HISTO LEC: MOD 1 INTRO

Question 1

The discipline of anatomy is subdivided into

Answer 1

microscopic anatomy, and
microscopic anatomy or histology

Question 2

study of structures that can, when suitably presented or dissected, be seen by unaided vision with naked eye.

Answer 2

Gross anatomy

Question 3

study of structures on a microscopic scale which include the study of tissues (histology) and the study of cells (cytology).

Answer 3

Microscopic anatomy/ hostology

Question 4

branch of anatomy concerned with the visual examination of
cells, intercellular structures as well as their organization in tissues and organs by means of microscope and by using appropriate preparations thin enough to transmit light or electrons.

Answer 4

Veterinary Histology

Question 5

which studies how to make histological
preparation and how to explore it with help of a microscope.

Answer 5

Histological and microscopic technique

Question 6

which studies development, structure and functions of cells.

Answer 6

Cytology

Question 7

which is a science about rules and ways of embryonic development.

Answer 7

Embryology

Question 8

which studies sources of development, structure, functions and
reactive changes of tissues.

Answer 8

General histology

Question 9

which studies sources of
development, structure and functions of various organs.

Answer 9

Histology of various organs or microscopic anatomy,

Question 10

studying of ultramicroscopic features of cellular structure with
help of the electronic microscope.

Answer 10

Subcellular level

Question 11

studying of cellular structure and reactive changes of cells with help
of light microscope techniques.

Answer 11

Cellular level

Question 12

studying of tissues structure, functions and development.

Answer 12

Tissue level

Question 13

studying of microscopic structure and functions of various organs.

Answer 13

Organ level

Question 14

different methods of object microscoping

Answer 14

microscopic
techniques

Question 15

methods which allow making histological preparation

Answer 15

histological techniques

Question 16

uses a visible light source with a system of condenser lenses to
send the light through the object to be examined

Answer 16

Light microscope

Question 17

object is then magnified by two sets of lenses

Answer 17

objective and the eyepiece

Question 18

the product of these two lens systems, e.g., 40 X 10 = 400

Answer 18

Total magnification

Question 19

how close two structures can be and still be seen as separate - is a measure of the detail that can be seen, and for the light microscope is about 0.25 µm

Answer 19

Resolution or resolving power

Question 20

Here the visible light is used for microscoping.
Wavelength is 0.4 mcm. Resolving power 0.2 mcm. Total magnification is 2500
times.

Answer 20

Standard light microscopy

Question 21

Here the ultraviolet light is used for microscoping.
Wavelength is 0.2 mcm. Resolving power 0.1 mcm. The acquired image is recorded
on photograph because it is invisible for naked eye.

Answer 21

Ultraviolet microscopy

Question 22

Here the ultraviolet light is used for microscoping.
Wavelength is 0.2 mcm. Resolving power 0.1 mcm. The acquired image is recorded
on photograph because it is invisible for naked eye.

Answer 22

Ultraviolet microscopy

Question 23

This type of microscopy is based on fluorescent effect. It
is when some molecules in tissues under short wave radiation become exited and
start to shine. The generated light has larger wavelength than inducing light. There
are special stains that may cause fluorescence in tissues (e.g. acridine orange).

Answer 23

Fluorescent microscopy

Question 24

Here the light is divided into two beams. One beam goes
through the object, other passes it by. Then they meet together and make
interference picture. By phase shift in this picture we may detect precise
concentration of a substance in a cell. So we may conclude that it is quantitative
method.

Answer 24

Interference microscopy

Question 25

Here the light is separated to two perpendicular beams. If
they pass through structures with strict orientated molecules, they late one to
another due to different refraction. It helps to detect character of molecules
localization in cells, for examples myofibrils.

Answer 25

Polarization microscopy

Question 26

Here the light is separated to several phases. When they
come through object they change their position regarding to others. This results in
object contrast increasing. With help of this microscopy we can observe even
unstained preparations.

Answer 26

Phase-contrast microscopy

Question 27

The only way to improve resolving power is to reduce substantially the wavelength of the
light. This is achieved by the

Answer 27

Electron microscope

Question 28

Types of electron microspcope

Answer 28

transmission electron microscopy

scanning atomic electron microscopy

Question 29

Mechanical parts of microscope

Answer 29

1. Base 2. Pillar 3. Arm 4. Inclination joint 5. Body tube 6. Draw tube 7. Revolving nosepiece 8. Dust shield 9. Coarse adjustment 10. Fine adjustment 11. Stage

Question 30

Illuminating parts of microscope

Answer 30

1. Iris diaphragm 2. Abbe condenser

Question 31

Magnifying parts of microscope

Answer 31

1. Eyepiece
2. Objectives
   a. Scanner
   b. Low Power Objective c. High Power Objective d. Oil Immersion Objective

Question 32

Provides support and stability to the entire microscope.

Answer 32

Base

Question 33

Connects the base to the rest of the microscope, supporting its structure.

Answer 33

Pillar

Question 34

Supports the body tube and connects it to the base, used for carrying the microscope.

