HISTO LEC: MOD 1 INTRO Flashcards
The discipline of anatomy is subdivided into
microscopic anatomy, and
microscopic anatomy or histology
study of structures that can, when suitably presented or dissected, be seen by unaided vision with naked eye.
Gross anatomy
study of structures on a microscopic scale which include the study of tissues (histology) and the study of cells (cytology).
Microscopic anatomy/ hostology
branch of anatomy concerned with the visual examination of
cells, intercellular structures as well as their organization in tissues and organs by means of microscope and by using appropriate preparations thin enough to transmit light or electrons.
Veterinary Histology
which studies how to make histological
preparation and how to explore it with help of a microscope.
Histological and microscopic technique
which studies development, structure and functions of cells.
Cytology
which is a science about rules and ways of embryonic development.
Embryology
which studies sources of development, structure, functions and
reactive changes of tissues.
General histology
which studies sources of
development, structure and functions of various organs.
Histology of various organs or microscopic anatomy,
studying of ultramicroscopic features of cellular structure with
help of the electronic microscope.
Subcellular level
studying of cellular structure and reactive changes of cells with help
of light microscope techniques.
Cellular level
studying of tissues structure, functions and development.
Tissue level
studying of microscopic structure and functions of various organs.
Organ level
different methods of object microscoping
microscopic
techniques
methods which allow making histological preparation
histological techniques
uses a visible light source with a system of condenser lenses to
send the light through the object to be examined
Light microscope
object is then magnified by two sets of lenses
objective and the eyepiece
the product of these two lens systems, e.g., 40 X 10 = 400
Total magnification
how close two structures can be and still be seen as separate - is a measure of the detail that can be seen, and for the light microscope is about 0.25 µm
Resolution or resolving power
Here the visible light is used for microscoping.
Wavelength is 0.4 mcm. Resolving power 0.2 mcm. Total magnification is 2500
times.
Standard light microscopy
Here the ultraviolet light is used for microscoping.
Wavelength is 0.2 mcm. Resolving power 0.1 mcm. The acquired image is recorded
on photograph because it is invisible for naked eye.
Ultraviolet microscopy
Here the ultraviolet light is used for microscoping.
Wavelength is 0.2 mcm. Resolving power 0.1 mcm. The acquired image is recorded
on photograph because it is invisible for naked eye.
Ultraviolet microscopy
This type of microscopy is based on fluorescent effect. It
is when some molecules in tissues under short wave radiation become exited and
start to shine. The generated light has larger wavelength than inducing light. There
are special stains that may cause fluorescence in tissues (e.g. acridine orange).
Fluorescent microscopy
Here the light is divided into two beams. One beam goes
through the object, other passes it by. Then they meet together and make
interference picture. By phase shift in this picture we may detect precise
concentration of a substance in a cell. So we may conclude that it is quantitative
method.
Interference microscopy
Here the light is separated to two perpendicular beams. If
they pass through structures with strict orientated molecules, they late one to
another due to different refraction. It helps to detect character of molecules
localization in cells, for examples myofibrils.
Polarization microscopy
Here the light is separated to several phases. When they
come through object they change their position regarding to others. This results in
object contrast increasing. With help of this microscopy we can observe even
unstained preparations.
Phase-contrast microscopy
The only way to improve resolving power is to reduce substantially the wavelength of the
light. This is achieved by the
Electron microscope
Types of electron microspcope
transmission electron microscopy
scanning atomic electron microscopy
Mechanical parts of microscope
- Base 2. Pillar 3. Arm 4. Inclination joint 5. Body tube 6. Draw tube 7. Revolving nosepiece 8. Dust shield 9. Coarse adjustment 10. Fine adjustment 11. Stage
Illuminating parts of microscope
- Iris diaphragm 2. Abbe condenser
Magnifying parts of microscope
- Eyepiece
- Objectives
a. Scanner
b. Low Power Objective c. High Power Objective d. Oil Immersion Objective
Provides support and stability to the entire microscope.
Base
Connects the base to the rest of the microscope, supporting its structure.
