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Gutierrez- 1st Sem 3rd Year > MICRO LEC: INTRO TO MYCOLOGY PT1 > Flashcards

MICRO LEC: INTRO TO MYCOLOGY PT1 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of fungi
Also important in food chain because they can decompose ded plant matter
FQ: OUT OF 100,000 species of fungi how many are pathogenic to humans and animals?

A

Mycology
fq: 200

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2
Q

They are Chemoheterotrophs; They are multicellular except ________?
fq: What are chemoheterotrophs?
How do they reproduce?

A

Fungi
yeast
FQ: requiring organic compounds for energy and carbon
They reproduce through sexual and asexual spores

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3
Q

non-photosynthetic heterotrophs which produce exoenzymes and obtain nutrients by absorption

A

Eukaryotic

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4
Q

(e.g. dermatophytes causing ringworms)

A

Parasitic

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5
Q

(decomposition of organic matter, causes sporadic opportunistic infections in animals)

A

Saprophytic

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6
Q

(obligatory association with other microorganisms; non-pathogenic)

A

Mutualistic

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7
Q

cause localized lesions

A

Overgrowth of yeasts (often commensals)

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8
Q

Can tolerate high osmotic pressures and acidic environments as low as pH 5.0 (optimum pH is about 6)

A

Fungi

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9
Q

Optimum temp. for growth of 20-30C; pathogenic ___ causing systemic mycoses can tolerate 37C

A

Fungi

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10
Q

cell type of fungi

A

Eukaryotic

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11
Q

cell type of bacteria

A

Prokaryotic

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12
Q

cell membrane of fungi

A

Sterols present

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13
Q

cell membrane: bacteria

A

Sterols absent; except in mycoplasma

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14
Q

cell wall: fungi

A

glucans; mannans; chitin (no peptidoglycan)

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15
Q

cell wall: bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

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16
Q

Spores: fungi

A

sexual and asexual reproductive spores

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17
Q

spores: bacteria

A

endospores (not for resproduction); some asexul resproductive spores

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18
Q

metabolism: fungi

A

limited to heterotrophic; aerobic, facultative anaerobic

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19
Q

metabolism: bacteria

A

heterotrophic; autotrophic; aerobic; facultatively anaerobic; anaerobic

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20
Q

Two main morphological fungal forms

A

Yeast vs. Molds

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21
Q

multicellular; vegetative and reproductive phases are two distinct phases; can grow as branching filaments called hyphae

A

Molds

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22
Q

Unicellular; the same cell function in vegetative growth (asexual) as well as in sexual reproduction; oval or spherical appearance

A

Yeast

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23
Q

a mass of threadlike filaments which combine to make up the fungal mycelium

A

Hyphae (singular: hypha)

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24
Q

In most molds, the hyphae contain cross-walls called _______ (singular: septum), which divide them into uninucleate cell-like units - _________

A

septa (singular: septum)
septate hyphae

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25
Q

in few class of fungi, the hyphae contain no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with many nuclei

A

Coenocytic hyphae

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26
Q

Impart rigidity and osmotic stability
FQ: Mainly composed of ?

A

Hyphal cell wall
fq:carbohydrate components including chitin micromolecules with cellulose cross- linkages

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27
Q

In yeasts, Hyphal cell wall contain

A

protein complexed with polysaccharides

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28
Q

Hyphal cell wall has Bilayer cell membrane, the predominant sterol is ________ in contrast to cholesterol

A

ergosterol

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29
Q

portion of hypha that obtains nutrients

A

Vegetative hypha

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30
Q

portion concerned with reproduction; projects above the surface of the medium on which the fungus is growing; often bear reproductive spores

A

Reproductive/aerial hypha

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31
Q

Nonfilamentous, unicellular fungi
Spherical or oval
Frequently found as a white powdery
coating on fruits and leaves

A

Yeasts

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32
Q

Explain budding

A

Parent cells forms a protuberance (bud) on its outer surface
Bud elongates and parent cell’s nucleus divides
One nucleus migrates into the bud
Cell wall material laid down between the bud and parent cell
But eventually breaks away

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33
Q

Some yeasts produce buds that fail to detach themselves. These buds form a short chain of cells called ?