Answer 34

Arm

Question 35

Allows the microscope to be tilted for easier viewing.

Answer 35

Inclination joint

Question 36

Holds the eyepiece and connects it to the objective lenses.

Answer 36

Body tube

Question 37

Holds the eyepiece and allows adjustments in focus.

Answer 37

Draw tube

Question 38

Holds the objective lenses and allows rotation between different magnification levels.

Answer 38

Revolving nosepiece

Question 39

Protects the objective lenses from dust and dirt.

Answer 39

Dust shield

Question 40

Allows for large adjustments in focus, used with lower magnifications.

Answer 40

Coarse adjustment knob

Question 41

Provides precise focusing, used with higher magnifications.

Answer 41

Fine adjustment knob

Question 42

Supports the slide being viewed and allows movement for positioning.

Answer 42

Stage

Question 43

Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.

Answer 43

Iris diaphragm

Question 44

Focuses light on the specimen for better resolution.

Answer 44

Abbe condenser

Question 45

Magnifies the image formed by the objective lenses.

Answer 45

Eyepiece

Question 46

Provides the lowest magnification for scanning the specimen.(4x)

Answer 46

Scanner objective

Question 47

Provides moderate magnification for viewing the specimen in detail.

Answer 47

LPO (40x)

Question 48

Provides high magnification for close-up views of specimen structures.

Answer 48

HPO (40X)

Question 49

Provides the highest magnification using oil to increase resolution.

Answer 49

oio (100x)

Question 50

The ability of some stains to selectively bind to amino acids, carbohydrates, and fats.

Answer 50

Histochemistry

Question 51

The use of isotopes, where biologically active molecules may contain isotopes for analysis.

Answer 51

Historadiography

Question 52

A technique where living cells are observed under a microscope, using non-toxic stains that are phagocytized by the cells, making them visible.

Answer 52

Vital microscopy

Question 53

A type of microscopy where cells are observed after being taken out of the organism, but still alive, using non-toxic stains for visibility.

Answer 53

Supravital microscopy

Question 54

It involves filming cells at intervals (e.g., every 5 minutes) and playing back the film at regular speed to observe dynamic changes like mitotic division.

Answer 54

Shooting of a cell movement film

Question 55

A method that allows microsurgical operations on cells, such as nucleus transplantation, using specially designed instruments.

Answer 55

Cytomicrosurgery

Question 56

These methods are used to detect gene localization in chromosomes, determine nucleotide sequences, and detect specific nucleotides in the environment by using RNA probes that bind to complementary DNA or RNA sequences.

Answer 56

DNA hybridization methods

Question 57

A grid with points used to count structures in histological samples. For example, Avtandilov’s grid has 100 points, and if 10 points cover a cell, it means the cell takes up 10% of the preparation volume.

Answer 57

Morphometric grid

Question 58

These systems, which include a microscope, digital camera, computer, and display, automatically count histological structures by processing images from the microscope.

Answer 58

Automatic system of image analysis

Question 59

A method used to study the chemical composition of a cell by measuring the selective absorption of light by different chemical substances. The absorption intensity indicates the concentration of the substance.

Answer 59

Cytospectrophotometry

Question 60

which prevents post-mortem decomposition, preserves the tissue structure, and enhances staining.

Answer 60

Fixation

Question 61

What are the two main methods for preparing tissue for sectioning in histology?

Answer 61

(a) Embedding the tissue in a block of wax or plastic, or (b) Freezing the tissue to form a firm mass for cutting.

Question 62

What are the typical thicknesses for histological sections in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM)?

Answer 62

1-150 microns (µm) for LM, and 30-60 nanometers (nm) for EM.

Question 63

It involves placing the histological section on a glass slide or metal grid, followed by staining and covering with a glass coverslip using a mounting medium.

Answer 63

Mounting

Question 64

enhances visibility of cellular structures, often using metallic salts, making them easier to study under the microscope.

Answer 64

Staining

Question 65

such as photomicrography, digital recording, and sketches, provide accurate data, as human memory and vision may not be reliable for detailed analysis.

Answer 65

observation and recording

Question 66

ability of tissues to be stained by acidic stains, indicating that the stained structures have basic properties. Example: erythrocytes due to basic protein hemoglobin.

Answer 66

Oxyphilia

Question 67

Eosinophilia is a variant of oxyphylia where tissues stain with eosin. The cytoplasm of many cells is eosinophilic.

Answer 67

Eosinophilia

Question 68

is another term for oxyphylia, describing the ability to stain with acidic dyes.

Answer 68

Acidiphylia

Question 69

is the ability of tissues to be stained by basic stains, indicating acidic properties of the structures. Examples include RNA and DNA, which are acids and can bind basophilic stains.

Answer 69

Basophilia

Question 70

refers to the ability of structures to be stained by both acidic and basic stains. This is commonly seen in the granules of neutrophil leukocytes, also called neutrophilia.

Answer 70

Polychromatophilia

Question 71

is the ability of tissues to change the original color of the stain during staining, which is specific to complex carbohydrates.

Answer 71

Metachromosia