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Musculoskeletal > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Do bone tumours generally metastasise?

A

no, other cancers can metastasise to the bone easily though

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2
Q

What is osteochondroma

A

a benign bone tumour which produces a bony outgrowth forming a cartilaginous cap. Rarely causes problems or malignancy, and can be part of a autosomal dominant condition

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3
Q

What is enchondroma

A

itramedullary and metaphyseal cartilaginous tumour caused by failure of enchondral ossification at the growth plates. Bone can weaken.

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4
Q

What is a simple bone cyst

A

a single, fluid filled cyst. May be incidental but cause weakening of the bone leading to potential fracture.

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5
Q

What is an aneurysmal bone cyst

A

several cavities filled with blood or serum seen on an X-ray. Can be quite painful. Treatment is bone grafting, cement and or curette

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6
Q

What does a giant cell tumour look like on X-ray?

A

soap bubble

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7
Q

How do you treat a giant cell tumour

A

excision with phenol, cement or liquid nitrogen. Bone may need replaced if too aggressive

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8
Q

Can giant cell tumour metastasise?

A

Yes 5%

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9
Q

What is fibrous dysplasia

A

an adolescent, genetic mutation. Stress fractures can occur. Bisphosphonates reduce pain, internal fixation, bone grafts

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10
Q

What is osteoid osteoma and treatment

A

found in children, immature bone which attaches to sites like proximal femur, Get worse at night due to the inflammation and NSAIDS help relieve the pain. Bone scans and CT scans confirm diagnosis. Some may need excisied

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11
Q

What type of pain is most common in metastatic cancer?

A

constant pain, especially at night. Weight loss, fatigue loss of appetite may be present also

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12
Q

what is the most common type of malignant bone tumour?

A

osteosarcoma

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13
Q

What age group and where is the most common presentation of an osteosarcoma?

A

age: youth, presentation- around the knee

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14
Q

how is osteosarcoma most commonly spread?

A

Via blooooood

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15
Q

what is a chondrosarcoma

A

a cartialge producing bone tumour, occurs in 45 yo, and slow to metastasise (malignant chondrocytes)

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16
Q

Which age group does fibrosarcoma affect?

A

young

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17
Q

What is Ewings sarcoma

A

Affects 10-20 year olds, is 2nd most aggressive bone cancer, occurs in the bone marrow. Fever, swelling, inflammatory markers increased.

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18
Q

What is the most appropriate removal of tumour method

A

surgery, CT or MRI used for staging. Radio and chemotherapy can also be used.

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19
Q

What commonly metastasises to bone?

A

Breast cancer, prostate, lung, thyroid, kidney

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20
Q

What is a lipoma

A

neoplastic proliferation of soft tissue to fat

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21
Q

where does a ganglion cyst arise?

A

synovial joint or tendon sheath

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22
Q

WHERE DOES AVASCULAR NECORSIS TAKE PLACE?

A

around the femur

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23
Q

What are the 2 main causes of Avascular Necrosis?

A

Alcohol and steroids

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24
Q

Is an adults quadriceps made up of single fibre types or both

A

both- should be a checkered board appearance

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25
Q

What can you see from a muscle biopsy

A

muscle disease, vascular disorders, neuropathy

26
Q

What does a high CK indicate

A

dystrophies (200x)

27
Q

what does intermiediate CK represent

A

(20x) inflammatory myopathy

28
Q

Wht does low CK level suggest

A

neurogenic disorders (2-5x)

29
Q

what are the two types of muscle pathology

A

those affecting the muscles or those affecting muscles due to nerve damage

30
Q

What kind of dystrophic changes are ther?

A

muscle fibre size, fibrosis of endomysial, fatty infiltrate and myocyte hyperplasia

31
Q

What is duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

x linked condition in dystrophin gene, progressive weakness and hypertrophy of calves. CK is raised. Anchorage of cytoskeleton to membrane altered. Ca++ entry into cells

32
Q

What is different about the Becker MD

A

later onset in life, slower progression, variant of DMD

33
Q

What mutation is myotonic dystrophy

A

autosomal dominant. Effects the face and distal limbs in adolescents and effects the resp muslces later in life

34
Q

What would you find histologically about myotonic dystrophy?

A

Atrophy of type 1 fibres, ring fibres and fatty replacement

35
Q

What is polymyositis

A

chronic inflam disease with muscular weakness, pain and tenderness resulting in fibre necrosis (cell mediated immune response, lymphocytic infiltrate

36
Q

What is dermatomyositis

A

immune complex and complement deposition within and around capillaries around muscle. end result of polymyositis. upper body erythema, swelling of eye lids. Can sometimes not appear for at least a few years

37
Q

What is motor neuron disease

A

progressive degeneration of anterior horn cells. Denervation atrophy and weakness

38
Q

What is spinal muscular atrophy

A

autosomal recessive condition where degeration of anterior horn cells in spinal cord

39
Q

Is myasthenia gravis immune or not?

A

yes, its immune

40
Q

does myasthenia gravis affect women or men more?

A

women

41
Q

what do 25% of people get with myasthenia gravis?

A

thymoma

42
Q

What is the breakdown of skeletal muscle called

A

Rhabdomyolysis

43
Q

What can result from rhabdomyalysis

A

Acute renal failure/ metabolic acidosis, hyperkalaemia

44
Q

What antibodies are involved in sLE

A

ANA

45
Q

what kind of rash would you see with SLE?

A

butterfly

46
Q

Is SLE multisystem or restricted to resp system?

A

Multisystem

47
Q

wHAT DOES pan STAND FOR

A

POLYARTERIOSUS NODOSA

48
Q

what would you find in the serum for PAN>

A

pANCA

49
Q

In what population would you find polymyalgia rheumatic?

A

elderly- pain and stiffness in pelvic girdles and shoulders. great response to corticosteroids

50
Q

What is temporal arteritis

A

inflammation of the cranial vessels

51
Q

what symptoms would you get with temporal arteritis

A

headache, scalp tenderness and potential blindness

52
Q

What is scleroderma

A

excessive fibrosis of organs and tissues due to collagen build up. Multisystem. CREST- calcinosis, raynauds, oesophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, telangectasia

53
Q

can scleroderma cause death

A

yes

54
Q

What is Ollier’s Disease

A

developmental disorder of enchondromas unilaterally. Not hereditory or familial

55
Q

Which disease can theoretically become more malignant? Ollier’s or Maffuccis?

A

MAffuccis

56
Q

What is a chondroblastoma

A

benign cartilage tumour in bone, found at epiphysis of long bones in age group of 10-20. Chicken wire calcification on histology

57
Q

How would you treat a chondroblastoma?

A

biopsy and curette and liquid nitrogen

58
Q

What is the treatment of osteoblastoma??

A

excision, curettage and then resection

59
Q

What is a myeloma

A

Malignant tumour of the bone marrow

60
Q

What age group does myeloma affect?

A

old age

61
Q

What are the effects of myeloma?

A

renal failure, bone destruction of axial skeleton

Musculoskeletal (29 decks)

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