PHYSIO LAB: MODULE 4 Flashcards
What is the process called by which red blood cells (RBCs) are produced?
Erythropoiesis
Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur in the body?
In the bone marrow.
Which hormone regulates erythropoiesis and is primarily produced by the kidneys?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
What physiological condition stimulates the production of erythropoietin?
Low oxygen levels (hypoxia)
Identify the pluripotent cells from which all blood cells, including red blood cells, originate.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)
Proerythroblast
Proerythroblast
At what stage of erythropoiesis does hemoglobin synthesis begin, and the cytoplasm appears blue due to RNA content?
Basophilic Erythroblast.
What color change occurs in the cytoplasm of erythroblasts during the polychromatic erythroblast stage?
The cytoplasm becomes more gray as hemoglobin accumulates, transitioning from RNA dominance to hemoglobin dominance.
Identify the stage characterized by a very condensed nucleus (pyknotic) in the red blood cell maturation process.
Orthochromatic Erythroblast (Normoblast)
What happens to the nucleus during the transition from orthchromatic erythroblast to the next stage?
The nucleus is ejected, leading to the formation of a reticulocyte.
What is a reticulocyte, and how does it differ from a mature red blood cell?
A reticulocyte is an immature red blood cell that still contains some residual RNA and continues to mature in the bone marrow or bloodstream before becoming a mature RBC.
Describe the characteristics of a fully mature red blood cell (erythrocyte).
A mature erythrocyte is biconcave, lacks a nucleus, and is packed with hemoglobin, allowing for efficient oxygen transport.
What is the process called by which white blood cells (WBCs) are produced?
Leukopoiesis
What types of cells are included in the category of white blood cells?
Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes, and lymphocytes
What key growth factors stimulate the production and differentiation of specific types of white blood cells?
Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs)
Identify the group of cytokines that help regulate the production of white blood cells, particularly lymphocytes.
Interleukins (ILs)
From which cells do all granulocytes originate?
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs).
What is the first committed stage in granulocyte formation called?
Myeloblast
At which stage do azurophilic granules begin to form during granulocyte maturation?
Promyelocyte
What is the stage called when specific (secondary) granules start to appear in granulocyte formation?
Myelocyte
What characterizes the metamyelocyte stage of granulocyte formation?
The nucleus becomes indented or kidney-shaped, and the cytoplasmic granules are more defined.
What is the immature form of neutrophils called, characterized by a horseshoe-shaped nucleus?
Band Cell