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Gutierrez- 1st Sem 3rd Year > ANAT LEC: Digestive System > Flashcards

ANAT LEC: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients in a from of waste products (stool/ feces/ manure)

A

Digestive System

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2
Q

What are the three components of Digestive System

A
  1. Digestive Tract
  2. Digestive Glands
  3. Accessory Digestive Structures
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3
Q

What are the components of the digestive tract or alimentary canal?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Glandular stomach
  5. Small intestine
  6. Large intestine
  7. Anus
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4
Q

What are the components of Digestive Glands?

A
  1. Salivary Glands
  2. Liver and gall bladder
  3. Pancreas
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5
Q

What are the components of Accessory Digestive System?

A
  1. Teeth
  2. Tongue
  3. Cheeks
  4. Lips
  5. Soft palate
  6. Hard palate
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6
Q

It has structures for mechanical digestion of foods.

A

Mouth/ oral cavity/ buccal cavity

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7
Q

Boundaries of mouth: Dorsal

A
  • hard and soft palate
    -upper set of teeth
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8
Q

Boundaries of mouth: Ventral

A
  • lower set of teeth
  • tongue
  • floor of mouth
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9
Q

Boundaries of mouth: lateral

A

-left and right cheeks

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10
Q

What is the tissue lining of the cheeks made of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

Boundaries of mouth: Rostral

A
  • upper and lower set of lips
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12
Q

Boundaries of mouth: caudal

A

Oropharynx

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13
Q

It connects the mouth to the esophagus and serves as a common passage way of food, water, and air.

A

Pharynx

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14
Q

What are the three apertures of pharynx?

A
  • Oropharynx
    -Nasopharynx
    -Larygopharynx
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15
Q

Aperture of pharynx that opens to the mouth.

A

Oropharynx

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16
Q

Aperture of pharynx that opens to the nasal cavity.

A

Nasopharynx

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17
Q

Aperture of pharynx that opens up to the larynx and esophagus.

A

Laringopharynx

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18
Q

Musculo- membranous tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach.

A

Esophagus

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19
Q

Passage way of bolus
Follow up: what is the pH of bolus

A

-esophagus
F: slightly alkaline

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20
Q

What is the bolus that passes through the esophagus called?

A

Ingesta

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21
Q

What are the three segments of esophagus?

A

-cervical
Thoracic
Abdominal

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22
Q

Segment of esophagus along the cervical vertebra.

A

Cervical

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23
Q

Segment of esophagus near the thoracic vertebra.

A

Thoracic

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24
Q

Segment of esophagus near the lumbar vertebra
FQ: this segment is only called _______ when it passes through _________ of the diaphragm

A

Abdominal
- Hiatus Esophagy

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25
Q

Separates from the thoracic from abdominal. It is the main inspiratory muscle.

A

Diaphrahm
IT IS A MUSCLE!

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26
Q

What are the layers of the esophagus?

A
  • tunica mucosa
  • tunica submucose
  • tunica muscularis
  • tunica adventitia
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27
Q

Inner layer of the esophagus
Outer layer of the esophagus

A

Tunica mucosa (inner layer)
Tunica adventitia (outer layer)

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28
Q

A layer of esophagus made of thick connective tissue.
FQ: layer of stomach made of thin CT

A

Tunica adventita
Tunica serosa

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29
Q

The outer layer of the stomach.

A

Tunica serosa

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30
Q

A muscular bag which temporary stores chyme. Pear- shaped.

A

Stomach

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31
Q

Ingesta upon mixing of bolus with gastric juice.
Fq: What is the ph of the answer and why?

A

Chyme
Strongly acidic (hydrochloric acid)

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32
Q

What are the 4 parts of the stomach?

A

-cardia
-fundus
-body
-pylorus

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33
Q

What are the 2 sphincter of the stomach and where can you find them?
Fq: what is their fnx?

A
  • cardiac sphincter ( between esophagus and stomach)
    -pyloric sphincter ( between stomach and duodenum)
    Fq: prevent the backflow of ingesta
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34
Q

What are the 4 layers of the stomach?

A
  • tunica mucosa
  • t. Submucosa
    -t. Muscularis
    -t. Serosa
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35
Q

These are microscopic structures present in the body and fundus

A

Gastric gland

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36
Q

The gastric glands are composed of 2 cells. What are they?
Give their secretions.

