Physiology

Question 1

what are the three types of muscle

Answer 1

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Question 2

Which muscles are striated?

Answer 2

skeletal and cardiac

Question 3

what produces the dark band under microscope

Answer 3

myosin

Question 4

what are skeletal muscles innervated by

Answer 4

somatic nervous system

Question 5

is cardiac muscles innervated by autonomic or somatic nervous system?

Answer 5

Autonomic

Question 6

What is a motor unit

Answer 6

single alpha motor neurone and all the fibres it innervates

Question 7

True or false, the more fibres per motor unit results in increased precision

Answer 7

False, increased fibres per motor unit result in increased strength

Question 8

how is the cardiac and skeletal muscle initiated?

Answer 8

cardiac- myogenic, skeletal- neurogenic

Question 9

Where does Ca come from in skeletal muscle?

Answer 9

ALL from sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 10

What is the transmitter at the neuromuscular junction

Answer 10

acetylcholine

Question 11

How are muscles attached to skeleton?

Answer 11

tendons

Question 12

What are myofibrils

Answer 12

specialised contractile intracellular structures

Question 13

What are actin and myosin arranged into

Answer 13

Sarcomeres

Question 14

What is the A zone

Answer 14

length of the thick filaments which includes some thin filaments

Question 15

what is the H zone

Answer 15

lighter area where thin filaments font get to

Question 16

What is the m line

Answer 16

extends vertical down A band within H zone

Question 17

WHAT IS THE I ZONE

Answer 17

thin filaments that do not participate in the A band

Question 18

What does actin and myosin require?

Answer 18

Ca (for switching on ) and ATP for relaxation and contraction

Question 19

what does the gradation of muscle tension depend on

Answer 19

number of muscle fibres contracting in muscle, tension developed by each contracting muscle fibre

Question 20

Is the duration of the action potential longer or shorter than the resulting twitch

Answer 20

shorter

Question 21

What is summation

Answer 21

addition of one twitch before the previous one has relaxed results in double contractile activity

Question 22

What is a tetanus

Answer 22

when muscle fibres contract time after time producing a maximum sustained contraction

Question 23

What does maximal contraction depend on?

Answer 23

initial length of skeletal muscle from outset

Question 24

What are the 2 types of contractile muscle called

Answer 24

isotonic and isometric

Question 25

What is isometric contractions used for

Answer 25

supporting objects in fixed positions and maintaining body posture

Question 26

How is muscle tension transmitted to bone

Answer 26

elastic components of muscle

Question 27

Name some causes of intrinsic muscle disease

Answer 27

congenital myopathies, muscular dystrophy, myotoniapolymyosytis, cushing syndrome, alcohol and steroids

Question 28

Stretch reflex is the simplest...

Answer 28

monosynaptic spinal reflex

Question 29

what are muscle spindles

Answer 29

sensory receptors for stretch reflex- collection of specialised muscle fibres

Question 30

do muscle spindles run parallel or opposition to ordinary muscle fibres

Answer 30

parallel

Question 31

what are the sensory nerve endings called

Answer 31

annulospiral

Question 32

what are the efferent neutrons called g

Answer 32

gamma motor neurons

Question 33

what do the gamma motor neurone do?

Answer 33

adjust tension level to sustain sensitivity when muscles shorten during muscle contraction

Question 34

what source of ATP is used when O2 is not present

Answer 34

glycolysis

Question 35

what are type 1 fibres used for

Answer 35

slow twitch, prolonged activity i.e. walking

Question 36

what are type 2a fibres used for

Answer 36

fast twitch fibres, short term high intensities i.e. jumping

Question 37

Investigations in MSK

Answer 37

creatine kinase enzyme, electromyography, nerve conduction studies

Question 38

Do fibrous joint allow movements

Answer 38

no

Question 39

Where would you find a cartilaginous joint in the body?

Answer 39

intervertebral discs

Question 40

What are bones separated by

Answer 40

joint cavity

Question 41

what are bones united by?

Answer 41

fibrous capsule

Question 42

what does the synovial membrane produce

Answer 42

synovial fluid

Question 43

What are simple synovial joints?

Answer 43

only one pair of articular surfaces present

Question 44

What is a compound synovial joiojtn

Answer 44

Where there is more than 1 articulation i.e. at the elbow

Question 45

What is the joint lubricated by?

Answer 45

cartilage interstital fluid, hyaluronic acid, glycoproteins

Question 46

Does synovial fluid have a high viscosity?

Answer 46

Yes- due to the presence of the hyaluronic acid

Question 47

rapid movement is associated with...(viscosity and elasticity)

Answer 47

Increased elasticity and decreased viscosity

Question 48

when des the synovial fluid turn red?

Answer 48

In traumatic event snad haemorrhagic arthritis

Question 49

what is the bottom layer of the cartilage called?

Answer 49

calcified zone

Question 50

what is the main type of cartilage?

Answer 50

hyaline

Question 51

which type of collagen contributes most to the special ECM

Answer 51

collagen type 2

Question 52

What 3 things make up the cartilage

Answer 52

water (70%), collagen type 2 (20%) and proteoglycans (10%)

Question 53

What 2 things lead to catabolic cartilage

Answer 53

IL2 and Tumour necrosis factor

Question 54

What promotes regenration of cartilage

Answer 54

tumour growth factor and insulin like growth factor

Question 55

How could you determine cartilage degradation

Answer 55

serum and synovial keratin sulphate- increased levels= cartilage breakdown type 2 collagen in synovial fluid- increased= cartilage breakdown

Question 56

What does synovial cell proliferation and inflammation lead to?

Answer 56

rheumatic arthritis

Question 57

what sign leads to gouty arthritis

Answer 57

deposition of salt crystals

Question 58

osteoarthritis occurs because...

Answer 58

wear and tear and cartilage decomposition

Question 59

What is gout?

Answer 59

defective metabolism of uric acid which causes arthritis espesh in small bones of the feet

Question 60

Name seropositive arthropathies (5)

Answer 60

SLE, Sjogrens, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, scleroderma

Question 61

what are seronegative arthropathies

Answer 61

ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease