Physiological: Sleep And Emotion

Question 0

Circadian rhythms

Answer 0

Daily cycle of waking and sleeping is regulated by internally generated rhythms
Even without environmental alternation of light and day, humans and animals appear to keep roughly the same 24-hour waking and sleeping cycle

Question 1

Sleep and RF

Answer 1

reticular formation keeps cortex awake and alert

When disconnected from cortex (due to trauma), person sleeps for most of the day

Question 2

EEG and sleep stages

Answer 2

Used to study sleep; four patterns corresponding to sleep states: beta, alpha, theta, delta waves
Fifth wave: corresponds to REM sleep (most dreams occur during this stage)
These five stages form a complete cycle lasting about 90 min

Question 3

Beta and alpha waves

Answer 3

Characterize brain wave activity when we are awake
Beta: high frequency and occur when person is alert or when engaged in high concentration
Alpha: awake but relaxing, eyes closed; slower and more synchronized than beta waves

Question 4

Sleep Stage 1

Answer 4

Characterized by “sleep spindles”on EEG (bursts of alpha waves)
Even slower frequency; waveform is irregular and jagged; voltage (size of waves) increases

Question 5

Sleep Stage 2

Answer 5

Theta waves; progressively the waves become slower; “K complexes” occur

Question 6

Sleep Stage 3

Answer 6

EEG activity grows progressively slower until only a few waves per second are seen: delta waves
Deep sleep

Question 7

Sleep Stage 4

Answer 7

Deepest stage of the full cycle; delta waveform reaches it’s slowest rate and sleep spindles are steepest; difficult to awaken someone from this stage

Question 8

Order of sleep waves

Answer 8

BAT-D

Beta, alpha, theta, delta

Question 9

REM sleep

Answer 9

EEG waves during REM look a lot like beta waves (waking waves)
Limb muscles are relaxed but eyes are constantly moving

Question 10

Deprivation of REM sleep results in…

Answer 10

Irritability, difficulty concentrating

Usually results in REM rebound: spend more time than usual in REM sleep when allowed to sleep without disturbance

Question 11

Insomnia

Answer 11

Disturbance affecting ability to fall asleep or stay asleep

Question 12

Narcolepsy

Answer 12

Lack of voluntary control over the onset if sleep –> sudden, brief periods of sleep

Question 13

Sleep apnea

Answer 13

Inability to breathe during sleep,sometimes for more than a minute; people with this disorder often awaken to breathe

Question 14

Three theories of how we experience emotion:

Answer 14

James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schacter-Singer Theory

Question 15

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 15

William James and Carl Lange, late 19th c.
Argued that we become aware of our emotion after we notice our physiological reaction to some external event
Ex. “We feel…afraid because we tremble”
Emphasized role of PNS

Question 16

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Answer 16

Awareness of emotion reflects our physiological arousal and our cognitive experience of emotion
Bodily changes and emotional feelings occur simultaneously
More recent than James-Lange theory
Suggested the existence of brain circuits corresponding to specific emotions

Question 17

Schacter and Singer Theory

Answer 17

Two-factor theory of emotion; subjective experience of emotion is based on. Interaction between changes in physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal
Name emotion based in environmental situation around us (ex. sympathetic activation may be interpreted as anger or euphoria depending on situation)

Question 18

Schacter and Singer experiments

Answer 18

Injected subjects with adrenaline
Some experienced euphoria and some experienced no emotion based on condition.
Those who were told they’d experience arousal did not attribute feeling to emotion