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Respiratory: Key Information > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

define internal respiration

A

mechanism that consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide

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2
Q

define external respiration

A

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the environment and cells

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3
Q

four steps in external respiration

A
  1. ventilation
  2. gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
  3. exchange in the blood
  4. systemic capillaries and cells
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4
Q

two forces that hold the thoracic wall and lungs in close opposition

A
  • intrapleural fluid cohesiveness

- negative intrapleural pressure

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5
Q

describe intrapleural fluid cohesiveness

A

water molecules keep the pleural membranes together

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6
Q

is inspiration an active process

A

yes

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7
Q

how is the diaphragm flattened in inspiration

A

by the phrenic nerve (C3, 4 and 5)

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8
Q

is expiration a passive process

A

yes

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9
Q

two mechanisms of lung recoil in expiration

A
  1. elastic connective tissue

2. alveolar surface tension

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10
Q

describe alveolar surface tension

A

water and surfactant line the alveoli preventing collapse

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11
Q

describe alveolar interdependence

A

alveoli work together to prevent collapse

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12
Q

forces keeping the alveoli open

A
  • pressure gradient
  • surfactant
  • alveolar interdependence
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13
Q

forces promoting alveoli collapse

A
  • elastic tissue

- alveolar surface tension

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14
Q

accessory muscles of inspiration

A

sternocleidomastoid
scalenus
pectoral

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15
Q

muscles of active expiration

A

abdominal muscles

internal intercostal muscles

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16
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during a single breath

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17
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air remaining after maximal expiration

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18
Q

functional residual capacity

A

volume of air remaining after passive expiration

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19
Q

vital capacity

A

maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following maximal inspiration

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20
Q

spirometry result in obstructive lung disease

A
  • reduced FEV1/FVC
  • reduced FEV1
  • FVC normal (not for COPD)
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21
Q

spirometry in restrictive lung disease

A
  • normal FEV1/FVC
  • FEV1 reduced
  • FVC reduced
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22
Q

parasympathetic NS on the bronchi

A

bronchoconstriction

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23
Q

sympathetic NS on the bronchi

A

bronchodilation

24
Q

define pulmonary compliance

A

measure of the effort that goes into stretching and distending the lungs

25
Q

what decreases pulmonary compliance?

A 
fibrosis
oedema
collapse
pneumonia 
absence of surfactant
26
Q

what increases pulmonary compliance

A

emphysema (loss of elastic recoil)

27
Q

define alveolar dead space

A

this is ventilated alveoli that are not adequately perfused with blood

28
Q

V/Q controls when CO2 increases

A

dilation of airways

constriction of blood vessels

29
Q

difference in pulmonary arterioles and systemic arterioles in decreased oxygen

A

pulmonary arterioles vasoconstrict

30
Q

four factors affecting the rate of gas exchange across the alveolar membrane

A
  • partial pressure gradient
  • diffusion coefficient
  • surface area
  • thickness of the membrane
31
Q

dalton’s law

A

pressure one gas in a mixture would exert if it occupied the whole volume

32
Q

Henry’s law

A

partial pressure in gas phase is the same in liquid phase

33
Q

two forms of oxygen transportation around the body

A
  • dissolved

- bound to Hb

34
Q

Bohr effect

A

shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right

35
Q

structure of foetal haemoglobin

A

2 alpha and 2 gamma subunits

36
Q

does foetal Hb have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult Hb?

A

yes

37
Q

three means of carbon dioxide transport in the blood

A
  • solution
  • bicarbonate
  • carbamino compounds
38
Q

what are carbamino compounds?

A

combination of carbon dioxide and terminal amine groups in blood proteins (especially in Hb which makes carbamino-Hb)

39
Q

Haldane effect

A

removing oxygen from Hb increases ability to pick up CO2 and H+

40
Q

rhythm generator of respiration

A

medulla

41
Q

how is respiration initiated

A

pre-Botzinger complex in the top of the medulla

42
Q

what does the pre-Botzinger complex excite?

A

dorsal respiratory group neurones

43
Q

what do the dorsal respiratory group neurones do?

A

firing causes contraction of inspiratory muscles

44
Q

in active expiration what is the second group of neurones activated called?

A

ventral respiratory group neurones

45
Q

what does the ventral respiratory group neurones do?

A

excites accessory muscles of active expiration

46
Q

how can the rhythm of respiration be modified

A

pons

47
Q

role of the pneumotaxic centre

A

terminates inspiration

48
Q

role of the apneustic centre

A

prolongs inspiration

49
Q

four involuntary modifications of breathing

A
  1. pulmonary stretch receptors (Hernia-Breuer reflex)
  2. joint receptor
  3. stimulation by temp, adrenaline or cerebral cortex
  4. cough reflex
50
Q

describe the Hering-Breuer reflex

A

in the bronchi and bronchioles and guard against hyperinflation

51
Q

gas tensions are detectors

A

peripheral and central chemoreceptors

52
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

carotid and aortic bodies

53
Q

where are central chemoreceptor located?

A

medulla (respond ot H+ in CSF- BBB)

54
Q

hypoxic drive of respiration

A

peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated when pO2 falls below 8kPa

55
Q

chronic adaptions to high altitude hypoxia

A
  • increased RBC
  • increased 2, 3 BPG (offloads O2 more easily)
  • increased capillaries
  • increased mitochondria
56
Q

H+ drive of respiration

A

peripheral chemoreceptors detect and adjust acidosis

Respiratory: Key Information (32 decks)

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