A

-chief cells- secretes pepsinogen ( inactive form of pepsin)
- parietal cells- secretes HCl

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37
Q

What are the surfaces of the stomach and where do they face?

A

-parietal surface ( faces outside)
- visceral surface (faces inside)

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38
Q

What are the two curvatures of the stomach and where do they face?

A
  • greater curvature (slpeen)
  • lesser curvature ( liver)
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39
Q

Enumerate the 2 extremities of the stomach and where is it located?

A
  • right extremity (near pylorus)
  • left extremities ( near cardia)
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40
Q

What is the entrance of the stomach and where is it directed?

A
  • Cardiac entrance (directed to left from esophagus)
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41
Q

What is the exit of stomach and where is it directed?
Fq: what guards it?

A
  • pyloric exit (directed to right)
    Fq: pyloric sphincter
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42
Q

It is a disease that affects large and deep chested dogs.

A

GDV (Gastric Dilation- Vuluulus) causes the stomach to twist

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43
Q

What holds the stomach in place?

A
  • by pressure of surrounding organs
  • by the esophagus
  • by five peritoneal folds
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44
Q

What are the 5 peritoneal folds that holds the stomach in place?
Fq: It supports the Large and Small intestine

A
  • Gastro- Phrenic (diaphragm)
  • Gastro- Splenic (spleen)
  • Gastro- pancreatic (pancreas)
  • Greater- Omentum (attached to greater curvature)
    -Lesser Omentum (attached to lesser curvature)
    Fq: Mesentery
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45
Q

T/F
The small intestine is named base on its diameter.
The diameter of small intestine is larger than L intestine.
The length of the small intestine is shorter than L intestine.

A

True
False (it is smaller)
False (it is longer)

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46
Q

What are the segments of the small intestine?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
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47
Q

It is the first segment of the small intestine. Describe it.

A

Duodenum
- where bile and pancreatic duct empties their content
- thickest segment

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48
Q

It is the longest segment, most movable, and most absorptive segment of small intestine.

A

Jejunum

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49
Q

It is the terminal segment of the small intestine and has immunologic function.
Fq: it has no intestinal infection due to?

A

-ileum
- Lymphoid aggregates (Peyer’s Patches)

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50
Q

What are the fixed and mesenteric part of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum (fixed)
Jejunum and ileum (mesenteric)

51
Q

The jejunum and ileum is connected with the ___________ abdominal wall by a double layer of ___________ (common mesentery)
Fq: the root of common mesentery is attached to a point close to the origin of cranial mesentery of what vertebra?

A

Dorsal
Peritoneum
Fq: 1st and 2nd lumbar vert.

52
Q

What is the features of the interior small intestine?
Fq: these are microscopic features; brush border; more applicable to convoluted tube of kidney

A
  • vili (visible to the eyes)
  • peyer’s patches
    Fq: microvili
53
Q

What are the ducts of small intestine?

A
  • cystic duct
  • hepatic duct
  • bile duct
  • dorsal/ accessory and ventral pancreatic duct
54
Q

A small intestine duct found upon the gallbladder.

A

Cystic duct

55
Q

A small intestine duct found upon the lobar duct (lobe of liver)

A

Hepatic duct

56
Q

A small intestine duct found upon the union of hepatic and cystic duct.

A

Bile duct

57
Q

A small intestine duct found upon the pancreas.
Fq: T/F they are cannot unite.

A

Dorsal/ accessory pancreatic duct (smaller)
Ventral pancreatic duct (bigger)
Fq: false (they may unit or can also be singular)

58
Q

Has larger diameter than small intestine.

A

Large intestine

59
Q

What are the three segments of large intestine?

A

Caecum, Colon, Rectum

60
Q

Rudimentary for mono gastric animals and site of microbial fermentation in post- gastric fermenter.
Fq: what is the counter of it in humans?

A

Caecum
Fq: appendix

61
Q

Microbial fermentation in colon results to?
Fq: give 3 examples of it

A

VFA / Volatile Fatty Acids
Fq: Ascetic, Butyric, and Propionic acid

62
Q

Where do post- gastric fermenters get their energy from?
Fq: How about Mono gastric animals?

A
  • VFA (also uses glucose)
  • Glucose
63
Q

Main site for water and electrolyte reabsorption.
Fq: What are the parts of it?

A
  • Colon
  • Ascending, Transverse, Descending colon
64
Q

Terminal segment of Large Intestine?

A

Rectum

65
Q

Terminal segment of digestive system?
Fq: what is the counter of it in chickens?

