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MCAT > Physics I: 9-12 > Flashcards

Physics I: 9-12 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

opposite charges exert ___ forces

A

attractive

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2
Q

like charges exert ___ forces

A

repulsive

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3
Q

coulomb

A

fundamental unit of charge

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4
Q

insulator

A

does not easily distribute a charge over its surface

will not transfer that charge to another neutral object very well

ex: nonmetals

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5
Q

describe the electrons of insulators

A

tend to be closely linked with their respective nuclei

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6
Q

conductor

A
  • charges distribute evenly upon its surface
  • able to transfer and transport charges
  • often used in circuits or electrochemical cells
  • ex: metals, ionic (electrolyte) solutions
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7
Q

when placed one meter apart from each other, which will experience a greater acceleration: one coulomb of electrons or one coulomb of protons?

A

electrons will experience the greater acceleration because they are subject to the same force as the protons but have significantly smaller mass

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8
Q

what is the net charge of an object with one coulomb of electrons and 3 moles of neutrons?

A

net charge is -1 C

neutrons do not contribute charge

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9
Q

coulomb’s law quantifies…

A

the magnitude of the electrostatic force Fe

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10
Q

coulomb’s law eq

A

k = coulomb’s/electrostatic constant

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11
Q

permittivity of free space

A

ε0

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12
Q

how to know direction of electric force in coulomb’s law

A

unlike charges attract, like charges repel

force always along the line connecting the centers of the 2 charges

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13
Q

how is the magnitude of the electric force related to the square of the distance of separation?

A

inversely proportional

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14
Q

electric fields

A

exerts forces on other charges

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15
Q

electric fields are produced by

A

source charges (Q)

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16
Q

when a test charge (q) is placed in an electric field (E), it will experience

A

an electrostatic force (Fe) equal to qe

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17
Q

test charge

A

q

charge placed in the electric field

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18
Q

source charge

A

Q

creates the electric field

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19
Q

magnitude of electric field eq

E =

A

E = Fe/q = kQ / r2

divide coulomb’s law by q

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20
Q

direction of electric field vector is given as…

A

the direction that a positive test charge would move in the presence of the source charge

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21
Q

positive charges have electric field vectors that radiate…

A

outward (point away) from the charge

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22
Q

negative charges have electric field vectors that radiate…

A

inward (point toward) the charge

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23
Q

field lines

A
  • imaginary lines that represent how a positive test charge would move in the presence of a source charge
    • point away from positive charge
    • point toward negative charge
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24
Q

where will positive test charges move in regard to the field lines?

A

move in the direction of the field lines

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25
Q

where will negative test charges move in regard to the field lines?

A

move in the direction opposite of field lines

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26
Q

what is the electric field midway between two negative charges in isolation?

A

electric field would be zero because the two charges are the same

in this case, the fields exerted by each charge at the midpoint will cancel out and there will be no electric field

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27
Q

electric potential energy

A

potential energy that is dependent on the relative position of one charge with respect to another charge

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28
Q

electric potential energy eq

A

U = kQq/r

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29
Q

if charges are like charges, then the potential energy will be _____

A

positive

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30
Q

if charges are unlike charges, then the potential energy will be _____

A

negative

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31
Q

electric field is defined as the amount of work…

A

amount of work necessary to move a test charge from infinity to a point in space in an electric field surrounding a source charge

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32
Q

electric potential energy of a system increases when

A

two like charges move toward each other or when two opposite charges move apart

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33
Q

electric potential energy of a system decreases when

A

two like charges move apart or when two opposite charges move toward each other

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34
Q

how does a change in electric potential energy from -4 J to -7 J reflect on the stability of a system?

A

A decrease in potential energy indicates that the system has become more stable.

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35
Q

how does electric potential energy change between two particles as the distance between them increases?

A

if both particles have the same charge, the electric potential energy decreases as the distance increases.

if the particles have opposite charges, then the electrical potential energy increases as distance increases.

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36
Q

electric potential

A

V

ratio of the magnitude of a charge’s electric potential energy to the magnitude of the charge itself

scalar

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37
Q

electric potential eq

A

V = U/q = kQ/r

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38
Q

how to determine electric potential sign

A

determined by source charge Q

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39
Q

how are electric potential and distance from the source charge related?

A

inversely proportional

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40
Q

positive charge moves from

A

+ to -

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41
Q

negative charges moves from

A
  • to +
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42
Q

potential difference

A

voltage

change in electric potential that accompanies the movement of a test charge from one position to another

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43
Q

potential difference eq

A

ΔV = Vb - Va = Wab / q

Wab = work needed to move a test charge q through an electric field from point a to point b

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44
Q

positive charges will spontaneously move in the direction that __inc/dec__ their electric potential (__pos/neg__ voltage)

electric potential energy is __inc/dec__

A

decrease

negative

decreasing

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45
Q

negative charges will spontaneously move in the direction that __inc/dec__ their electric potential (__pos/neg__ voltage)

electric potential energy is __inc/dec__

A

increases

positive

decreasing

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46
Q

what is the difference between electric potential and voltage?