Pillar
Supports the body tube and connects it to the base, used for carrying the microscope.
Arm
Allows the microscope to be tilted for easier viewing.
Inclination joint
Holds the eyepiece and connects it to the objective lenses.
Body tube
Holds the eyepiece and allows adjustments in focus.
Draw tube
Holds the objective lenses and allows rotation between different magnification levels.
Revolving nosepiece
Protects the objective lenses from dust and dirt.
Dust shield
Allows for large adjustments in focus, used with lower magnifications.
Coarse adjustment knob
Provides precise focusing, used with higher magnifications.
Fine adjustment knob
Supports the slide being viewed and allows movement for positioning.
Stage
Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.
Iris diaphragm
Focuses light on the specimen for better resolution.
Abbe condenser
Magnifies the image formed by the objective lenses.
Eyepiece
Provides the lowest magnification for scanning the specimen.(4x)
Scanner objective
Provides moderate magnification for viewing the specimen in detail.
LPO (40x)
Provides high magnification for close-up views of specimen structures.
HPO (40X)
Provides the highest magnification using oil to increase resolution.
oio (100x)
The ability of some stains to selectively bind to amino acids, carbohydrates, and fats.
Histochemistry
The use of isotopes, where biologically active molecules may contain isotopes for analysis.
Historadiography
A technique where living cells are observed under a microscope, using non-toxic stains that are phagocytized by the cells, making them visible.
Vital microscopy
A type of microscopy where cells are observed after being taken out of the organism, but still alive, using non-toxic stains for visibility.
Supravital microscopy
It involves filming cells at intervals (e.g., every 5 minutes) and playing back the film at regular speed to observe dynamic changes like mitotic division.
Shooting of a cell movement film
A method that allows microsurgical operations on cells, such as nucleus transplantation, using specially designed instruments.
Cytomicrosurgery
These methods are used to detect gene localization in chromosomes, determine nucleotide sequences, and detect specific nucleotides in the environment by using RNA probes that bind to complementary DNA or RNA sequences.
DNA hybridization methods
A grid with points used to count structures in histological samples. For example, Avtandilov’s grid has 100 points, and if 10 points cover a cell, it means the cell takes up 10% of the preparation volume.
Morphometric grid
These systems, which include a microscope, digital camera, computer, and display, automatically count histological structures by processing images from the microscope.
Automatic system of image analysis
A method used to study the chemical composition of a cell by measuring the selective absorption of light by different chemical substances. The absorption intensity indicates the concentration of the substance.
Cytospectrophotometry
which prevents post-mortem decomposition, preserves the tissue structure, and enhances staining.
Fixation
What are the two main methods for preparing tissue for sectioning in histology?
(a) Embedding the tissue in a block of wax or plastic, or (b) Freezing the tissue to form a firm mass for cutting.
What are the typical thicknesses for histological sections in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM)?
1-150 microns (µm) for LM, and 30-60 nanometers (nm) for EM.
It involves placing the histological section on a glass slide or metal grid, followed by staining and covering with a glass coverslip using a mounting medium.
Mounting
enhances visibility of cellular structures, often using metallic salts, making them easier to study under the microscope.
Staining
such as photomicrography, digital recording, and sketches, provide accurate data, as human memory and vision may not be reliable for detailed analysis.
observation and recording
ability of tissues to be stained by acidic stains, indicating that the stained structures have basic properties. Example: erythrocytes due to basic protein hemoglobin.
Oxyphilia
Eosinophilia is a variant of oxyphylia where tissues stain with eosin. The cytoplasm of many cells is eosinophilic.
Eosinophilia
is another term for oxyphylia, describing the ability to stain with acidic dyes.
Acidiphylia
is the ability of tissues to be stained by basic stains, indicating acidic properties of the structures. Examples include RNA and DNA, which are acids and can bind basophilic stains.
Basophilia
refers to the ability of structures to be stained by both acidic and basic stains. This is commonly seen in the granules of neutrophil leukocytes, also called neutrophilia.
Polychromatophilia
is the ability of tissues to change the original color of the stain during staining, which is specific to complex carbohydrates.
Metachromosia