A

Anus
Fq: Vent

66
Q

Longitudinal bands that runs along the outside of the Large Intestine.

A

Taenia

67
Q

These are at the periphery of large intestine and has sacculations caused by constriction of taenia.

A

Haustra

68
Q

The impaction of this gland causes the dog to scoot/ scooting.
Fq: what glands are present on both sides of it?
Fq: What surgical procedure can be done to remove this gland?

A

-Anal glands
Fq:
- Parasinus gland (sides)
- circum- anal glands (further back of skin)
- Anal sac ablation

69
Q

What sphincter is present in anus?

A

Sphincter ani externi et interni

70
Q

3 pairs of large glands located at the sides of the face and adjacent part of the neck.
Fq: enumerate the glands

A

Salivary glands
Fq:
Parotid
Mandibular/ submandibular
Sublingual
Zygomatic (in dogs)
Molar (in cats)

71
Q

The largest salivary gland
Fq: what is the type of its secretion?

A

Parotid gland
Fq: Serous (in most animals)
Mixed in dogs

72
Q

It is a gland located at the caudal of mandible. What is the type of its secretion?

A

Mandibular/ submandibular (mixed)

73
Q

It is an orbital gland located adjacent to zygomatic bone (present only in dogs)

A

Zygomatic gland (mixed)

74
Q

What are the types of secretion in glands?

A

Serous (watery)
Mucoid (thick)
Mixed (serous + mucoid)

75
Q

Enumerate the ducts of salivary glands.

A
  • parotid duct
  • submandibular duct
  • sublingual ducts
  • zygomatic ducts
76
Q

A duct of salivary gland that opens opposite 3rd upper cheek tooth at salivary papillae.

A

Parotid duct

77
Q

A duct of salivary gland that opens to the lower canine teeth at sublingual caruncle.

A

Submandibular duct

78
Q

A duct of salivary gland that has 30 short openings through small papillae on sublingual fold.

A

Sublingual duct

79
Q

A duct of salivary gland that has 1 major and 3-4 minor opening near the last upper cheek tooth

A
80
Q

The nutritional guardian of the body; largest gland

A

Liver

81
Q

Site for drug bio transformation and secretes bile
Fq: give 2 examples
Where is the bile temporarily stored?

A

Liver
Fq: aspirin (cats) theobromine
Gallbladder

82
Q

Where is the gallbladder embedded in the liver?
Fq: What animal does not have a gallbladder?

A

Fossa vesicae felae
Fq: horse

83
Q

After a fatty meal, what influences the bile excretion in the duodenum?

A

Cck/ cholecytokinin

84
Q

It is involved in the emulsification of fats.

A

Bile

85
Q

The functional unit of the liver.

A

Hepatic lobule

86
Q

What are the 3-4 lobes of liver? Define them.

A

Medial/ quadrate lobe- square shaped
Right lobe- associated with caudate lobe
Left lobe- left of medial lobe
Caudate lobe- has papillary process

87
Q

Situated obliquely against the visceral surface of diaphragm.

A

Liver

88
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of liver?

A

Parietal surface (convex)
Visceral surface (flat)

89
Q

What are the 2 deep fissure that divides the liver into 3 lobes?

A

Central (same with medial)
Left lateral
Right lateral

90
Q

Depression in the middle of visceral surface.

A

Porta

91
Q

Structures that enter the porta.

A

Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Hepatic plexus of nerve

92
Q

Structures that exit/leaves the porta.

A

Ducts
Lymphatics

93
Q

What are the 6 ligaments that supports the liver?

A

Coronary
Falciform
Round
Right triangular
Left triangular
Caudate

94
Q

What are the 2 portions of the pancreas? What represents them?

A

Exocrine (pancreatic acinar cells) and endocrine (islet of langerhans)

95
Q

What enzymes of pancreatic juice are present in the pancreas?

A

Amylase- carbs (mouth: salivary amylase/ ptyaline)
Lipase- fats
Trysinogen (trypsinogen)
Chymotrypsinogen (chymotrypsin)

96
Q

What hormones are secreted by islet of langerhans in the endocrine portion of the pancreas?
Fq: what cells are they under?

A

Insulin (alpha cells)
Glucagon (beta cells)
Pancreatic polypeptides (f cells)

97
Q

What are the macroscopic description of the pancreas?