A

Electrical potential is the ratio of a charge’s electrical potential energy to the magnitude of the charge itself.

Voltage, or potential difference, is a measure of the change in electrical potential between two points, which provides an indication of the tendency toward movement in one direction or the other.

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47
Q

how will a charge that is placed at a point of zero electric potential move relative to a source charge?

A

A charge will move in such a way to minimize its potential energy. Placing a charge at a point of zero electrical potential does not indicate that there is zero potential difference, so the charge may or may not move-and if it moves, it may move toward or away from the source charge depending on the sign of the source charge and test charge.

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48
Q

T/F

the units of electric potential energy and electric potential are different

A

true

electric potential energy - J

electric potential - V

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49
Q

equipotential line

A

line on which the potential at every point is the same

the potential difference between any two points on an equipotential line is zero

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50
Q

equipotential lines and work

A
  • no work is done when moving a test charge from one point on an equipotential line to another
  • work will be done in moving a test charge from one line to another
    • but the work depends only on the potential difference of the two lines (not on the pathway taken between them)
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51
Q

electric dipole

A

two charges of opposite sign separated by a fixed distance

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52
Q

dipole moment eq

A

p = qd

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53
Q

perpendicular bisector of the dipole

A

electric potential at any point along this plane is 0

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54
Q

in an external electric field, an electric dipole will experience

A

net toque until it is aligned with the electric field vector

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55
Q

what is the voltage between two points on an equipotential line? will this voltage cause a charge to move along the line?

A

no voltage, so no acceleration along the line

there is a potential difference between different sets of equipotential lines, which can cause particles to move and accelerate

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56
Q

what is the behavior of an electric dipole when exposed to an external electric field?

A

a dipole will rotate within an external electric field such that its dipole moment aligns with the field

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57
Q

True or false? Because the increasing distance between charged particles repelling each other will decrease the Electrostatic Force, they will also slow down as they move.

A

False. Because the increasing distance between charged particles repelling each other will decrease the Electrostatic Force, they will also have a lower acceleration (but still increase their velocity traveling away from each other).

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58
Q

In ______________, the positively charged nucleus cannot move around. In ______________, the negatively charged electrons cannot move around.

(A) insulators, insulators
(B) insulators, insulators and conductors
(C) insulators and conductors, insulators and conductors
(D) insulators and conductors, insulators

A

(D) insulators and conductors, insulators

In insulators and conductors, the positively charged nucleus cannot move around. In insulators, the negatively charged electrons cannot move around.

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59
Q

Compare the process of Charge by Conduction to Charge by Induction.

A

In Charge by Conduction, you charge a neutral object by physically touching a negatively-charged object to it.

In Charge by Induction a charge is induced by bringing a negatively charged object close to another object.

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60
Q

A Dielectric is a substance that is normally not polarized, but in an electric field, a small charge can be induced. This acts to stabilize the source charge, and can allow more charges to be stored. Which of the following could be a dielectric?

(A) Insulator
(B) Conductor
(C) Neither Insulator nor Conductor
(D) Both Insulator and Conductor

A

(A) Insulator

An Insulator is a Dielectric that is normally not polarized, but in an electric field, a small charge can be induced. This acts to stabilize the source charge, and can allow more charges to be stored.

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61
Q

Draw out how induction might result in two neutrally-charged metal balls becoming oppositely charged.

A
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62
Q

A “Ground” is an infinite reservoir for electrons. What does that mean? Give an example.

A

A “Ground” is an infinite reservoir for electrons, which means that it can accept an infinite number of electrons. An example would be the earth.

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63
Q

What equation can be used to relate Electric Field Strength (E) to Electrostatic Force (Fe)

A

Fe / q = E

Fe = Electrostatic Force
q = Test Charge
E = Electric Field Strength
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64
Q

True or false? Even if there are no other charges to affect, a single charge (the source charge) will still create an electric field.

A

True. Even if there are no other charges to affect, a single charge (the source charge) will still create an electric field.

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65
Q

What equation can be used to relate E to the distance between two charges?

A

E = k (Q / r^2)

E = Electric Field Strength
Q = Source Charge
r = Distance between Q and q
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66
Q

True or False? A charge is repelled from another charge. As the two charges get farther away from one another, they will move slower and slower.

A

False. A charge is repelled from another charge. As the two charges get farther away from one another, they will accelerate at a slower and slower rate due to the decreasing Electrostatic Force. Remember that Force is not directly related to velocity but rather acceleration.

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67
Q

What is the difference between Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy?

A

Electric Potential Energy is the amount of energy required to move a charge from one location to another (units = J).

Electric Potential is the amount of energy required to move a charge from one location to another per unit charge (units = J/C).

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68
Q

What equation can be used to relate Electrostatic Force to Electric Potential Energy?

A

Fe = EPE/r (similar to F = mgh)

Fe = Electrostatic Force
EPE = Electric Potential Energy
r = Radius between the two charges
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69
Q

What equation can be used to relate Electric Potential Energy to Electric Potential?

