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Musculoskeletal > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of muscle

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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2
Q

Which muscles are striated?

A

skeletal and cardiac

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3
Q

what produces the dark band under microscope

A

myosin

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4
Q

what are skeletal muscles innervated by

A

somatic nervous system

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5
Q

is cardiac muscles innervated by autonomic or somatic nervous system?

A

Autonomic

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6
Q

What is a motor unit

A

single alpha motor neurone and all the fibres it innervates

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7
Q

True or false, the more fibres per motor unit results in increased precision

A

False, increased fibres per motor unit result in increased strength

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8
Q

how is the cardiac and skeletal muscle initiated?

A

cardiac- myogenic, skeletal- neurogenic

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9
Q

Where does Ca come from in skeletal muscle?

A

ALL from sarcoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

What is the transmitter at the neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine

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11
Q

How are muscles attached to skeleton?

A

tendons

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12
Q

What are myofibrils

A

specialised contractile intracellular structures

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13
Q

What are actin and myosin arranged into

A

Sarcomeres

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14
Q

What is the A zone

A

length of the thick filaments which includes some thin filaments

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15
Q

what is the H zone

A

lighter area where thin filaments font get to

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16
Q

What is the m line

A

extends vertical down A band within H zone

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17
Q

WHAT IS THE I ZONE

A

thin filaments that do not participate in the A band

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18
Q

What does actin and myosin require?

A

Ca (for switching on ) and ATP for relaxation and contraction

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19
Q

what does the gradation of muscle tension depend on

A

number of muscle fibres contracting in muscle, tension developed by each contracting muscle fibre

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20
Q

Is the duration of the action potential longer or shorter than the resulting twitch

A

shorter

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21
Q

What is summation

A

addition of one twitch before the previous one has relaxed results in double contractile activity

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22
Q

What is a tetanus

A

when muscle fibres contract time after time producing a maximum sustained contraction

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23
Q

What does maximal contraction depend on?

A

initial length of skeletal muscle from outset

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of contractile muscle called

A

isotonic and isometric

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25
Q

What is isometric contractions used for

A

supporting objects in fixed positions and maintaining body posture

26
Q

How is muscle tension transmitted to bone

A

elastic components of muscle

27
Q

Name some causes of intrinsic muscle disease

A

congenital myopathies, muscular dystrophy, myotoniapolymyosytis, cushing syndrome, alcohol and steroids

28
Q

Stretch reflex is the simplest…

A

monosynaptic spinal reflex

29
Q

what are muscle spindles

A

sensory receptors for stretch reflex- collection of specialised muscle fibres

30
Q

do muscle spindles run parallel or opposition to ordinary muscle fibres

A

parallel

31
Q

what are the sensory nerve endings called

A

annulospiral

32
Q

what are the efferent neutrons called g

A

gamma motor neurons

33
Q

what do the gamma motor neurone do?

A

adjust tension level to sustain sensitivity when muscles shorten during muscle contraction

34
Q

what source of ATP is used when O2 is not present

A

glycolysis

35
Q

what are type 1 fibres used for

A

slow twitch, prolonged activity i.e. walking

36
Q

what are type 2a fibres used for

A

fast twitch fibres, short term high intensities i.e. jumping

37
Q

Investigations in MSK

A

creatine kinase enzyme, electromyography, nerve conduction studies

38
Q

Do fibrous joint allow movements

A

no

39
Q

Where would you find a cartilaginous joint in the body?

A

intervertebral discs

40
Q

What are bones separated by

A

joint cavity

41
Q

what are bones united by?

A

fibrous capsule

42
Q

what does the synovial membrane produce

A

synovial fluid

43
Q

What are simple synovial joints?

A

only one pair of articular surfaces present

44
Q

What is a compound synovial joiojtn

A

Where there is more than 1 articulation i.e. at the elbow

45
Q

What is the joint lubricated by?

A

cartilage interstital fluid, hyaluronic acid, glycoproteins

46
Q

Does synovial fluid have a high viscosity?

A

Yes- due to the presence of the hyaluronic acid

47
Q

rapid movement is associated with…(viscosity and elasticity)

A

Increased elasticity and decreased viscosity

48
Q

when des the synovial fluid turn red?

A

In traumatic event snad haemorrhagic arthritis

49
Q

what is the bottom layer of the cartilage called?

A

calcified zone

50
Q

what is the main type of cartilage?

A

hyaline

51
Q

which type of collagen contributes most to the special ECM

A

collagen type 2

52
Q

What 3 things make up the cartilage

A

water (70%), collagen type 2 (20%) and proteoglycans (10%)

53
Q

What 2 things lead to catabolic cartilage

A

IL2 and Tumour necrosis factor

54
Q

What promotes regenration of cartilage

A

tumour growth factor and insulin like growth factor

55
Q

How could you determine cartilage degradation

A

serum and synovial keratin sulphate- increased levels= cartilage breakdown type 2 collagen in synovial fluid- increased= cartilage breakdown

56
Q

What does synovial cell proliferation and inflammation lead to?

A

rheumatic arthritis

57
Q

what sign leads to gouty arthritis

A

deposition of salt crystals

58
Q

osteoarthritis occurs because…

A

wear and tear and cartilage decomposition

59
Q

What is gout?

A

defective metabolism of uric acid which causes arthritis espesh in small bones of the feet

60
Q

Name seropositive arthropathies (5)

A

SLE, Sjogrens, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, scleroderma

61
Q

what are seronegative arthropathies

A

ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease

Musculoskeletal (29 decks)

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