Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Does the gluteal region have anterior and posterior?
A
No, just posterior
2
Q
What muscles make up the superficial muscle group
A
gluteus maximimus, medius, minimus, tensor fascia latae
3
Q
What do the superficial muscle group do?
A
extensors, abductors, medial rotators of thigh
4
Q
what nerve innervates the superficial muscle group of gluteal region?
A
superior gluteal nerve (gluteus maximus is innervated by trendelenburgs gait (max is inferior)
5
Q
what muscles are in the deep muscle group
A
piriformis, gemilli, obturator internis, quadratus femoris
6
Q
What do the deep muscles of gluteal region act as
A
lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers
7
Q
what is the nerve innervation of the deep muscles
A
sacral plexus
8
Q
Where do the nerves enter/ extit the perineum?
A
greater and lesser sciatic foramen
9
Q
What ligaments help form the 2 sciatic foramen
A
sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligament
10
Q
When injecting which quarter do you inject into
A
top left, lateral
11
Q
Which 3 nerves enter/exit via gluteal region
A
sciatic, pudendal, posterior cutaneus nerve of the thigh
12
Q
What is the level of the sciatic nerve and what does it innervate
A
L4-S3, posteriori thigh, all of leg, foot and skin
13
Q
What is the level of the pudendal and what does it supply
A
S2-S4, perineum
14
Q
What does the posterior cuteness nerve of the thigh do?
A
skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lat perineum and medial thigh
15
Q
Does the sciatic nerve innervate the gluteal region?
A
Hell Nooooo
16
Q
What does the sciatic nerve split into?
A
tibial an commmon fibular nerve
17
Q
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle
A
top- inguinal ligament, lateral- adducts longs, medial, sartorius, roof- deep fascia, floor- iliopsoas and pectineus
18
Q
What procedure is used to release pressure built up in compartment syndrome
A
Fasciotomy
19
Q
Name muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh
A
flexors- iliopsoas, pectineus and sartorius extensor- quadriceps femoris
20
Q
What does the femoral nerve innervate
A
anterior compartment of the thigh. L2-L4 Psoas major innervates the iliopsoas also
21
Q
Name medial compartments of the thigh
A
adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis and obturator externus
22
Q
What nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh
A
obturator nerve. (hamstring part of adductor magnus is supplied by tibial nerve)
23
Q
What is in the posterior compartments of the thigh
A
semitendinous, semimembranous and biceps femoris
24
Q
What supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh
A
sciatic nerve L5-S2. Short head of biceps femurs is supplied by common fibular division
25
What is contained within the anterior compartment of the leg
dorsiflexors of ankle and extensors of toes- tibias anterior, extensor digitorium longus, extensor helices longus, fibularis tertius
26
What nerve supplies the anterior leg
Deep fibular nerve- L4-5
27
What is in lateral compartment of leg
evert foot- fibularis longus, fibulas brevis
28
What does the superficial fibular nerve supply
lateral leg compartment
29
Posterior compartment of leg
plantar flexors of ankle- gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris
30
Which nerve supplies all of the posterior compartment of leg
tibial nerve
31
What are the deep group of posterior leg
popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus and tibial posterior
32
boundaries of the popliteal fossa
biceps femoris, semimembranous, gastrocnemius and popliteal fossa
33
Describe the route taken by the superficial lymphatics
follow saphenous veins, superficial inguinal nodes and external iliac lymph nodes
34
What is the route taken by the deep lymphatics
follow deep veins, deep inguinal nodes and then external iliac lymph nodes
35
What makes up the hip joint
Acetabulum of hip and head of femur
36
Name the 3 ligaments in the hip
iliofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral
37
what arises from the deep femoral arteries
medial and lateral circumflex arteries
38
where are the 3 articulations of the knee
2x femerotibial and 1 femeropatellar
39
Name the extra capsular ligaments in knee
lateral and medial collateral ligaments and patellar ligament
40
Ligamets within the knee
ACL and PCL
41
What is layman term for calcanea tendon
Achilles tnedon
42
what tendon make up the calcanea tendon
gastrocnemius and soleus
43
Why is the spine so important
support structures and protect neurological conditions and allow flexibility and movement
44
What are the compartments of the spine
x7 cervical x12 thoracic x5 lumber x5 sacral and 4 coccyx
45
What do facet joints do?
stabilise spinal column whilst allowing movement
46
What makes up the upper cervical region
C1 and C2
47
What is the first palpable vertebra?