A

EPE / q = V

EPE = Electric Potential Energy
q = Charge
V = Electric Potential
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70
Q

What equation is used to relate Electric Potential (V) to the Source Charge (Q)?

A

V = k (Q / r)

V = Electric Potential
k = Coulomb's Constant (9⋅10^9)
Q = Source Charge
r = Radius between Q and q
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71
Q

A Test Charge (6.7⋅10^-14 C) is sitting 2.4⋅10^-3 meters away from a Source Charge. What is the Electrostatic Force (in N) between these two charges if the Voltage is equal to 4.3 V at that point?

(A) 9.87⋅10^-12
(B) 4.32⋅10^-15
(C) 2.88⋅10^-13
(D) 1.20⋅10^-10

A

(D) 1.20⋅10^-10

EPE / q = V
EPE / (6.7⋅10^-14) = 4.3
EPE = (6.7⋅10^-14) x (4.3)
EPE = approx. 3⋅10^-13 J (actual: 2.881⋅10^-13)

Fe = EPE / r
Fe = (3⋅10^-13) / (2.4⋅10^-3)
Fe = approx. 1⋅10^-10 N (actual: 1.20⋅10^-10)
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72
Q

A Test Charge (6.7⋅10^-14 C) is sitting 2.4⋅10^-3 meters away from a Source Charge (4.2⋅10^-12 C). What is the Electric Potential Energy (in J) between these two charges?

(A) 4.55⋅10^-9
(B) 6.87⋅10^-10
(C) 2.23⋅10^-11
(D) 1.05⋅10^-12

A

(D) 1.05⋅10^-12

V = k (Q / r)
V = (9⋅10^9) ((4.2⋅10^-12) / (2.4⋅10^-3))
V = (9⋅10^9) (approx. 2⋅10^-9 (actual: 1.75⋅10^-9))
V = approx. 18 (actual: 15.75)

EPE / q = V
EPE / 6.7⋅10^-14 = 18
EPE = 1⋅10^-12 J (actual: 1.05⋅10^-12)

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73
Q

Compare the Electrostatic Equations for F, E, EPE, and V.

A
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74
Q
A

b

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75
Q
A
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76
Q
A

b

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77
Q
A

a

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78
Q
A

b

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79
Q
A

b

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80
Q
A

a

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81
Q
A

b

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82
Q
A

a

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83
Q

magnetic field

A

created by any moving charge, whether a single electron traveling through space or a current through a conductive material

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84
Q

SI unit for magnetic field strength

A

tesla, T

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85
Q

1 T = ? gauss

A

104

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86
Q

diamagnetic

A

no unpaired electrons

no net magnetic field

slightly repelled by magnet (weakly antimagnetic)

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87
Q

paramagnetic

A

unpaired electrons

weakly magnetized in presence of external magnetic field

ex: aluminum, copper, gold

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88
Q

ferromagnetic

A

unpaired electrons

permanent atomic magnetic dipole

become strongly magnetized when exposed to a magnetic field or under certain temperatures

ex: iron, nickel, cobalt

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89
Q

magnitude of the magnetic field for an infinitely long and straight current-carrying wire

eq

A

B = µ0I / 2πr

B = magnetic field

I = current

r = distance from wire

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90
Q

what shape magnetic field do straight wires create?

A

concentric rings

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91
Q

magnitude of the magnetic field for a circular loop of current carrying wire

eq

A

B = µ0I / 2r

B = magnetic field

I = current

r = distance from wire

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92
Q

magnetic fields only exert forces on

A

other moving charges

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93
Q

lorentz force

A

sum of electrostatic and magnetic forces acting on a body

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94
Q

force on a moving charge eq

A

Fb = qvB sin theta

q = charge

v = velocity

B = magnitude of magnetic field

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95
Q

sin 0 =

A

0

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96
Q

sin 180 =

A

0

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97
Q

any charge moving parallel or antiparallel to the direction of the magnetic field will experience…

A

no force from the magnetic field

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98
Q

right hand rule for magnetic force

A
  • thumb - velocity
  • finger - field lines
  • palm - force on a positive charge
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99
Q

magnetic force on a current carrying wire eq

A

Fb = ILB sin theta

I = current

L = length of wire

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100
Q

what are the requirements to have a nonzero electric field?

A

to create an electric field, one needs a charge

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101
Q

what are the requirements to have a nonzero magnetic field?

A

to create a magnetic field, one needs a moving charge

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102
Q

what are the requirements to have a nonzero magnetic force?

A

to create a magnetic force, one needs an external electric field acting on a charge moving any direction except parallel or antiparallel to the external field

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103
Q

Draw the magnetic field lines coming out of a simple bar magnet.

A
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104
Q

Which of the following is not one of the most common ferromagnetic materials?

(A) Zinc
(B) Iron
(C) Nickel
(D) Cobalt

A

(A) Zinc

The three most common ferromagnetic materials are Iron, Nickel and Cobalt.

