Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

where in the parasympathetic system located in the respiratory system?

A

walls of the bronchi and bronchioles

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2
Q

parasympathetic signalling pathway in the lungs

A

ACh on M3 muscarinic receptors (Gq/11)

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3
Q

what does the parasympathetic NS cause?

A

bronchial smooth muscle contraction and increased mucus production

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4
Q

where is the sympathetic NS located in the respiratory system

A

innervates submucosal glands and smooth muscle of blood vessels

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5
Q

sympathetic signalling pathway in the lungs

A

adrenaline on B2-adrenoceptors (Gs)

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6
Q

what does the sympathetic NS cause in the respiratory system?

A

bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and decreased mucus secretion

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7
Q

signalling pathway for vascular contraction

A

adrenaline on alpha1-adrenoceptors

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8
Q

example of a SABA

A

salbutamol

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9
Q

how are SABAs administered?

A

inhalation

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10
Q

adverse effects of SABAs

A

fine tremor, tachycardia, arrhythmias and hypokalaemia

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11
Q

examples of corticosteroids

A

beclomethasone
budesonide
prednisolone

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12
Q

example of a mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

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13
Q

role of aldosterone

A

retain salt and water by the kidney

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14
Q

mechanism of action of corticosteroids

A

prevent Th2 pathway reducing eosinophils and mast cells

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15
Q

what are corticosteroids used in?

A

COPD
asthma
rhinitis (as monotherapy)

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16
Q

examples of LABAs

A

salmeterol

formoterol

17
Q

when are LABAs used?

A

nocturnal asthma

18
Q

LABAs are not used as a mono therapy, what are they combined with?

A

glucocorticoid

19
Q

examples of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists

A

montelukast

zafirlukast

20
Q

mechanism of action of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists

A

blocks effects of mast cells e.g. smooth muscle contraction, mucus secretion and oedema

21
Q

adverse of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists

A

headache

GI symptoms

22
Q

examples of methylxanthines

A

theophylline

aminophylline

23
Q

what is used in combination with methylxanthines?

A

beta-2 agonist and glucocorticoids

24
Q

adverse of methylxanthines

A

narrow therapeutic window resulting in dysrhythmias, seizures and hypotension (at therapeutic it can still cause nausea, vomiting and headaches)

25
Q

example of a cromone

A

sodium cromoglicate

26
Q

function of cromones

A

mast cell stabilisers (suppress histamine release)

27
Q

monoclonal antibody for IgE

A

omalizumab

28
Q

monoclonal antibody for IL-5

A

mepolizumab

29
Q

example of a SAMA

A

ipratropium

30
Q

examples of LAMAs

A

tiotropium
glycopyrronium
aclidinium
umeclidinium

31
Q

what reduces systemic exposure of SAMAs and LAMAs?

A

quaternary ammonium group

32
Q

mechanism of action in SAMAs and LAMAs

A

reduce bronchospasm,
mucus secretion,
nasal glands in rhinorrhoea (only ipratropium used)

33
Q

is ipratropium non-selective

A

yes

34
Q

examples of anti-histamines (H1 receptor antagonists)

A

loratadine, azelastine, fexofenadine and cetirizine

35
Q

role of anti-histamines

A

reduce effects of mast cell derived histamine e.g. vasodilation, sensory nerves and mucus secretion

36
Q

when are anti-histamines used?

A

effective as monotherapy in rhinitis

37
Q

example of a vasoconstrictor?

A

oxymetazoline

38
Q

mechanism of action of oxymetazoline

A

mimic the effect of adrenaline (vasoconstriction via alpha1-adrenoceptors)