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musculoskeletal > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

State the 4 processes of pain physiology

A

Transduction, transmission, modulation and perception

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2
Q

Define transduction (pain physiology)

A

Translation of noxious stimulant into electrical activity at the peripheral nociceptors

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3
Q

Define transmission (pain physiology)

A

Propagation of pain signal as nerve impulses through the nervous system

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4
Q

Define modulation (pain physiology)

A

Pain transmission is altered by stimuli

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5
Q

Define perception (pain physiology)

A

The conscious experience of pain

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6
Q

State the 2 components of the anterolateral system

A
  • spinothalamic tract
  • spinoreticular tract
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7
Q

Role of the spinothalamic tract

A

Involved in pain perception

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8
Q

Role of the spinoreticular tract

A

Involved in autonomic responses to pain

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9
Q

What are nociceptors

A

Specialised nerve endings that detect and transmit signals associated with noxious stimuli

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10
Q

What order are nociceptors

A

First order

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11
Q

Describe the pathway of sensory information

A

Free nerve ending in the peripheral tissue
Second order neurones ascend the spinal chord in the anterolateral system and terminate in the thalamus
Third order neurones relay information from the thalamus to the primary sensory cortex

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12
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of fibres associated with nociception

A

A delta fibres
C fibres

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13
Q

What is the main difference between a delta fibres and C fibres

A

C fibres are unmyelinated

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14
Q

Role of A delta fibres

A

Mediate first, or fast pain

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15
Q

Role of C fibres

A

Mediate second, or slow pain

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16
Q

What does pain associated with a delta fibres feel like

A

Stabbing, pricking sensations

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17
Q

What does pain associated with C fibres feel like

A

Burning, throbbing, cramping, aching

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18
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

Normal response to injury of tissues by noxious stimuli

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19
Q

Inflammatory pain

A

Caused by activation of the immune system by tissue injury or infection

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20
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Pain caused by damage to neural tissue

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21
Q

Dysfunctional pain

A

Pain when there is no identifiable damage or inflammation

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22
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Hypersensitivity to pain

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23
Q

Allodynia

A

Pain caused by a stimulus that does not normally cause pain

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24
Q

What is referred pain

A

Pain developed in one part of the body felt in another structure away from the place of its development

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25
Q

Referred pain for the appendix is usually located where ?

A

Umbilicus

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26
Q

Referred pain for the stomach/pancreas is usually located where ?

A

Upper abdomen

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27
Q

Referred pain for the heart is usually located where ?

A

Left arm
Jaw

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28
Q

Referred pain for the lungs/diaphragm is usually located where ?

A

Left shoulder

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29
Q

Referred pain for the liver is usually located where ?

A

Right side of the neck

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30
Q

Referred pain for the gall bladder is usually located where ?

A

Right shoulder

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31
Q

What kind of pain can be felt as referred

A

Deep somatic
Visceral

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32
Q

How does referred pain occur

A

Convergence of Nociceptive visceral and skin afferents upon the same spinothalamic neurones at the same spinal level

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33
Q

name some functions of skeletal muscle

A

posture
purposeful movement
respiratory movement
heat production

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34
Q

how are skeletal muscle fibres organised

A

into motor units

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35
Q

what is a motor unit

A

a single alpha motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

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36
Q

what kind of muscles have more motor fibres

A

those where power is needed over precision

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37
Q

describe the structure of skeletal muscle fibres

A

parallel muscle fibres bundled by connective tissue

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38
Q

how to skeletal muscles attach to bone

A

by tendons

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39
Q

what are myofibrils

A

specialised contractile intracellular structures

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40
Q

describe myofibrils

A

alternating segments of actin and myosin arranged into sarcomeres

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41
Q

which out of actin and myosin is thicker

A

myosin

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42
Q

what defines each sarcomere

A

found between 2 Z lines

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43
Q

role of Z lines

A

connect 2 adjoining sarcomeres

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44
Q

what is the sliding filament theory

A

muscle tension is produced by sliding of actin filaments on myosin filaments

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45
Q

what is required for contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle

A

ATP

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46
Q

what is Ca2+ required for in skeletal muscle

A

switch on cross bridge formation

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47
Q

where is Ca2+ released from

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

48
Q

what are the 2 factors that determine skeletal muscle tension

A

number of muscle fibres contracting
tension developed by each contracting muscle fibre