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105
Q

A proton (q = 1.602⋅10^-19 C) is travelling through a magnetic field (B = .27 T) at an angle of 47° with a velocity of 4.5⋅10^7 m/s. What is the Magnetic Force acting on this proton?

(A) 1.42⋅10^-12
(B) 6.78⋅10^-13
(C) 9.22⋅10^-14
(D) 3.09⋅10^-15

A

(A) 1.42⋅10^-12

F = qvBsinθ
F = (1.602⋅10^-19) (4.5⋅10^7)(.27)sin47°
F = (1.602⋅10^-19) (4.5⋅10^7)(.27)(approx. √2/2 or .7 (actual: .731))
F = approx. 1.5⋅10^-12 (actual: 1.423⋅10^-12)
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106
Q

True or false? If the charged particle has no outside forces acting on it, then it will never create a magnetic field.

A

False. If the charge has no outside forces acting on it AND its initial velocity is 0, then it will never create a magnetic field.

Having no outside forces act on the charge just means it won’t accelerate, not that it will have no velocity.

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107
Q

Your professor makes an analogy comparing centripetal force to magnetic force. How are these two concepts related?

A

When magnetic force acts on a charge, it causes it to change directions in a way that makes it go in a circle.

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108
Q
A

a

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109
Q
A

a

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110
Q
A

a

Fb = qvB sin theta

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111
Q
A

b

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112
Q

current

A

I

  • movement of charge that occurs between two points that have different electrical potentials
    • movement of positive charge from high potential end of voltage source to low potential end
    • reality: electrons move from low potential to high potential
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113
Q

metallic conductivity

A
  • relies on uniform movement of free electrons in metallic bonds
  • metal atoms can easily lose one or more of their outer electrons -> make them free to move around other metal atoms
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114
Q

electrolytic conductivity

A

relies on the ion concentration of a solution

depends on the strength of the solution

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115
Q

magnitude of current in terms of charge eq

A

I = Q/Δt

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116
Q

where do electrons move in a current

A

electrons move from lower electrical potential to higher electrical potential

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117
Q

potential difference (voltage) can be produced by…

A

electrical generator, galvanic (voltaic cell)

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118
Q

electromotive force

A

emf

voltage when no charge is moving between the two terminals of a cell that are at different potential values

119
Q

kirchhoff’s junction rule

A

at any point or junction in a circuit, the sum of th currents directed into that point equals the sum of currents directed away from that point

Iinto junction = Ileaving junction

120
Q

kirchhoff’s loop rule

A

around any closed circuit loop, the sum of voltage sources will always be equal to the sum of voltage (potential) drops

Vsource = Vdrop

121
Q

provide the SI units of current

A

amperes (C/s)

122
Q

voltage SI units

A

volts (J/C)

123
Q

electromotive force SI units

A

volts (J/C)

124
Q

conductivity SI units

A

siemens (S)

125
Q

which likely has a higher conductivity: 1 M glucose or 0.25M NaCl? why?

A

NaCl because it is a salt and will increase the ion content of the water

glucose does not dissociate

126
Q

resistance

A

R

the opposition within any material to the movement and flow of charge

127
Q

materials that offer almost no resistance are called

A

conductors

128
Q

materials that offer very high resistance are called

A

insulators

129
Q

resistors

A

conductive materials that offer amounts of resistance

middle

130
Q

resistance eq

A

R = ρL / A

ρ = resistivity

L = length of resistor

A = cross sectional area

131
Q

resistivity

A

ρ

intrinsic resistance to current flow in a material

132
Q

how is the resistance of a resistor related to its length?

A

directly/linearly proportional

133
Q

how is the reissitance related to the cross sectional area of the resistor?

A

inversely proportional

134
Q

the wider the resistor, the ___ current that can flow

A

more

135
Q

how is temperature related to resistance?

A

proportionally

most conductors have greater resistance at higher temperature due to increased thermal oscillation

136
Q

ohm’s law

A

for a given resistance, the magnitude of the current through a resistor is proportional to the voltage drop across the resistor

V = IR

137
Q

voltage drop between any two points in a circuit eq

A

V = IR

V = voltage drop

R = magnitude of resistance

138
Q

what happens when a cell is discharging?

A
  • it supplies current
  • current flows from the positive, higher potential end of the cell, around the circuit to the negative, lower potential end
139
Q

power eq in terms of work and time

A

P = W / t = ΔE / t

140
Q

power of a resistor eq

A

P = IV = IR2 = V2/R

141
Q

resistors in series

A

all current must pass sequentially through each resistor connected in a linear arrangement

142
Q

resistors in parallel

A

current divides to pass through resistors separately

143
Q

describe what happens to resistors in series

A

as the electrons flow through each resistor, energy is dissipated, and there is a voltage drop associated with each resistor

Rs increases as more resistors are added

144
Q

Rs​ _____ as more resistors are added

A

increases

145
Q

voltage and resistance eqs

resistors in series

A

Vs = V1 + V2 + V3 + … + Vn

Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + … + Rn

146
Q
A
147
Q

Rp ___ as more resistors are added

A

decreases

148
Q

describe what happens to resistors in parallel

A

voltage drop by each division of current is the same bc all pathways originate from a common point and end at a common point

current will be largest through the pathways with the lowest resistance

149
Q

voltage and resistance eqs

resistors in parallel

A

Vp = V1 + V2 + V3 + … + Vn

1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + … + 1/Rn

150
Q

when n identical resistors are wired in parallel, the total resistance =

A

R/n

151
Q

for equal resistances, the current flowing through each of the resistors =

A

Itotal/n

152
Q

when approaching circuit problems, you need to find:

A

total voltage, total resistance, total current

to find the total current, find the total resistance first

153
Q

what four physical quantities determine the resistance of a resistor?

