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Gutierrez- 1st Sem 3rd Year > PHYSIO LAB: MODULE 4 > Flashcards

PHYSIO LAB: MODULE 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process called by which red blood cells (RBCs) are produced?

A

Erythropoiesis

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2
Q

Where does erythropoiesis primarily occur in the body?

A

In the bone marrow.

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3
Q

Which hormone regulates erythropoiesis and is primarily produced by the kidneys?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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4
Q

What physiological condition stimulates the production of erythropoietin?

A

Low oxygen levels (hypoxia)

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5
Q

Identify the pluripotent cells from which all blood cells, including red blood cells, originate.

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs)

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6
Q

Proerythroblast

A

Proerythroblast

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7
Q

At what stage of erythropoiesis does hemoglobin synthesis begin, and the cytoplasm appears blue due to RNA content?

A

Basophilic Erythroblast.

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8
Q

What color change occurs in the cytoplasm of erythroblasts during the polychromatic erythroblast stage?

A

The cytoplasm becomes more gray as hemoglobin accumulates, transitioning from RNA dominance to hemoglobin dominance.

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9
Q

Identify the stage characterized by a very condensed nucleus (pyknotic) in the red blood cell maturation process.

A

Orthochromatic Erythroblast (Normoblast)

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10
Q

What happens to the nucleus during the transition from orthchromatic erythroblast to the next stage?

A

The nucleus is ejected, leading to the formation of a reticulocyte.

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11
Q

What is a reticulocyte, and how does it differ from a mature red blood cell?

A

A reticulocyte is an immature red blood cell that still contains some residual RNA and continues to mature in the bone marrow or bloodstream before becoming a mature RBC.

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12
Q

Describe the characteristics of a fully mature red blood cell (erythrocyte).

A

A mature erythrocyte is biconcave, lacks a nucleus, and is packed with hemoglobin, allowing for efficient oxygen transport.

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13
Q

What is the process called by which white blood cells (WBCs) are produced?

A

Leukopoiesis

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14
Q

What types of cells are included in the category of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils), monocytes, and lymphocytes

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15
Q

What key growth factors stimulate the production and differentiation of specific types of white blood cells?

A

Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs)

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16
Q

Identify the group of cytokines that help regulate the production of white blood cells, particularly lymphocytes.

A

Interleukins (ILs)

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17
Q

From which cells do all granulocytes originate?

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs).

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18
Q

What is the first committed stage in granulocyte formation called?

A

Myeloblast

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19
Q

At which stage do azurophilic granules begin to form during granulocyte maturation?

A

Promyelocyte

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20
Q

What is the stage called when specific (secondary) granules start to appear in granulocyte formation?

A

Myelocyte

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21
Q

What characterizes the metamyelocyte stage of granulocyte formation?

A

The nucleus becomes indented or kidney-shaped, and the cytoplasmic granules are more defined.

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22
Q

What is the immature form of neutrophils called, characterized by a horseshoe-shaped nucleus?

A

Band Cell

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23
Q

Identify the final stage of granulocyte maturation, where the nucleus becomes segmented and granules are fully developed.

A

Mature Granulocyte (Neutrophil, Eosinophil, or Basophil)

24
Q

What is the first committed precursor of monocytes in the formation process?

A

Monoblast

25
Q

What is the stage following the monoblast in monocyte formation?

A

Promonocyte

26
Q

What occurs to mature monocytes once they enter the bloodstream and reach tissues?

A

They can differentiate further into macrophages or dendritic cells.

27
Q

What is the first committed form of a lymphocyte called?

A

Pro-lymphocyte

28
Q

Where do T lymphocytes (T cells) mature, and what is their primary function?

A

T lymphocytes mature in the thymus and are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

29
Q

What is the primary function of B lymphocytes (B cells), and where do they mature?

A

B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow and are responsible for antibody production.

30
Q

What is the name of the process by which platelets are produced?

A

Thrombopoiesis

31
Q

What are the large precursor cells from which platelets are formed?

A

Megakaryocytes

32
Q

Which hormone primarily regulates the production of megakaryocytes and platelets?

A

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

33
Q

What triggers an increase in thrombopoietin levels?

A

Low platelet levels in the bloodstream.

34
Q

Low platelet levels in the bloodstream.

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow

35
Q

What is the first committed stage of platelet formation called?

A

Megakaryoblast

36
Q

What occurs during the promegakaryocyte stage of platelet formation?

A

The cell undergoes several rounds of nuclear replication without cell division, making it polyploid.

37
Q

What characterizes a mature megakaryocyte in the process of thrombopoiesis?

A

It is massive, contains multiple copies of DNA, and extends long protrusions (proplatelets) into blood vessels.

38
Q

How are platelets formed from megakaryocytes?

A

As blood flows through the bone marrow, fragments of the megakaryocyte’s cytoplasm are sheared off to form platelets, which then enter the bloodstream.

39
Q

What term describes the variation in red blood cell size, often observed in goats?

A

Anisocytosis

40
Q

What is the term for the variation in red blood cell shape, particularly common in goats and sheep?

A

Poikilocytosis

41
Q

What morphological phenomenon involves the stacking of red blood cells, frequently seen in cats and horses?

A

Rouleaux formation

42
Q

What condition is characterized by a decreased platelet count, leading to prolonged bleeding?

A

Thrombocytopenia.

43
Q

What is the term for an increased platelet count that is often associated with inflammation or certain cancers?

A

Thrombocytosis

44
Q

What is the term for an increased basophil count, often associated with parasitic infections or allergic reactions?

A

Basophilia

45
Q

What condition is characterized by an elevated eosinophil count, commonly seen in parasitic infections or allergic conditions?

A

Eosinophilia

46
Q

What is the term for an increased neutrophil count, commonly associated with bacterial infections?

A

Neutrophilia

47
Q

What condition describes a decreased neutrophil count, often linked to viral infections or bone marrow disorders?

A

Neutropenia

48
Q

What condition is characterized by an increased lymphocyte count, often seen during chronic infections or immune system stimulation?

A

Lymphocytosis

49
Q

What term describes a decreased lymphocyte count, commonly seen in stress responses or viral infections?

A

Lymphopenia

50
Q

What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs), and what are the potential consequences of their decreases or increases?

A

RBCs are responsible for oxygen transport; decreases lead to anemia, while increases cause polycythemia.

51
Q

What role do platelets play in the body, and what issues arise from their decreased or increased counts?

A

Platelets are vital for blood clotting; decreases cause bleeding disorders, and increases can result in excessive clotting.

52
Q

What are basophils involved in, and what condition is associated with their increased counts?

A

Basophils are involved in allergic and inflammatory responses; increases (basophilia) are associated with allergic reactions or parasitic infections.

53
Q

What function do eosinophils serve, and what does an increase in their count indicate?

A

Eosinophils combat parasites and modulate allergic responses; increases (eosinophilia) often indicate parasitic or allergic diseases

54
Q

What role do neutrophils play in the immune system, and what are the implications of their decreased or increased counts?

A

Neutrophils are the first line of defense against infections; decreases make animals prone to infections, while increases suggest active infection or inflammation.

55
Q

What is the function of monocytes in the immune system, and what does an increase in their count indicate?

A

Monocytes phagocytose debris and pathogens; increases occur during chronic infections and tissue repair.

56
Q

What is the significance of lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system, and what are the effects of their decreases and increases?

A

Lymphocytes are key players in the adaptive immune system; decreases lead to weakened immunity, and increases suggest chronic immune stimulation or infection.

Gutierrez- 1st Sem 3rd Year (16 decks)

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