49
Q

how can a motor unit prevent muscle fatigue

A

asynchronous motor unit recruitment

50
Q

what is a twitch

A

skeletal muscle is stimulated by a single muscle contraction

51
Q

what is twitch summation

A

a second stimulation before the muscle has time to relax

52
Q

when can maximum tetanic contraction be achieved

A

when the muscle is at its optimal length before the onset of contraction

53
Q

which type of muscle cannot be tetanised

A

cardiac muscle

54
Q

what is the approximate optimal length of a muscle

A

the resting length

55
Q

what is an isotonic contraction

A

muscle tension remains constant as the muscle length changes

56
Q

what are isotonic contractions useful for

A

body movements and moving objects

57
Q

what are isometric contractions

A

muscle tension develops at a constant muscle length

58
Q

what are isometric contractions useful for

A

supporting objects in fixed positions and maintaining body posture

59
Q

what makes a muscle fibre more resistant to fatigue

A

greater capacity to synthesis ATP

60
Q

what determines the speed of contraction

A

the activity of myosin ATPase

61
Q

what are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibres

A

slow oxidative
fast oxidative
fast glycolytic

62
Q

what is another name for slow oxidative fibres

A

slow-twitch fibres

63
Q

what are slow-twitch fibres used for

A

maintainance of posture, walking

64
Q

what is another name for fast oxidative fibres

A

intermediate-twitch fibres

65
Q

what are intermediate twitch fibres used for

A

jogging

66
Q

what is another name for fast glycolytic fibres

A

fast-twitch fibres

67
Q

what are fast-twitch fibres used for

A

jumping

68
Q

what is a reflex

A

stereotyped response to a specific stimulus

69
Q

what is the simplest monosynaptic spinal reflex

A

the stretch reflex

70
Q

what is the role of the stretch reflex

A

helps to maintain posture

71
Q

spinal segment tested by the knee jerk

A

L3-L4

72
Q

spinal segment tested by the ankle jerk

A

S1-2

73
Q

spinal segment tested by the biceps jerk and brachioradialis

A

C5-6

74
Q

spinal segment tested by the triceps jerk

A

C6-7

75
Q

peripheral nerve tested by the knee jerk

A

femoral nerve

76
Q

peripheral nerve tested by the ankle jerk

A

tibial nerve

77
Q

peripheral nerve tested by the biceps jerk

A

musculocutaneous

78
Q

peripheral nerve tested by the brachioradialis and triceps jerk

A

radial nerve

79
Q

what are muscle spindles

A

a collection of specialised muscle fibres which act as sensory receptors for the stretch reflex

80
Q

what are muscle spindles also known as

A

intrafusal fibres

81
Q

what are the 3 types of joints

A

synovial
fibrous
cartilaginous

82
Q

what is another name for a synovial joint

A

diathrosis

83
Q

what is another name for a fibrous joint

A

synarthrosis

84
Q

do fibrous bones allow movement

A

no

85
Q

what is another name for a cartilagenous joint

A

anphiarthrosis

86
Q

give an example of a cartilaginous joint

A

IV discs

87
Q

what separates bones in a synovial joint

A

capsule containing synovial fluid

88
Q

what is a synovial membrane

A

vascular connective tissue

89
Q

what cells are in the synovial membrane

A

fibroblasts

90
Q

role of fibroblasts in the synovial membrane

A

produce synovial fluid

91
Q

what causes synovial fluid to have a high viscosity

A

hyaluronic acid (mucin)

92
Q

what does normal synovial fluid look like

A

clear and colourless

93
Q

what may cause synovial fluid to turn red

A

traumatic synovial tap
haemorrhagic arthritis

94
Q

what type of cartilage is articular cartilage usually

A

hyaline

95
Q

what are the 3 main components of the extra-cellular matrix

A

water
collagen
proteoglycans

96
Q

role of proteoglycans in the ECM

A

compressive properties associated with weight bearing

97
Q

what controls the ECM

A

chondrocytes

98
Q

what are directly responsible for the generation of force by skeletal musclel

A

alpha motor neurones

99
Q

what makes up a motor unit

A

alpha motor neurone + muscle

100
Q

where do alpha motor neurones communicate with a muscle fibre

A

at the neuromuscular junction

101
Q

what is synaptic transmission

A

how cells communicate with each other across the synaptic cleft

102
Q

how do open channels conduct electricity

A

via gap junction

103
Q

how is information exchanged in a chemical synapse

A

via neurotransmitters

104
Q

what are cholinoceptors

A

receptors on which ACh act

105
Q

what are the 2 types of cholinoceptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

106
Q

which type of cholinoceptors are found at the NMJ

A

nicotinic

107
Q

what is the quantal content of a synapse

A

the number of vesicles released per stimuli

108
Q

what is a quanta

A

the amount of ACh each synaptic vesicle releases

109
Q

what characterises myasthenia gravis

A

progressively increasing muscle weakness during periods of activity

110
Q

management of myasthenia gravis

A

anticholinesterases and immunosuppressant agents

111
Q

what effect does PTH have on plasma calcium

A

increases it

112
Q

what is primary bone healing

A

the bone bridges the gap with new bone from osteoblasts

113
Q

give an example of primary bone healing

A

hairline fractures
fractures fixed with compression screws and plates

114
Q

secondary bone healing

A

recruitment of pluripotent stem cells which differentiate during the healing process

115
Q

what causes hypertrophic non-union of fractures

A

excessive movement at the fracture site

musculoskeletal (30 decks)

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