A

pseudohypha

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34
Q

-If oxygen is present, yeasts perform aerobic respiration to metabolize carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and water
-If oxygen is absent, they ferment carbohydrates and produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
-This fermentation is used in the brewing, wine-making and baking

A

facultative anaerobic growth in yeast

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35
Q

-Some pathogenic species of fungi can exhibit dimorphism (two forms)

-Moldlike form- produce vegetative and aerial hyphae

-Yeastlike form- reproduce by budding

A

Dimorphic Fungi

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36
Q

Dimorphism is temperature dependent; give the temperature, yeast and mold grow.

A

At 37C, the fungus is yeastlike
At 25C, it is moldlike

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37
Q

-Elongation at tips
-When a fragment breaks off, it can elongate to form a new hypha

A

Growth of a Hypha

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38
Q

-Large colonies with growth and extension of hyphae at their peripheries
-In some species, mature elements at the center of colonies produce aerial hyphae that facilitates dispersal of mature spores (e.g. conidia and sporangiospores)

A

Colony formation of Molds

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39
Q

are formed only by fungi in the phylum Zygomycota

A

Sporangiospores

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40
Q

multicellular structures
called microconidia are produced

A

dermatophytes

41
Q

are formed from the disintegration of hyphae within keratinized structures

A

Arthroconidia

42
Q

-Asexual division is by budding
-Daughter cells separate from parent cells after the formation of a cross-wall at the point of budding
-Colonies are soft, smooth and round

A

Colony formation of yeasts

43
Q

Different Classifications of Fungi

A

Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Zygomycota
Fungi imperfecti (Deuteromycetes)

44
Q

These are all teleomorphs, which produce both sexual and asexual forms

A

Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, zygomycota

45
Q

T/F Although most of vetrinary importance are deuteromycetes, some fungi in each of the theree phyla can also producw disease in animals

46
Q

include the familiar bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer, which rapidly propagates on the surfaces of breads, fruits, and vegetables

A

Zygomycetes

47
Q

“conjugation fungi”

A

Zygomycota

48
Q

Asexual and sexual spores of zygomycota?

A

Asexual spores: sporangiospores
Sexual spores: zygospor

49
Q

-Also called sac fungi
-Septate hyphae mostly but unicellular yeast may form pseudomycelium

A

Ascomycetes

50
Q

Ascomycetes Spore are produced in

51
Q

Ascomycetes septa possess central pores called

A

septal pores

52
Q

Ascomycetes Fertilization occurs in two steps

A

plasmogamy and karyogamy

53
Q

Also called club fungi
Most advanced and most commonly seen

A

Basidiomycetes

54
Q

Basidiomycetes Reproduce _______ by ____________ most common decomposers of wood

A

asexually
basidium

55
Q

-Also known as fungi imperfecti
-Artificial class of fungi
-Some members belong to both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes
Reproduce only by asexual spores (e.g. conidia formation)

A

Deuteromycetes

56
Q

include common bread mold (Rhizopus) and other food spoilage

A

Zygomycetes

57
Q

sac fungi; include fungi that cause Dutch elm disease and rye smut (ergot)

A

Ascomycetes

58
Q

club fungi; include common mushroom

A

Basidiomycetes

59
Q

also known as Fungi Imperfecti, include most of the disease-causing fungi such as those causing ring worms (dermatophytes).

A

Deuteromycetes

60
Q

sexual Fungal Reproduction

A

Meiospores

61
Q

asexual fungal reproduction

A

Mitospores

62
Q

can reproduce asexually by fragmentation of their hyphae

A

Filamentous fungi

63
Q

Different Types of Asexual Spores:

A

Zoospores
Sporangiospores
Chlamydospores
Blastoconidia
Oidia
Conidia
Arthroconidia
Macroconidia and microconidia

64
Q

motile spores; presence of flagella which help in swimming

65
Q

singles cell spores formed within sacs (known as sporangium) formed at the end of a special hypha (known as sporangiophore); non-motile; dispersed by air.