A
  1. resistivity
  2. length
  3. cross sectional area
  4. temperature
154
Q
A
155
Q

capacitors

A

have the ability to store and discharge electrical potential energy

156
Q

capacitance

A

C

in parallel plate capacitors

determined by the area of the plates and the distance between the plates

157
Q

capacitance eq

A

C = Q/V

158
Q

magnitude of electric field eq

A

E = V/d

d = distance between the plates

159
Q

potential energy stored in a capacitor eq

A

U = 1/2 CV2

160
Q

dielectric material

A

insulators placed between the plates of a capacitor that increase capacitance by a factor equal to the material’s dielectric constant

161
Q

capacitance due to dielectric material eq

A

C’ = κC

C’ = new capacitance

162
Q

can a dielectric material decrease the capacitance?

A

never

constant can never be less than 1

163
Q

dielectrics in isolated capacitors

A
  • shields the opposite charges from eachoterh
  • increase in capacitance arises from decrease in voltage
164
Q

dielectrics in circuit capacitors

A

increase in capacitance arises from increasee in stored charge

165
Q

Cs ___ as more capacitors are added

A

decreases

166
Q

Cp ___ as more capacitors are added

A

increases

167
Q

describe what happens to capacitors in series

A
  • capacitors must share the voltage drop in the loop and therefore cannot store as much charge
  • group of capacitors act like one equivalent capacitor with a larger distance between its plates
    • inc distance = smaller capacitance
168
Q

voltage and capacitance eqs

capacitors in series

A

Vs = V1 + V2 + V3 + … + Vn

1/Cs = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + … + 1/Cn

169
Q

voltage and capacitance eqs

capacitors in parallel

A

Vp = V1 + V2 + V3 + … + Vn

Cp = C1 + C2 + C3 + … + Cn

170
Q

assuming the plates are attached by a conducting material, how does a capacitor behave after the voltage source has been removed from a circuit?

A

the capacitor discharges, providing a current in the opposite direction of the initial current

171
Q

ammeters

A

inserted in a series in a circuit to measure current

have negligible resistance

172
Q

voltmeter

A

inserted in parallel in a circuit to measure a voltage drop

have very large resistances

173
Q

ohmmeters

A

inserted around a resistive element to measure resistance

have negligible resistance

174
Q

When you draw a battery, the larger line indicates that it is positive or negative?

A

The larger line in a battery symbol indicates that it is positive.

175
Q

What equation typifies the definition of Current (I)?

A

I = ΔQ / Δt

I = Current
ΔQ = Change in charge
Δt = Change in time
176
Q

True or False? Charges move more slowly through a resistor than through the rest of the circuit.

A

False. Charges move at the same speed throughout the entire circuit. Adding a resistor will cause the entire circuit as a whole to have a slower current.

177
Q

What equation is used to relate the Current (I1, I2, etc) across all of the resistors to the total Current (It) of a circuit when resistors are in series?

A

It = I1 = I2 = In

178
Q

The total Voltage for a circuit with resistors in parallel is equal to 3.2 V. If R1 = 2.3 Ω, R2 = 6.5 Ω, and R3 = 9.7 Ω, what is the current that is going through R3 (I3)?

(A) 3.29
(B) 1.33
(C) 2.04
(D) 0.33

A

(D) 0.33

V3 = Vt
V3 = 3.2 V
V3 = I3R3
3.2 = I3(9.7)
I3 = 3.2 / 9.7
I3 = 0.33 C/s
179
Q

You have a simple circuit that contains a single resistor. If you increase the voltage, which of the following is true?

I. Resistance increases.
II. Current increases.
III. Capacitance increases.

(A) I Only
(B) II Only
(C) I and II Only
(D) II and III Only

A

(B) II Only

If you increase the voltage, the current will increase. Resistance (if it is an Ohmic material) will remain the same as it is a property that is dependent solely on the resistor and not on the battery or wire of the circuit.

180
Q

How are Resistivity (ρ) and Conductivity (σ) related?

A

ρ = 1/σ

181
Q

True or false? Nonionic solutions will always have a higher Resistivity than Ionic solutions.

A

True. Nonionic solutions will always have a higher Resistivity than ionic solutions.

The converse is also true: Ionic Solutions always have a higher Conductivity than Nonionic solutions.

182
Q

What happens to resistance as the area of the resistor is increased? Why?

