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Gutierrez- 1st Sem 3rd Year > PHYSIO LAB: MODULE 3 > Flashcards

PHYSIO LAB: MODULE 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the diagnostic test where a thin layer of blood is spread across a glass slide and stained for microscopic examination.

A

Blood Smear

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2
Q

Recognize the diagnostic tool essential in veterinary medicine for identifying hematological diseases like anemia, infections, and blood parasites.

A

Blood Smear

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3
Q

Which diagnostic test offers a microscopic view of blood cells, helping detect abnormalities in morphology, distribution, and cell counts to assist in diagnosis and treatment decisions?

A

Blood Smear

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4
Q

What diagnostic tool, according to Cowell & Tyler (2002), allows the detection of blood parasites, reticulocytes, leukocytosis, and anemia?

A

Blood Smear

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5
Q

List the characteristics of a high-quality blood smear used for microscopic examination.

A

Smooth and even distribution, monolayer of cells, no distortion of cells, feathered edge, proper staining

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6
Q

What term is used to describe unwanted distortions or irregularities in a blood smear caused by improper preparation or handling, which can mimic pathological findings?

A

Artifacts

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7
Q

Which artifact occurs due to slow or traumatic venipuncture, leading to platelet clumping and the formation of small microclots, potentially causing the sample to clot and invalidate blood counts?

A

Difficult Venipuncture (Collection Artifact)

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8
Q

What problem arises when a small blood volume (e.g., 0.5-1 mL) is collected and placed in a 5 mL EDTA tube, causing shrinkage of RBCs and false changes in MCV and MCHC values?

A

Low Sample Volume (Collection Artifact)

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9
Q

What is the effect of inadequate mixing of blood with anticoagulant after collection, potentially leading to clotting and microclots that are not visible to the naked eye?

A

Inappropriate Mixing with Anticoagulant (Collection Artifact)

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10
Q

Identify the artifact caused by rough handling of blood samples, such as shaking blood tubes or forcing blood through needles, which can result in hemolysis and platelet clumping.

A

Rough Handling (Collection Artifact)

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11
Q

Recognize the type of artifacts associated with improper or prolonged storage of blood, which can cause changes like crenation, RBC lysis, hemoglobin crystallization, and swelling of RBCs due to water uptake.

A

Storage Artifacts

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12
Q

What specific changes in RBCs can occur during storage, leading to potential misinterpretations during microscopic examination?

A

Crenation (echinocyte formation), lysis, hemoglobin crystallization, and RBC swelling

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13
Q

Which white blood cell artifact involves swelling and smoothing of the nuclear chromatin, mimicking band neutrophil formation?

A

Swelling and smoothing of nuclear chromatin

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14
Q

Which white blood cell artifact involves swelling and smoothing of the nuclear chromatin, mimicking band neutrophil formation?

A

Swelling and smoothing of nuclear chromatin

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15
Q

What term describes the process where the nucleus condenses, shrinks, and darkens, indicating irreversible cell death?

A

Pyknosis (Pyknotic nucleus)

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16
Q

What nuclear change involves fragmentation of the nucleus into smaller pieces, usually occurring after pyknosis?

A

Karyorrhexis (Karyorrhectic nucleus)

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17
Q

What process leads to the fading or dissolution of the nucleus due to DNA breakdown, often associated with necrosis?

A

Karyolysis (Karyolytic nucleus)

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18
Q

What artifact refers to cells with disrupted or smeared nuclei on a blood smear, often due to fragility during smear preparation?

A

Smudged cells (Basket cells)

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19
Q

Identify the pale blue-gray inclusions found in neutrophils, which are remnants of rough endoplasmic reticulum and indicate increased neutrophil production or immune stress.

A

Döhle bodies

20
Q

What platelet artifact involves the clumping of platelets, making it difficult to accurately assess their number in a blood smear?

A

Platelet clumping

21
Q

Which platelet issue occurs when they lose their granules, making them harder to see and enumerate on a blood smear?

A

Platelet degranulation

22
Q

Which white blood cell change involves the nucleus undergoing pyknosis, followed by fragmentation (karyorrhexis), and finally dissolution (karyolysis) during cell death?

A

The sequence of cell death in WBCs: Pyknosis → Karyorrhexis → Karyolysis

23
Q

Identify the process by which platelets release granule contents to promote blood clot formation and wound healing.

A

Platelet degranulation.

24
Q

What term describes the distortion that gives a moth-eaten appearance to cells in a blood smear due to water contamination in the fixative?

A

Water artifact.

25
Q

Identify the issue that results from using aged staining solutions or inadequate rinsing of slides, leading to visible granules on the smear.

A

Stain precipitate.

26
Q

What condition is characterized by a decrease in red blood cell count, leading to reduced oxygen transport in the blood?

A

Anemia

27
Q

Identify the type of red blood cells that are smaller than normal and may indicate iron deficiency.

A

Microcytic RBCs.

28
Q

What protozoan invades red blood cells and is often seen as round or pear-shaped inclusions in blood films?

A

Babesia spp.

29
Q

Identify the small bacteria that attach to the surface of red blood cells and appear as tiny dots on their membranes.

A

Mycoplasma spp.

30
Q

What are the immature red blood cells present during regenerative anemia, indicating an attempt to increase red blood cell production?

A

Reticulocytes

31
Q

Identify the condition characterized by an increase in white blood cells, which can indicate infection, inflammation, or neoplasia.

A

Leukocytosis

32
Q

What term describes organisms that invade red blood cells or circulate freely in the blood, potentially causing hemolytic anemia?

A

Blood parasites.

33
Q

What term describes abnormally shaped red blood cells that can indicate conditions like liver disease, anemia, or toxin exposure?
Answer:

A

Poikilocytes

34
Q

Identify the type of red blood cells characterized by irregular, spiny projections, commonly associated with liver disease.

A

Acanthocytes

35
Q

Identify the condition characterized by variation in red blood cell size, indicating the presence of both larger-than-normal and smaller-than-normal cells.

A

Anisocytosis

36
Q

What term describes the presence of red blood cells with varying colors, suggesting the presence of immature red blood cells rich in RNA?

A

Polychromasia

37
Q

What is the initial step in preparing a blood smear?

A

Collect a fresh blood sample and place a small drop on one end of a slide

38
Q

At what angle should the second slide be held to spread the blood drop evenly during blood smear preparation?

A

30-45° angle.

39
Q

What is the purpose of pushing the spreader slide during blood smear preparation?

A

To create a thin smear with a feathered edge.

40
Q

What should be done to the blood smear before applying any stains?

A

Air dry the smear completely.

41
Q

Identify the two common stains used for staining blood smears.

A

Wright-Giemsa and Diff-Quik.

42
Q

How is the Diff-Quik staining method performed?

A

Dip the slide in fixative and stain solutions (5-10 dips each), then rinse and dry

43
Q

What is the first step in the microscopic examination of a stained blood smear?

A

Start with low magnification to scan the slide.

44
Q

At what magnification should individual cells be observed during microscopic examination?

A

High magnification (100x oil immersion).

45
Q

During microscopic examination, what three types of blood cells should be identified?

A

Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs), and Platelets.

46
Q

What is the final step in the process of microscopic examination of blood smears?

A

Analyze for abnormalities.

Gutierrez- 1st Sem 3rd Year (13 decks)

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