examples

A

Beta2 agonist

CysLT1 antagonist

22
Q

Beta 2 agonist

A

B2 - Gs coupled
Bronchodilation
SABA - Salbutamol
LABA - Formerotol

23
Q

CysLT1 antagonist

A

Montelukat

  • reduces bronchoconstriction
  • oral
24
Q

What are methylxathines

A
  • bronchodilators + anti-inflammatory

- oral

25
Q

Corticosteroids

A
  • glucocorticoids
  • anti-inflammatory
  • beclomethasone
26
Q

Where is M1 found

A

ganglia – facilitate fast neurotransmission mediated by ACh acting on nicotinic receptors

27
Q

Where is M2 found

A

postganglionic neurone terminals – act as inhibitory autoreceptors reducing release of ACh

28
Q

Where is M3 found

A

– ASM –mediate contraction to ACh (also present on mucus-secreting cells evoking

29
Q

Examples of muscarinic antagonists

A

Ipratropium (SAMA) - no selective M1,2,3 blocker

Tiotropium (LAMA)

30
Q

How do muscarinic antagonists work?

A

block M3 recptor coupled to Gq

- bronchoconstriction effect

31
Q

Explain anti-histamines

A
  • H1 receptor anatgonists

- competitive antagonists that reduce effects of mast cell derived histamine including

32
Q

Why is triotropium more desirable than iprotropium?

A
  • iprotropium is non selective, meaning it blocks M1, M2,M3
  • triotropium is selective, block M3 only
  • blocking of m2 is not desirable as it causes an increased release of Ach (non-desirable)
33
Q

What drug class is Omalizumab , and what does it do?

A

Monoclonal Antibodies directed against IgE

suppresses Mast cell response to allergens (EXPENSIVE)

34
Q

What is rhinitis?

A
  • may be acute or chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa

- may be allergic, non-allergic or mixed

35
Q

What are the characteristics of rhinitis?

A
  • rhinorrohea (runny nose)
  • sneezing
  • itching
  • nasal congestion
36
Q

3 types of allergic rhinitis?

A
  • sesonal
  • perennial
  • episodic
37
Q

What are the causes of non allergic rhinitis?

A
  • infection
  • hormone imbalance
  • vasomotor disturbances
  • medication induced
  • occupational
38
Q

What causes the feeling of a congested nose?

A
  • increased in mucosal blood flow
  • increased in blood vessel permability
  • increased mucosa
  • difficulty in breathing in
39
Q

Treatments of rhinitis?

A
  • ani-inflammatory
  • mediator receptor blockade
  • anti-allergic
  • reduced nasal blood flow
40
Q

How do glucocoricoids work for rhinitis? and name an example

A
  • anti-inflammatory
  • reduce vascular permeability
  • beclomethasone
  • predinsolone
41
Q

How do anti-histamines work for rhinitis? and name an example

A
  • reduce the effects of mast cell dervied anti-histamines
  • loratidine
  • fexofenadine
  • cetrizine
42
Q

An example of a muscarinic receptor antagonist used in rhinitis?

A
  • ipratropium
43
Q

Example of a CysLT1 anatgonist used in rhinitis?

A
  • montelukast
44
Q

What are the effects of vasoconstrictors on rhinitis? and name an example?

A
  • mimic the effect of noradrenaline
  • reduces swelling
  • oxymetazoline

Respiratory (25 decks)

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