A

Resistance will decrease as area increases due to the increased number of paths that the electrons can take through the resistive material.

183
Q

What happens to resistance as the length of the resistor is increased? Why?

A

Resistance will increase as length increases due to the longer amount of time that the electrons will need to travel through resistive material.

184
Q

The Electrolytic Resistivity refers to what?

A

The resistivity of a liquid that can conduct electricity.

185
Q

Fill in the blanks: Resistors in ______________ must have the same Voltage, but may have different currents. Resistors in __________ must have the same current, but may have different Voltages.

(A) Series, Parallel
(B) Parallel, Series
(C) Series, Non-Ohmic Circuits
(D) Parallel, Non-Ohmic Circuits

A

(B) Parallel, Series

Resistors in Parallel must have the same Voltage, but may have different currents. Resistors in Series must have the same current, but may have different Voltages.

186
Q

Draw the symbol for a capacitor in a circuit.

A
187
Q

True or False. The plates charge this way because the positive terminal will send out protons to the plate it is attached to while the negative terminal will send out electrons to the plate it is attached to.

A

False. Protons do not move! The electrons from the plate attached to the positive terminal will be attracted to the positive terminal, sent through the battery, and then pushed away from the negative terminal to the plate attached to the negative terminal.

188
Q

True or False? Capacitor Plate A is parallel and opposite to Plate B. If Plate A is twice the thickness of Plate B, it will store twice as much charge.

A

False. No matter their size or shape, 2 plates parallel and opposite of each other will always store equal and opposite amounts of charge.

189
Q

You increase the charge on a Capacitor; therefore, the:

I. Capacitance increases
II. Voltage increases
III. Resistance increases

(A) I Only
(B) II Only
(C) I and II Only
(D) II and III Only

A

(B) II Only

You increase the charge on a Capacitor; therefore, the Voltage increases. The capacitance (just like resistance) will only change if you change its intrinsic characteristics.

190
Q

Which of the following best describes the electric field between parallel capacitor plates?

(A) Unpredictable
(B) Linear
(C) Radial
(D) Uniform

A

(D) Uniform

There will be a uniform electric field between the parallel Capacitor plates, due to the separation and alignment of charges.

191
Q

What is the equation for Capacitance in terms of its intrinsic characteristics?

A

C = ε₀ (A / d)

C = Capacitance
ε₀ = Permittivity of Dielectric (8.84⋅10^-12)
A = Area of each plate
d = Distance between the two plates
192
Q

What equation can be used to calculate the total amount of energy produced by a capacitor when it is discharged in terms of the charge built up on one of the capacitor plates?

A

E = Q(V/2)

E = Total Energy produced by Capacitor
Q = Charge on one plate of capacitor
V = Voltage difference between the two plates of a capacitor
193
Q
A

d

194
Q
A

c

195
Q
A

c

196
Q
A

b

197
Q
A

b

198
Q
A

c

199
Q

You have three capacitors in series (C1 = 2.6 F, C2 = 7.4 F, C3 = 2.2 F) and connected to a battery (V = 13.3 V). What is the voltage across C3?

(A) 3.12
(B) 6.05
(C) 13.24
(D) 19.44

A

(B) 6.05

1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
1/Ceq = 1/2.6 + 1/7.4 + 1/2.2
1/Ceq = approx. 1 (actual: .974)
Ceq = approx. 1 (actual: 1.03)
Ceq = Q / V
1.03 = Q / 13.3
Q = approx. 13.3 (actual: 13.7)
C3 = Q / V3
2.2 = 13.3 / V3
V3 = approx. 6 (actual: 6.05)
200
Q

Recall the equation for the charge on a Capacitor. What happens to the Capacitance if the Charge is doubled?

(A) The Capacitance Quadruples
(B) The Capacitance Doubles
(C) The Capacitance stays the same
(D) The Capacitance is cut in half

A

(C) The Capacitance stays the same

The equation for charge on a Capacitor is Q = CV. Capacitance is constant for a given Capacitor, so if charge doubles, then the voltage would double.

201
Q

You have three capacitors in parallel (C1 = 2.6 F, C2 = 7.4 F, C3 = 2.2 F) and connected to a battery (V = 13.3 V). What is the voltage across C3?

(A) 2.56
(B) 7.09
(C) 13.30
(D) 21.34

A

(C) 13.30

The voltage across each capacitor is exactly the same in a parallel configuration.

202
Q

Why is the voltage across each capacitor exactly the same for each capacitor in a parallel configuration?

A

The voltage across each capacitor is exactly the same as the overall voltage because each capacitor is directly linked to the battery and every spot along a wire that isn’t interrupted by either a resistor or a capacitor will have the exact same voltage in it.

203
Q

You have three capacitors in parallel (C1 = 2.6 F, C2 = 7.4 F, C3 = 2.2 F) and connected to a battery (V = 13.3 V). What is the charge on a plate of C3?

(A) 12.27
(B) 18.79
(C) 29.26
(D) 48.30

A

(C) 29.26

C3 = Q3 / V
2.2 = Q3 / 13.3
Q3 = approx. 30 (actual: 29.26)
204
Q

Which of the following are the main purposes for a Capacitor on the MCAT?