A

Sporangiospores

66
Q

thick-walled which contain storage products, single cell spores formed from cells of the vegetative hyphae by accumulation of protoplast and secretion of thick wall

A

Chlamydospores

67
Q

conidia which are produced by budding as in Candida albicans

A

Blastoconidia

68
Q

formed under adverse conditions; individual cells separated from hyphae; small yeast-like cells

69
Q

small or large, single cell spores formed at the tips or sides of a fungal hyphae conidiophores. Ex. Penicillin, Aspergillus

70
Q

spores which are formed and subsequently released during the process of hyphal fragmentation. Spores may be formed successfully as in dermatophytes. (A) or with intervening empty cells as in Coccidioides immitis (B)

A

Arthroconidia

71
Q

large and small multi-celled conidia which are produced by dermatophytes in culture; lack mitochondria

A

Macroconidia and microconidia

72
Q

Formation of spores

A

Fungal Reproduction

73
Q

Methods of asexual reproduction

A

Budding
Single fission
Fragmentation
Spore formation

74
Q

three phases of sexual reproduction

A

Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Meiosis

75
Q

The process of sexual reproduction: fusion of protoplasm

A

Plasmogamy

76
Q

The process of sexual reproduction : fusion of nucleus

77
Q

The process of sexual reproduction: reductional nuclear division; Diploid nucleus reduced to 4 haploid nucleus

78
Q

Various methods by which compatible nuclei are brought together in plasmogamy. Some are:

A

Gametic copulation
Gamete-gametangial copulation
Gametangial copulation
Somatic copulation
Spermatization

79
Q

motile gametes

A

Planogametes

80
Q

fusion of two gametes, one or both of which are motile

A

Planogametic copulation

81
Q

Three different types of planogametic copulation

A

Isogamy
Anisogamy
Oogamy/ Heterogamy

82
Q

morphologically similar but compatible type of gametes unite to fom a motile zygot e.g., Synchytrium

83
Q

Union of larger gamete with another smaller gamete. The resultant zygote is motile; the zygote resulting from isogamous or anisogamous planogametic copulation forms a ‘resting sporangium’; e.g., Blastocladiales

A

AnisogamyAnisogamy

84
Q

a non-motile female gamete (oosphere) is fertilized by a motile male gaete. This results in the formation of oospores, a resistant structure and resting spore; Oospores germinate and produce mycelium directly; e.g., Chytridiomycetes

A

Oogamy/ Heterogamy

85
Q

In this method the male gamete (antheridium) and the female gamete (oogonium) come in contact and one or more nuclei fom the male gamete enter the female gamete, oogonium dissolved in the intervening wall through a pore or through a fertilization tube

A

Gametangial contact

86
Q

This is a process of fusion of entire contents of the two mating gametangia

A

Gametangial copulation

87
Q

two types Gametangial copulation

A

Anisogametangial copulation
Isogamous copulation

88
Q

fusion between unequal gametangia. The zygote forms a resting sporangium e.g., Aquatic fungi (Chytridiomycetes)

A

Anisogametangial copulation

89
Q

two morphologically simillar gametangial hyphae come in contact, the wall at the point of contact dissolves and the contents mix in the cell thus formed; this results in the formation of zygospore e.g., Mucor, Rhizopus, Phycomyces

A

Isogamous copulation

90
Q

Some fungi like rusts bear numerous minute, non- motile uninucleate
fq: male cells called __________

A

spermatia (sing. Spermatium)

91
Q

Spermatia are produced in spiral receptacles called

A

spermagonia (sing. Spermagonium; or pycnia (sing. Pycnium)

92
Q

no sex orgas are produced and somatic cells function as gametes

A

Somatogamy

93
Q

Different Types of Sexual Spores

A

Ascospores
Basidiospores
Zygospore
Oospores

94
Q

non- meiotic spores produced inside specials sacs called asci ; produced by members of ascomycota

A

Ascospores

95
Q

non-motile meiospore formed on short outgrowths of club-shaped structures called basidium

A

Basidiospores

96
Q

large, thick-walled spores formed at the tips of 2 sexually compatible hyphae; produced by members of Zygomycota

97
Q

spores formed within a specialized female structure (oogonium) after fertilization of eggs by male gametes formed in an antheridium

Gutierrez- 1st Sem 3rd Year (20 decks)

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