Developmental Psychology Flashcards

Question

Germinal Period

Answer 1

2 weeks after conception; fertilized egg travels down the Fallopian tube and implants in uterine wall

Answer 2

8 weeks after germinal period

Answer 3

Begins in third month with measurable electrical brain activity

Answer 4

A tranquilizer prescribed to many English mothers in the 50s --> missing or malformed limbs and defects of the heart, eyes, digestive tract, ears, and kidneys

Answer 5

Infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms and the bringing their arms back to their bodies (like hugging themselves)

Answer 6

Toes spread apart automatically when the sole of the foot is stimulated

Answer 7

Rooting, Moro, Babinski, grasping

Answer 8

Four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational Believed that language development was directed by the development of thought.

Answer 9

Interacting with the environment through reflexive behaviors.

Answer 10

Infants develop behavioral schemata, characterized by action tendencies; older children develop operational schemata, characterized by more abstract representations of cognition

Answer 11

Adaptation takes place through two complementary processes: assimilation and accommodation.

Answer 12

Process if interpreting new information in terms of existing schemata.

Answer 13

Occurs when new information doesn't fit existing schemata; modify existing schema to adapt to include new information

Answer 14

First of Piaget's stages, birth to 2 | Primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, object permanence

Answer 15

Reflex activities characteristic of sensorimotor stage; the infant begins to coordinate separate aspects of movement Ex. Sucking when hungry as a goal-oriented behavior Restricted to motions concerned with the body

Answer 16

Reflex activities characteristic of sensorimotor stage; directed toward manipulation of objects in the environment

Answer 17

Beginning of representational thought; child can recognize external objects and events

Answer 18

Age 2-7; centration, egocentrism, conservation

Answer 19

Tendency to be able to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon Related to egocentrism Piaget's Preoperational

Answer 20

Characteristic of the preoperational stage

Answer 21

Children of preoperational stage do not understand concept of conservation of matter.

Answer 22

Age 7-11; have concepts of conservation and take perspective of others but can't engage in abstract thought

Answer 23

"Think like a scientist"; can think logically about abstract ideas. Used pendulum experiment (children had to figure out what variable affects pendulum frequency)

Answer 24

The child's internalization of various aspects of culture drives cognitive development. Zone of proximal development: refers to skills and abilities have not yet fully developed that are in the process of development; Child needs guidance to demonstrate those skills and abilities.

Answer 25

Lenneberg, Reblsky, & Nichols (1965) Age babbling begins is about the same for all children, deaf and hearing. Frequency increases in hearing children and rapidly decreases in deaf children

Answer 26

One word utterances by around 18 months (~12 words) 18-20 months: begin combining words Age 30-36 months: begin producing longer sentences and grammatical errors increase: overregulation ("goed")

Answer 27

Children must have some special innate capacity for language acquisition: Language Acquisition Device (LAD), triggered by exposure to language Transformational grammar

Answer 28

Word order affects meaning; syntactic transformations

Answer 29

Could learn vocab and some syntax, but ultimately could not master language Evidence for critical period

Answer 30

Drive to reduce sexual tension is the underlying force accounting for psychological development. Five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Answer 31

First of Freud's stages of development Birth to 1 year Obtain gratification through biting and sucking Orally fixated adults exhibit excessive dependency

Answer 32

Freud's second stage of development 1-3 years old Gratification obtained through retention and elimination of waste Fixation in adults would exhibit excessive orderliness or sloppiness

Answer 33

Freud's third stage Age 3-5 Resolution of Oedipal conflict (Electra conflict) Child de-eroticizes by focusing on school or collecting objects

Answer 34

Freud's fourth stage Age 5 to puberty Libido has been sublimated

Answer 35

Final of Freud's stages Puberty through adulthood Person enters into healthy sexual relationships

Answer 36

Psychosocial theory; sequence of crises guides development (8 stages) Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1): resolution is trusting environment Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3): feeling of will & self-control Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6): purpose, initiative, and accomplishment (if not, child may show-off to deal with guilt) Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12): child can affect the world in a way that is desired, feel competent (if not, sense of inadequacy, low self-esteem)

Answer 37

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence): physiological revolution; favorable outcome is fidelity and self-view of integrated person with loyalties (if not, confusion of identity) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood): favorable result is love; commitment to self and another (if not, avoidance of commitment and alienation) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle age): resolution results in productive, caring, contributing member of society (if not, self-indulgent, bored, self-centered) 8. Integrity vs. Despair (old age): favorably resolved --> wisdom; unfavorably resolved --> bitterness, worthlessness