I. Creating uniform Electric Fields
II. Regulating the movement of Charges within a Circuit
III. Storing Electrical Potential Energy

(A) I only
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only

A

(C) I and III only

The main purposes of a Capacitor on the MCAT are to create Uniform Electric Fields and Storing EPE.

205
Q

Write out the equation for the Electrical Potential Energy stored by a Capacitor.

A

PE = 1/2QV

PE = Potential Energy stored by Capacitor
Q = Charge
V = Voltage difference between the two plates of a capacitor
206
Q

What is a Dielectric? Why do we place Dielectrics between capacitor plates?

A

A Dielectric is a non-conducting (insulating) material. We place them between capacitor plates to prevent them from touching, which if they did touch, they would no longer store charge but rather just be part of the circuit, allowing charge to flow through them.

207
Q

When a capacitor remains connected to a battery, adding a dielectric will:

I. Increase the voltage
II. Increase the charge
III. Increase the capacitance

(A) I Only
(B) III Only
(C) I and III Only
(D) II and III Only

A

(D) II and III Only

A dielectric will increase the capacitance of a capacitor, which will allow more charge to build up on the capacitor. This is because the induced polarization within the dielectric will effectively cancel out the charges on the plates, making the voltage difference between the two plates smaller. The battery will then add more charge to the plates in order to once again make the voltages equal, leaving the voltage unchanged while increasing the number of charges on each plate.

208
Q
A

c

209
Q
A

a

210
Q
A

c

211
Q
A

B

212
Q
A

c

213
Q
A

b

214
Q

electrochemical cells

A

contained systems in which redox reactions occur

3 types: galvanic cells, electrolytic cells, concentration cells

215
Q

electrodes

A

strips of metal or other conductive materials placed in an electrolyte solution

where oxidation and reduction take place

216
Q

anode

A

site of oxidation

attracts anions

217
Q

cathode

A

site of reduction

attracts cations

218
Q

electrons flow from __anode/cathode__ to __anode/cathode__

A

anode to cathode

(alphabetical order)

219
Q

current flows from __anode/cathode__ to __anode/cathode__

A

cathode to anode

220
Q

emf > 0

A

cell is able to release energy (ΔG<0) -> spontaneous

221
Q

emf < 0

A

cell must absorb energy (ΔG > 0) - nonspontaneous

222
Q

galvanic cells

A

aka voltaic cells

house spontaneous reactions with a positive electromotive force

223
Q

electrolytic cells

A

house nonspontaneous reactions with a negative electromotive force

require input of energy

can be used to create useful products through electrolysis

224
Q

concentration cells

A

specialized form of galvanic cell in which both electrodes are made of the same material

concentration gradient between the two solutions causes the movement of charge (instead of potential difference)

225
Q

makeup of galvanic cell

A
  • two electrodes of distinct chemical identity - placed in separate compartment called half cells
  • electrodes connected by conductive material
    • ex: copper wire
  • electrolyte solution surrounds each of the electrodes
226
Q

electrolyte

A

composed of cations and anions

surrounds the electrodes in galvanic cells

227
Q

salt bridge

A

inert salt that connects the two solutions around electrodes

permits the exchange of cations and anions

228
Q

what would happen to galvanic cell without a salt bridge?

A

reaction would stop because an excess positive charge would build up on the anode, and an excess negative charge would build up on the cathode

229
Q

cell diagram notation

A

anode | anode solution (concentration) || cathode solution (concentration) | cathode

|| = presence of salt bridge or other barrier

= phase boundary

230
Q

electrolysis

A

redox reaction driven by an eternal voltage source

231
Q

makeup of electrolytic cell in comparison to galvanic cell

A

external voltage source (battery)

half reactions don’t need to be separated into different compartments because the desired reaction is nonspontaneous

232
Q

reactions that involves the transfer of n electrons per atom M

A

Mn+ + n e- –> M (s)

one mole of metal M (s) will be produced if n moles of electrons are supplied to one of Mn+

233
Q

electrodeposition eq

helps determine the number of moles of element being deposited on a plate

A

mol M = It/nF

mol M = amount of metal ion being deposited at a specific electrode

I = current

t = time

n = number of electron equivalents for a specific metal ion

F = faraday constant

234
Q

how to calculate the voltage in concentration cell

A

nernst eq

235
Q

rechargeable cell/battery

A

electrochemical cells that can experience charging (electrolytic) and discharging (galvanic) states

ranked by energy density

236
Q

lead-acid battery

A
  • when discharging: consist of a Pb anode and a PbO2 cathode in a concentrated sulfuric acid solution
  • when charging: PbSO4- plated electrodes are dissociated to restore the original Pb and PbO2 electrodes and concentrate the electrolyte
  • have low energy density
237
Q

energy density

A

measure of a battery’s ability to produce power as a function of its weight

238
Q

nickel-cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd)