C7
48
There is a lot of movement in thoracic region true or false
false- there is little movement
49
Which ligaments run the length of the vertebral column
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament
50
what ligament links the vertebral laminae
ligamentum flavum
51
is the intraspinous ligament weak or strong?
relatively weak
52
How many columns are injured when spinal injury becomes unstable?
3
53
What are the muscles of the spine?
superficial, intermediate- serratus posterior, superior and inferior, and deep
54
What movement does the superficial muscle provide?
Movement of shoulder and upper limb
55
What are the superficial spinal muscles
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid minor and major, levatus scapularis
56
What dose the trapezius do?
elevates and depresses scapula
57
What do the deep muscles provide?
movement of vertebral column and posture
58
what is the main deep muscles
erector spinae muscles (iliocostalis, longisimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis
59
What do the deep muscles innervate?
posterior rami of spinal nerves
60
What is the spinal cord a continuation of
medulla oblongata
61
What do the nerves in your cervical spine supply
arms
62
what spinal region supplies the middle of the body
thoracic
63
What do the lumbar spinal nerves supply?
legs
64
what do the sacral nerves supply
pelvis, posterior legs
65
What is a myotome
muscles controlled by motor element of nerve root
66
what is a dermatome?
SKIN SENSATION SUPPLIED BY nerve root at specific level
67
What lies in the white matter
ascending sensory and descending motor tracts
68
What 2 things join to form the nerve root
ventral and dorsal roots
69
What is the blood supply of the spine?
anterior and posterior spinal arteries, Batsons venous plexus- valveless veins
70
What is the anterior arterial, venous and nerve supply to the arm
brachial, brachial and musculocutaneous
71
What is the posterior arterial, venous, nerve drainage to the arm
profunda brachii x2, radial
72
anterior forearm?
radial, ulnar, venae comitantes, median,
73
Posterior forearm?
interosseous, venae comitantes and radial
74
What is the arterial and nerve supply to the hand
deep and superficial palmar arch and ulnar nerve
75
Name 5 synovial joints
hinge, ball and socket, saddle, plane, condyloid/ ellipsoid,
76
What happens in the grey matter
descending motor tracts enter anterior horn of grey matter and transmitted via ventral root to nerve root. The posterior rami goes to the intrinsic muscles of the back and the anterior rami goes to the rest of the body.
77
What do the nerves innervate that make up the caudal equina?
L2-5, S1-5, coccygeal
78
what is the blood supply to the head of the femur
obturator branch
79
what does the lateral and medial circumflex artery supply?
the neck of the femur
80
What muscles abduct the hip
gluteus medius and minimus
81
what muscles extend the hip
gluteus maximus
82
Where does the short head of the biceps femorus attach?
linea aspera
83
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg
tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius
84
what is in the lateral compartment of the leg
fibulas longus, fibula's brevis
85
What is in the deep posterior leg
tibiaslis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, popliteus
86
What is in the superficial posterior compartment of leg
gastrocnemius, soles and plantaris
87
What does the deep peroneal nerve supply
the space between 1st and second toe
88
What does the rural nerve supply
5th toe
89
Where is the deltoid ligament o
on the ankle medially
90
Which tendon/ ligament helps support the medial arch
tibialis posterior tendon and spring ligament
91
What is pes planus
flat feet
92
where is the tibias posterior dysfunction most commonly occur
posterior to medial malleolus
93
What does the posterior tibias do?
stabilised medial longitudinal arch
94
What is associated with tibias posterior dysfunction, varus or valgus
valgus
95
How do you treat TPD
physio, insole, footwear change, NO injections, surgery
96
What is pes cavus?
Opposite of flat foot
97
What sign is common with pes cavus
clawing of toes
98
Descrive plantar fasciitis
pain after rest/ exercising, swelling under heel and tenderness
99
How do you treat plantar fasciitis
NSAIDS, night splints, taping, heel cups, physio, steroid injection
100
Is hallux values self limiting?
