ANAT LEC FINALS: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
What structures are involved in the conductive system of the respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity, bronchi, trachea.
What type of epithelium lines the respiratory passage?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
What is the purpose of the nasal cavity’s turbinates?
To increase surface area for warming and humidifying air.
Which structures make up the four important cavities in the head?
Cranial cavity, oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavity.
What anatomical feature separates the nasal cavity into left and right compartments?
Nasal septum.
Which cartilage is represented by the ‘adam’s apple’ in the larynx?
Thyroid cartilage.
What is the structural significance of the larynx in the respiratory system?
It contains the vocal cords and prevents food from entering the trachea.
Which feature opens into the larynx and esophagus?
Laryngopharynx.
What are the three apertures of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
What does the term ‘windpipe’ refer to in the respiratory system?
The trachea.
What are the paired cartilages of the larynx?
Arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform.
What structures are termed the ‘pulmonary alveoli’?
Microscopic branches of bronchioles.
Which part of the respiratory system is termed the ‘voice box’?
The larynx.
What are the borders of the lung lobes in the right lung of a dog?
Apical, cardiac, intermediate, diaphragmatic.
What are the two borders of the lungs?
Dorsal and ventral borders.
What anatomical term describes the pointed portion of the lungs?
Apex.
What is the difference in lobes between the left and right lungs?
The left lung has cranial and caudal lobes; the right has apical, cardiac, intermediate, and diaphragmatic lobes.
What feature makes the ‘hilus’ significant in the lungs?
It is the indentation where structures such as vessels and bronchi enter.
What are the two main types of domestic animal lungs?
Type 1 (with secondary lobules), Type 2 (without secondary lobules).
What distinguishes a fetal lung from a normal lung?
A fetal lung is pale gray, smaller, sinks in water, and is firmer to touch.
What are the three lines of reflection in the pleura?
Vertebral, sternal, diaphragmatic.
Which mediastinal structures connect the heart with the body?
Aorta, vena cava, thoracic duct, esophagus, lymphatic nerves.
What structure is termed the ‘principal muscle of inspiration’?
The diaphragm.
What are the three openings in the diaphragm?
Aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, caval foramen.
What are the divisions of the mediastinum?
Cranial, middle, caudal.
What are the two layers of pleura lining the lungs?
Parietal pleura, visceral pleura.
What differentiates a serous lining in the thoracic cavity from one in the abdomen?
The thoracic lining is pleura; the abdominal lining is peritoneum.
What species have lungs with an intermediate lobe?
Ox and sheep.
In the pig, which lung lobe is distinctly marked?
The diaphragmatic lobe.
What is the comparative note on dog lungs?
The right lung is larger than the left.
Which structures pass through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?
Esophagus and vagus nerves.
What does the caval foramen in the diaphragm transmit?
The caudal vena cava.
What condition is caused by respiratory paralysis due to rabies infection?
Death of the individual.
What is the potential space in the middle of the thorax visible on radiographs?
The mediastinum.
What are the structures termed as ‘openings’ in the diaphragm?
Hiatuses (aortic, esophageal, caval).
What is the main vascular function of the thoracic duct?
It drains lymph into the venous system.
Which mediastinal structures house the thymus in young animals?
Cranial mediastinum.
What is the term for the diaphragm’s central tendinous structure?
Central tendon.
What are the rib attachments of the diaphragm?
Ribs 8 to 12 (costal part).
What marks the difference in pleura between animals with thoracic cavity abnormalities?
The parietal pleura reflects off the ribs onto the diaphragm.
Segments of respiratory system
Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchioles, Lungs
Systems/divisions of respiratory tract as to immune defenses
Conductive system, Transitional system, Gas-exchange system
Immune defense of conductive system
Mucociliary clearance mechanism
Immune defense of transitional system
Clara cells
Immune defense of gas-exchange system
Intravascular pulmonary macrophages
Trapping of particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages
Deposition
Removal of trapped particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages
Clearance
Difference between deposited and trapped particles in the upper and middle respiratory passages
Retention
Dorsal, lateral, and ventral boundaries of nasal cavity
Dorsally: nasal bone, Laterally: premaxilla and maxilla, Ventrally: palatine bone
Rostral and caudal boundaries of nasal cavity
Rostrally: anterior nares/nostril, Caudally: posterior nares or choanae
Apertures of pharynx
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
Meatuses/air spaces in the nasal cavity
Superior nasal meatus, Middle nasal meatus, Inferior nasal meatus, Common nasal meatus
Separates the nasal cavity into left and right
Nasal septum
Common passageway for digestive and respiratory tracts
Pharynx
Voicebox
Larynx
Slit-like opening at the proximal aspect of larynx bounded on either side by vocal cords
Rima glottides
Aspiration pneumonia
Accidental entry of food and water down to the respiratory passages
Windpipe
Trachea
Concentric layers of trachea
Fascia propria, Cartilaginous ring, Fibro-elastic layer, Muscular layer, Mucus membrane layer
Cartilage type in tracheal rings
Hyaline cartilage
Point of tracheal bifurcation
Carina
Branches of bronchi
Primary bronchi, Secondary bronchi, Tertiary bronchi
Biochemical principle; movement of molecules from area of greater to lesser concentration; describes exchange of gasses in alveoli
Diffusion
Voice production; principal function of larynx
Phonation
Sense of smell; principal function of chemoreceptive cells of nasal epithelium
Sense of smell; principal function of chemoreceptive cells of nasal epithelium
Chemoreceptive cells of nasal epithelium send signals to the brain by way of?
Olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I)
Pointed and wide portion of the lungs
Apex and Base
Borders of lungs
Dorsal, Ventral
Extra lobe of the right lung
Accessory lobe
Lobes of the right lung
Tracheal lobe, Middle lobe, Accessory lobe, Caudal lobe
Lobes of left lung
Cranial lobe, Caudal lobe
Surfaces of the lung
Costal, Mediastinal, Interlobar, Diaphragmatic
Broad, unpaired muscle forming a partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities
Diaphragm
Parts of the diaphragm
Costal part, Sternal part, Lumbar part
Hiatuses of the diaphragm
Hiatus aorticus, Hiatus esophageal, Caval foramen hiatus
Structure passing through hiatus vena cava
Caudal vena cava
Structures passing through hiatus aorticus
Aorta, Vena azygos, Cisterna chyli
Structures passing through hiatus esophagi
Esophagus, Esophageal branch of gastric artery, Vagus nerve
Regions/segments of mediastinum
Precardial, Cardial, Postcardial
Serous lining of thorax (and abdomen)
Pleura
Organ which regulates air volume in respiration
Larynx
Organ which prevents aspiration of foreign bodies
Larynx
Paired laryngeal cartilages
Arytenoid, Corniculates, Cuneiform
Unpaired laryngeal cartilages
Cricoid, Thyroid, Epiglottic Cartilage (Epiglottis)
Entrance of pharyngeal aperture, bounded by epiglottis, arytenoids, and ary-epiglottic folds
Aditus of larynx
Laryngeal muscle which tenses the vocal cords
Crico-thyroid
Structures entering or leaving the lungs at hilus
Bronchus, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary veins, Bronchial artery, Pulmonary nerves, Pulmonary lymph vessels
Structures that pass through the precardial mediastinum
-Trachea
-Esophagus
-Blood vessels coonnecting heart with head neck, thoracic limbs
-Termination of thracic duct
-Cardiac and phrenic nerves
- vagus and sympathetic nerves
-Recurrent nerves
-Thymus
-Lymph glands
Structures that pass through the cardial mediastinum
-Heart and pericardium
-start of arterial system and end of venous system
-esophagus
-termination of trachea
-thoracic duct
prenic, cardiac and pulmonary nerves
-vagus and sympathetic nerves
-left recurrent nerve
Structures that pass through the postcardial mediastinum
-Aorta
-vena azygous
-thoracic duct
-esophagus
-vagus and sympathetic nerves
-left phrenic nerve
it is divided into lobes by deep interlobar fissures
Ox/Sheep
Lobes of Ox/sheep left lung
apical
cardiac
diaphragmatic
obes of Ox/sheep right lung
apical
cardiac
intermediate/accessory
diaphragmatic
apical lobe of right lung receives 3rd bronchus from trachea
opposite 3rd rib
Ox/sheep
the lobation is very distinctly marked
ox/sheep
same as ox and sheep but left lung can be regarded as
having only 2 lobes
pig
diaphragmatic lobe is marked off by a distinct fissure
pig
anterior to this, the apical and cardiac lobes are separated
only by a cardiac notch
pig
the right lung is larger than the left
dog
it is divided into 4 lobes by very deep fissures which extend
to the root
dog
Lines of reflections of parietal pleura
vertebral
sternal
diaphragmatic
where costal parietal pleura turns to mediastinal
pleura; facing the thoracic vertebra dorsally
vertebral
where costal parietal pleura turns to mediastinal
pleura; faces the sternum ventrally
sternal
where the parietal pleura is reflected to
diaphragm; faces the diaphragm caudally
diaphragmatic
near the rib; at cartilages of ribs
8th, 9th, and 10th; thereafter the following ribs at an
increasing from their sternal ends
pars costalis/costal part
nearest to the sternum
ventrally; at the upper part of the xiphoid
pars sternalis/sternal part
dorsally it is nearest to the
lumbar vertebra
pars lumbalis/lumbar part
1st to the 5th lumbar vertebrae
by means of the vertebral longitudinal
ligament
right crus
similarly to the 1st and 2nd
lumbar vertebrae
left crus
Structures which enter/ leave the lungs at hilus
bronchus
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
bronchial artery
pulmonary nerves
pulmonary lymph vessels
it has well-developed secondary lobules
○ present in cattle, sheep, goat, and pig
type I lungs
it has no secondary lobules
○ present in monkey, dog, and cat
type II lungs
it has incompletely developed secondary lobules
○ only present in horses
type III lungs
