Infection Flashcards
define coryza and its causes
common cold caused by adenovirus, rhinovirus or RSV
define rhinitis
inflammation of the nasal mucosa, can be allergic, non-allergic or mixed
presentation of rhinitis
- rhinorrhoea (watery mucus accumulation in the nasal cavity)
- sneezing
- itching
diagnosis for rhinitis
skin prick unless active eczema then do IgE antibodies
management of rhinitis
- avoid trigger
- antihistamines e.g. loratadine or cetirizine
- glucocorticoids e.g. beclomethasone
- vasoconstrictors
- sodium cromoglicate
define diphtheria
infection with corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces the characteristic pseudomembrane
gram stain of corynebacterium diphtheriae
gram +ve bacillus
is there a vaccine for diphtheria?
yes
define whooping cough
infection with bordetella pertussis
gram stain of bordetella pertussis
gram -ve coccobacillus
presentation of bordetella pertussis
- violent cough with inspiratory whoop
- vomiting common
diagnosis of bordetella pertussis
culture and PCR of nasal swab
management of bordetella pertussis
- younger than 1= clarithromycin
- older than 1= clarithromycin/azithromycin
- pregnant= erythromycin
define pneumonia
infection of the alveoli in the lungs
presentation of pneumonia
- cough
- malaise
- fever
- haemoptysis
- pleural rub (crackles)
which bacteria in pneumonia presents with extra pulmonary symptoms?
mycoplasma
- headaches
- malaise
- myalgia
diagnosis of pneumonia
- CURB65
- serology and blood culture
- PCR swabs for mycoplasma
- CXR PA
- urinary antigen for legionella
- pulse oximetry for severity
management of pneumocystis jirovecii
co-trimoxazole and prednisolone
management for mycoplasma, coxiella and psittaci
tetracyclines (doxycycline) ad macrocodes (clarithromycin)
management of legionella
clarithromycin, erythromycin and levofloxacin
klebsiella associations
- alcoholics
- poor dental hygiene
haemophilus influenza association
pre-existing lung condition
mucoid sputum
chlamydia psittaci
red jelly sputum
klebsiella
rusty sputum
pneumococcal pneumonia
define influenza
infection with influenza A, B, haemophilus influenza or parainfluenza
presentation of influenza
- fever
- malaise
- headache
- prostration (extreme weakness)
influenza diagnosis
PCR of nasopharyngeal or throat swabs
management of influenza
- bed rest, fluids
- immunisations
- antivirals e.g. oseltamivir or zanamivir
define bronchiolitis
infection in childhood with RSV, rhinovirus, adenovirus, etc.
presentation of bronchiolitis
- below 2 years
- fever
- coryza
- poor feeding
diagnosis of bronchiolitis
- pulse oximetry (severity)
- ELISA for antigen detection
management of bronchiolitis
- supportive
- infection control e.g. cohort nursing
- palivizumab
define croup
viral infection of the upper airway in children
presentation of croup
- barking cough
- fever
- stridor
- hoarse voice
- laboured breathing
diagnosis of croup
- CXR (steeple sign)
management of croup
steroids e.g. dexamethasone
define epiglottitis
inflammation of the epiglottis cause by H. influenza B
presentation of epiglottitis
fever
airway obstruction
children under 5
diagnosis of epiglottitis
- CXR or lateral neck radiograph shows thumbprint sign
management of epiglottitis
ET intubation
antibiotics e.g. ceftazidine
