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GRE Psychology > CNS/PNS > Flashcards

CNS/PNS Flashcards

Basic neuroscience anatomy

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1
Q

Sensory neurons

A

afferent; from sensory receptors to CNS

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2
Q

Motor neurons

A

efferent; from CNS to muscle

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3
Q

Interneurons

A

most numerous; predominantly located in CNS and are linked to reflexive behavior

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4
Q

Reflex arcs

A

neural circuits controlling reflexive behavior

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5
Q

PNS division

A

PNS –> somatic and ANS

ANS –> sympathetic/parasympathetic

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6
Q

ANS

A

regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion, & glandular secretions; involuntary muscular activity (mainly associated with internal organs and glands)

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7
Q

ANS subdivision

A

sympathetic/parasympathetic; often act antagonistically

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8
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

conserves energy; associated with resting/sleeping; manages digestion; ACh

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9
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

stress –> “fight or flight”
Heart rate increases, blood-sugar level and respiration increase, digestion decreases, eyes dilate; EPI (adrenaline) released to increase energy

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10
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary development

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11
Q

H. M.

A

Famous patient, hippocampus removed to control epileptic seizures; suffered from anterograde amnesia (couldn’t form new long-term memories)

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12
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Memory loss of events that transpired before brain injury

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13
Q

Association vs. projection areas

A

Association: combines input from diverse brain regions; ex. Planning or decision-making
Projection: receive sensory information or send out motor-impulse commands; ex. Motor cortex or visual cortex

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14
Q

Striate cortex

A

Visual cortex appears striped under microscope

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15
Q

Ipsilateral communication

A

Olfactory system communicates within same side of body and hemisphere rather than contralaterally

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16
Q

Hemisphere dominance

A

97% estimated left hemisphere dominant

Dominant side plays more prominent side in language (B’s and W’s areas associated with dominant hemisphere)

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17
Q

Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga

A

Studied effects of severing corpus callosum

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18
Q

Glial cells

A

Nonneural cells of the nervous system; insulate axon with myelin sheath for faster conduction

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19
Q

Dendrites versus axons

A

Dendrites’ branching patterns can change significantly whereas axons tend to remain contestant throughout aging

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20
Q

Hindbrain (structures)

A

Cerebellum, Medulla, Reticular formation

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21
Q

Midbrain (structures)

A

Inferior and superior colliculi

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22
Q

Forebrain (structures)

A

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus

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23
Q

Medulla

A

lower structure, regulates vital functions (breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure)

24
Q

Pons

A

above medulla, contains sensory and motor tracts between cortex and medulla

25
Q

cerebellum

A

Posture/balance, coordinated body movements

Damage to cerebellum –> clumsiness, slurred speech, loss of balance

26
Q

Reticular Formation

A

extends from hindbrain into midbrain; composed to intricate network of nerve fibers
Regulates arousal and alertness (sleeping and waking); anesthetics depress activity of RF

27
Q

Midbrain (Function)

A

associated with involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual/auditory stimuli

28
Q

Superior colliculus

A

Receives visual sensory input

29
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Receives auditory sensory input; reflex reactions to sudden noises

30
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station for incoming sensory information (all but smell); sensory switchboard (receives sensory information, “sorts” it, then sends it to appropriate area of cortex)

31
Q

Lateral, Ventromedial, and Anterior Hypothalamus

A

Homeostatic functions; key in emotional experience during high arousal states, aggressive behavior, and sexual behavior
Drive behaviors: hunger, thirst, sexual behavior
Also related to controlling endocrine functions, as well as ANS

32
Q

Homeostatic Regulation of Hypothalamus

A

self-regulatory processes regulating metabolism, temp, and water balance; hypothalamus detects imbalance & sends signal to correct it
Osmoregulation performed by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

33
Q

Walter Cannon

A

developed conceptualization of homeostasis

34
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

A

“Hunger center” helps body detect when more food/fluids are needed; damage to LH results in aphagia (refusal to eat/drink, rats starve to death if not force fed)
LH also related to rage & aggressive fighting

35
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

A

“Satiety center”; brain lesion in this area may lead to obesity due to hyperphagia (excessive eating)

36
Q

Hypothalamus and arousal

A

manages sympathetic activation (fight/flight); also induces rage that may be inhibited by prefrontal cortex (kitties exhibited spontaneous/non-directed rage when cortex was removed but hypothalamus left intact)

37
Q

Anterior Hypothalamus

A

Stimulates seual behavior (esp. aggressive sexual behavior); lesion –> inhibition of sexual activity

38
Q

Four F’s in Functioning of Hypothalamus

A

Feeding, fighting, fleeing, fucking

39
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

coordinates muscle movement; receives info from cortex and relays to brain and spinal cord via extrapyramidal motor system
Related to Parkinson’s and schizophrenia

40
Q

Extrapyramidal Motor System

A

gathers information about body position/proprioception in basal ganglia and carries the information to brain/spinal cord making movement smooth and steady

41
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

associated with substantia nigra in basal ganglia

42
Q

Ventricles

A

fluid-filled cavities in the middle of the brain that link up with the spinal canal that runs down the middle spinal cord; filled with same cerebrospinal fluid
Enlarged ventricles have been linked with schizophrenia

43
Q

Limbic system structures

A

Septum, amygdala, hippocampus

44
Q

Septum

A

one of the primary pleasure centers; stimulation results in intense pleasure and sexual arousal; inhibits aggression
Damage to septal region –> septal rage (lack of inhibition of aggression)

45
Q

Olds & Milner (1950s)

A

Discovered that mild stimulation of septum is reported to be intensely pleasurable and sexually arousing; demonstrated that when rats could sitmulate their septal regions at will, they preferred it to eating, even after having gone 24 hours without food

46
Q

Amygdala

A

Role in defense and aggressive behaviors; damage results in marked reduction of aggression and fear reactions, lesions also lead to docility and hypersexual states

47
Q

Klüver and Bucy

A

Performed studies that linked amygdala with defensive and aggressive behavior in monkeys; bilateral removal of amygdala leads to changes identified as Klüver-Bucy syndrome

48
Q

Hippocampus

A

Learning and memory; discovered hippocampus relationship to memory by experience of H.M.

49
Q

Polarized neuron

A

Resting potential is net negative charge inside the neuron

50
Q

Sodium-Potassium pump

A

Higher concentration of K+ inside cell and Na+ outside cell; Na+ flows into the cell and K+ flows out. In order to maintain neg. charge, Na+ is actively pumped out of the cell.

51
Q

Four stages of action potential

A

Resting potential, depolarization, action potential, hyperpolarization

52
Q

Action Potential Spike

A

Na+ rushes into cell, then K+ rushes out

53
Q

Refractory period (Absolute and Relative)

A

Absolute: depolarization of action potential; cell is completely unresponsive to any additional stimulation
Relative: corresponds to repolarization/hyperpolarization; stronger stimulation is required to reach threshold potential than when cell is at normal resting potential

54
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Conduction along a myelinated axon

55
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

unmyelinated gaps along myelinated axon; AP is regenerated at each node

56
Q

EPSPs and IPSPs

A

excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; are graded and weaken as they travel

57
Q

Eric Kandel

A

Demonstrated that changes in synaptic transmission underlie changes in behavior; as sea snail experienced habituation and stopped withdrawing their gills, the neurons governing this reflex released smaller amounts of neurotransmitter than before.

GRE Psychology (32 decks)

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