Yup
101
Does hallux valgus occur bilaterally or singly
bilaterally
102
What can you do to treat hallux valgus
shoe modification, padding or operative
103
What is the first line surgery of hallux rigidus
fusion
104
What percentage of people does rheumatoid foot occur in?
90%
105
What is morons neuroma
degenerative fibrosis in digital nerve§
106
How would you treat achilles tendinosis
NSAIDS, orthotics, physio, surgery, shockwave therapy?
107
What do you do with a ankle sprain?
rest, ice elevate, physio
108
True or false, if you fracture one malleolus you are likely to do the same on the other side
true
109
If there is a stable fracture, would you put your patient in a cast or boot?
boot
110
Where in the shoulder is susceptible to dislocation
acromioclavicular joint
111
Which muscles move the shoulder girdle
superficial muscles of the back
112
what does the trapezius do?
elevate and depress scapula and retract
113
Why is the glenerohumeral joint susceptible to?
dislocation, OA, adhesive capsulitis
114
What is the labrum useful for?
stability
115
What do rotator cuff muscles do?
stabilise the shoulder and move the arm
116
What does supraspinatous muscle do?
abduct arm
117
what does infraspinatous do?
externally rotate the arm
118
What does the teres minor do
externally rotate the arm
119
What does the subscapulairs do
internally rotate the arm
120
What three muscles insert tat the greater tuberosity of the humerus
supraspinatous, infraspinatous and teres minor
121
What is the rotator cuff susceptible to?
tears and impingement
122
What muscles move the arm
deltoid (abducts arm), biceps brachii (flex elbow, supinates forearm),
123
Which muscle is susceptible to tendonitis
biceps brachii
124
In the elbow which bone is susceptible to fracture
radial neck and head
125
What kind of disease/ fractures is the elbow susceptible to?
OA and RA, elbow dislocation and olecranon fractue
126
Where is particularly susceptible to fractures in children?
supracondylar region of the elbow
127
What is the olecranon bursa susceptible to?
Bursitis!
128
Where is the site for all extensor muscles of the forearm
lateral epicondyle
129
Where are extensors found in wrist?
on the palm facing down (dorsal)
130
where are flexors found on wrist
volar side (palm facing up)
131
Medial epicondyle is the site where flexors/extensors insert
flexors
132
Which bone is it that rotates during pronation and supination
radius
133
What would a distal radial fracture look like?
a bent fork
134
What controls the fine motor control in the hands?
intrinsic muscles
135
what do extrinsic muscles control
finger flexion and extension of wrist
136
What does the thenar muscles do and what are they (3 muscles)
moves thumb
| opponens pollici, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis
137
What is the hypothenar muslce
abductor digiti minimi
138
What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand
interossei muscles (dorsal- abducts and palmar- adducts fingers at MCPJ) Lumbrical muscles
139
Where does the flexor digitorium superficialis pass and do
carpal tunnel and flexes fingers at proximal IPJ
140
what flexes the distal IPJ?
flexor digitorum profundus
141
Which annular ligament is most commonly involved in trigger finger
A1
142
What do the cruciate pulley do
prevent sheath collapse during digital motion
143
What disease is palmar fascia susceptible to
dupuytrens
144
What is the arterial supply to the hand
radial and ulnar artery > deep and superficial arch > common digital arteries
145
The arterial supply of the digits is related to side of digit (i.e. radial and ulnar) as opposed to the artery it originates from
so if side is closer to ulnar, it will be ulnar ect ect
146
What is the peripheral nerves if the hand
median, ulnar and radial- cutaneous sensation
147
What does the median nerve supply
flexors of forearm, radial 3.5 digits and base of thenar muscles
148
what does the ulnar nerve supply
small muscles of hand, ulnar 1.5 digits- test dorsum and volar parts of little finger
149
What does the radial nerve supply
extensors of the forearm- test dorm of first web space
150
What makes up the brachial plexus
lower 4 cervical nerves and first thoracic nerve root (C5-8& T1)
151
What regions does the brachial plexus reach?
neck, axilla, arm
152
What does Real Texans Drink Cold Beer stand for
R- roots, T- trunks D- divisions C-cords B-branches
153
Where do you get carpal tunnel syndrome?>
at the wrist
154
If the ulnar nerve is compressed in the cubital fossa what happens
cubital tunnel syndrome
155
What nerve is compressed during carpal tunnel syndrome
median nerve