Answer 38

An ind's pattern if responding to the environment | Heritable, emerges during infancy, stable over time

Answer 39

Longitudinal study on temperament | Based on their results, proposed three initial temperaments in infants: easy, slow to warm up, and difficult

Answer 40

Parental reports of child behavior, observation in naturalistic settings (home), observations in lab settings

Answer 41

Three distinct cries in newborns: hungry, angry, pain Pain cries increase adult heart rate even in nonparent adults As early as second month, infant learns that caregivers respond to crying. Wolff observed that an infant will cry if the person it is looking at leaves the room and stop when they return

Answer 42

At first can be produced by any stimulus, then only people. | By five months, only elicited by familiar faces

Answer 43

During first year, mostly just separation or stranger anxiety After the first year, reserved only to sudden absence of a specific person or the presence of a person or object that has been harmful to the infant in the past Often context dependent

Answer 44

Studied baby rhesus monkeys; took baby monkeys from their mothers 6 to 12 hours after birth --> replaced them with surrogates: wire or cloth. Wire mother provided food.

Answer 45

Phases of attachment: First, inf. reacts same to all smiling adults. By 3 mo., inf. can tell if familiar/unfamiliar 6 mo. Inf. specifically seeks out mother 9-12 mo., bonding intensifies; separation anxiety occurs By age 3, the child can separate from mother without distress

Answer 46

Strange situation; to study attachment. Secure: mildly distressed when mom leaves, consoled/happy upon return Insecure/avoidant: not distressed, avoid contact with mom upon return Insecure/resistant: distressed by separation, resist physical contact with mom upon return

Answer 47

Ainsworth; Child is given time to explore unfamiliar room, stranger enters, interacts with mother and infant, mom leaves, stranger interacts with baby, mom returns, stranger leaves, mom leaves, stranger returns, mom returns, stranger leaves.

Answer 48

``` Studied imprinting (early rapid attachment) in birds Believed that imprinting happens during a critical period ```

Answer 49

``` Three phases (2 stages each for 6 total stages) Phase 1: PRECONVENTIONAL MORALITY, Stage 1: learns right and wrong with orientation toward punishment and obedience, Stage 2: orientation toward reciprocity (instrumental relativist stage) Phase 2: CONVENTIONAL MORALITY, Stage 3: learn by social rules and approval ("good girl, nice boy" orientation), Stage 4: morality defined by authority ("law and order orientation") Phase 3: POST CONVENTIONAL MORALITY, Stage 5: social contract orientation (rules are designed to ensure the greater good), Stage 6: has learned and acts toward a set of universal ethical principles ```

Answer 50

Kohlberg's test to determine moral stage of an individual, contains a series of moral dilemmas. Responses place individual in one of Kohlberg's six stages. The Heinz dilemma describes man needs drug for wife, man can't afford drug, man steals drug to save wife. Was Heinz right or wrong? Reasoning behind response is most important

Answer 51

Criticized Kohlberg's stages saying that gender is not considered. His research was done with males only. Does not apply then to female moral development.

Answer 52

Sociobiologists: consider historical survival function of behaviors Social learning theorists: consider social environment and modeling the behavior of peers and adults of their same gender Cognitive developmental theorists: consider the importance of convictions that children have concerning gender

Answer 53

``` Three stages of self-socialization: Gender labeling (age 2-3) identify gender and are able to label self and others Gender stability (age 3-4) superficially understand that their gender is stable Gender consistency (age 4-7) understand permanency of gender, regardless of changing behavior ```

Answer 54

Proposed by Martin & Halverson Builds on Kohlberg's theory; become more interested in assuming behaviors that align with their gender identity and less interested in those that align with the opposite gender.

Answer 55

Measured parental control, nurturance, clarity of communication, and maturity demands, then proposed three parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive Children with authoritarian or permissive parents have difficulties with school and peer relations Children with authoritative parents are most socially and academically competent

Answer 56

Authoritarian: punitive control and lack of emotional warmth Authoritative: high demands for compliance, positive reinforcement, high emotional warmth Permissive: high in warmth, lack in control/demand measures

Answer 57

Play more vigorously with child than mother Mothers stress verbal rather than physical interactions As a pattern/tendency