A

2 surfaces: dorsal and ventral
3 borders: right, left, and posterioir
3 angles: duodenal, splenic, and right

98
Q

A reticulo- endothelial system of the abdominal structure. Graveyard of the body which filters RBC and recycles it in the bone marrow.
Fq: how many days does it take for an RBC to renew?

A
  • spleen
    Fq: 120 days
99
Q

Where is the spleen situated in rumens and other animals?

A
  • left of median plane
    Rumens: left part of greater curvature of stomach
100
Q

Describe the surfaces and borders of a spleen.

A

2 surfaces: parietal (umbok) and visceral (for attachements)
2 borders: anterior and posterior
2 extremities: dorsal (base) and ventral (apex)

101
Q

The spleen is attached by?

A

-hilus
-gastro- splenic omentum

102
Q

It is used for chopping, grinding, and chewing food.

A

Teeth

103
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth?

A
  • incisor
  • canine
  • premaxilla
  • maxilla
104
Q

A.k.a “nipper” and where is it implanted?
Fq: instead of nipper, what does ox and sheep have?
Where is it implanted?

A

Incisor
Fq: dental pad
Incisive bone and body of mandible

105
Q

A.k.a “holding teeth”
Where is it implanted?

A

Canine
Behind incisor in interveolar space

106
Q

These are A.k.a “grinding teeth” . Where are they located and which is more posterior?
Fq: which is permanent?

A

Premolar (anterior) and molar (posterior)
Molar

107
Q

What composes the cheek teeth?
What part of the horses’ teeth is considered the wolf tooth?
This is a.k.a as shearing/ cutting teeth and it has 3 roots (in dogs)?
What composes the shearing teeth?

A

Premolar and molar
1st premolar
Carnassial teeth
-last upper premolar
-first lower molar

108
Q

This region of the teeth is covered with enamel and projects above the level of the gum.

A

Crown

109
Q

This region of the teeth is covered with cementum and is embedded in the gum.

A

Root

110
Q

The line of junction of crown and root.

A

Neck

111
Q

Center of the tooth and is made up of gelatinous mass of connective tissue called _________.
Fq: what is the blood supply of the answer in the blank?
What nerve innervates it?
Do fowls eat by using a teeth?

A

Pulp cavity
Pulp
Fq: infraorbital and mandibular alveolar branches of internal maxillary
Trigeminal nerve (5)
NO! they have beaks!

112
Q

Supported in a muscular sling fromed by mylohyoid muscle.

A

Tongue

113
Q

What are the parts of the tongue?
Fq: is the dorsum of the tongue papillated?

A

Root
Body
Apex
Fq: yes it is, by the lingual papillae

114
Q

What are the types of papillae and describe them.
Fq: where can you find the tastebuds or gustatory cells?

A

Filiform- bristle like
Fungiform- mushroom shaped
Foliate- leaf shaped
Vollate- V shaped
Fq: Fungiform, foliate, vollate

115
Q

What is the blood supply of the tongue?
What is the motor nerve supply?
What is the sensory nerve supply?

A

Bs: paired lingual and sublingual artery
Mn: hypoglossal nerve (12)
Sn: lingual nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve (9)

116
Q

The hypoglossal nerve in the tongue innervates the?

A
  • glioglosus
  • hyoglosus
  • styloglosus
117
Q

Musculo- membranous structure which separates the mouth and pharynx.
Describe its parts and surfaces.

A

Soft palate
Has a base and free border.
Surfaces: oral and aboral

118
Q

Part of the soft palate surface which has 2 short thick folds that runs through the free border to oral .

A

Anterior pillar

119
Q

Partvof the soft palate surface that runs through free border of aboral to meet at the commencement of esophagus.

A

Posterioir pillar

120
Q

Part of the soft palate surface which runs between the diverging anterior and posterior pillar. It houses _______ which is an immune defense of the oral cavity.

A

Tonsillar sinus
Tonsil

121
Q

What are the 3 Intrinsic and 1 Extrinsic muscle that is present in the soft palate?

A

3 intrinsic
-levator veli palatini
- tensor veli palatini
- palatinus

1 Extrinsic
- Palato- pharyngeus

122
Q

Bounded in front and on either sides by the alveolar arches which continues to soft palate. It has ridges called __________.

A

Hard palate
Rugae

123
Q

What ids the bony basis of the hard palate and what do you call them overall?

A

-premaxilla/ incisive
- maxilla
-horizontal part if the palatine bone

All together: palatine process

Gutierrez- 1st Sem 3rd Year (16 decks)

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