A
  • when discharging: Cd anode and NiO(OH) cathode in a concentrated KOH solution
  • when charging: Ni(OH)2 and Cd(OH)2 plated electrodes are dissociated to restore the of ones and concentrate the electrolyte
  • have higher energy density that lead acid batteries
239
Q

nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries

A

today replace Ni-Cd batters bc they have higher energy density, are more cost-effective, and are significantly less toxic

240
Q

surge current

A

above average current transiently released at the beginning of the discharge phase

wanes rapidly until a stable current is achieved

241
Q

anode of galvanic cell is considered the __pos/neg__ electrode bc…

A

negative electrode because it is the source of electrons

242
Q

cathod of galvanic cell is considered the __pos/neg__ electrode

A

positive electrode

243
Q

anode of electrolytic cell is considered the __pos/neg__ electrode bc…

A

positive bc it is attached to the positive pole of the external voltage source and attracts anions from the solution

244
Q

cathode of electrolytic cell is considered the __pos/neg__ electrode bc…

A

negative electrode bc its attached to the negative pole of the external voltage source and attracts cations

245
Q

cathode attracts…

A

cations

246
Q

anode attracts…

A

anions

247
Q

isoelectric focusing

A

technique used o separate amino acids or polypeptides based on their isoelectric points (pI)

248
Q
A
249
Q
A
250
Q

which type of cell has a positive ΔG?

A

electrolytic cells

251
Q

which type of cell has a positive Ecell?

A

galvanic cells

252
Q

reduction potential

A

quantifies the tendency for a species to gain electrons and be reduced

253
Q

the higher the reduction potential…

A

the more a given species wants to be reduced - the more likely it is to be reduced

254
Q

standard reduction potential

A

E°red

calculated by comparison to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) under standard conditions

255
Q

standard electromotive force

A

emf or E°cell

the difference in standard reduction potential between the two half cells

256
Q

for galvanic cells, the difference of the reduction potentials of the two half reactions is __pos/neg__

A

positive

257
Q

for electrolytic cells, the difference of the reduction potentials of the two half reactions is __pos/neg__

A

negative

258
Q

for galvanic cells the electrode with the more positive reduction potential is the __anode/cathode__

A

cathode

species with stronger tendency to gain elections is actually doing so - spontaneous rxn

259
Q

for galvanic cells the electrode with the less positive reduction potential is the __anode/cathode__

A

anode

species with stronger tendency to gain elections is actually doing so - spontaneous rxn

260
Q

for electrolytic cells, the electrode with the more positive reduction potential is the __anode/cathode__

A

anode

bc it is forced to be oxidized by the external voltage source

261
Q

for electrolytic cells, the electrode with the less positive reduction potential is the __anode/cathode__

A

cathode

bc it is forced to be reduced by the external voltage source

262
Q

standard electromotive force eq in terms of reduction potentials

A

E°cell = E°red,cathode - E°red,anode

263
Q

if a cell’s electromotive force is denoted as positive value, what does that mean?

A

cell is spontaneous (Galvanic)

264
Q

if a cell’s electromotive force is denoted as negative value, what does that mean?

A

cell is nonspontaneous (electrolytic)

265
Q
A
  1. electrolytic bc neg emf
  2. galvanic bc pos emf
266
Q

when E°cell is positive, ΔG° is:

type of electrochemical cell:

A

negative

galvanic cell

267
Q

when E°cell is negative, ΔG° is:

type of electrochemical cell:

A

positive

electrolytic cell

268
Q

when E°cell is 0, ΔG° is:

type of electrochemical cell:

A

0

concentration cell

269
Q

nernst eq describes…

A

the relationship between the concentration of species in a solution under nonstandard conditions and the electromotive force

270
Q

when Keq > 1, E°cell is

A

positive

271
Q

when Keq < 1, E°cell is

A

negative

272
Q

when Keq = 1, E°cell is

A

0

273
Q

eq relating ΔG° and emf

A

ΔG° = -nFE°cell

n = number of moles of electrons exchanged

274
Q

simplified nernst eq

A

Ecell = E°cell - (0.0592/n)logQ

E°cell = emf under standard conditions

n = number of moles of electrons

Q = reaction quotient

275
Q

standard change in free energy from equilibrium constant eq

A

ΔG° = -RTlnKeq

276
Q

free energy change under nonstandard conditions eq

A

ΔG = ΔG° + RTlnQ

277
Q
A
278
Q

What is the purpose of a salt bridge?

A

The purpose of a salt bridge is to neutralize the charges in the solutions that are either becoming positive or negative as the reaction proceeds. This allows the reaction to continue moving forward.

279
Q

For a Redox Reaction to be spontaneous, which of the following must its voltage be?

(A) Positive
(B) Zero
(C) Non-Zero [positive or negative]
(D) Negative

A

(A) Positive

For a Redox Reaction to be spontaneous, the voltage must be positive.

280
Q

What equation can be used to determine the Standard Cell Potential for a Galvanic Cell?

A

E°cell = E°red (cathode) - E°red (anode)

281
Q

True or false? The deposition of the metal from the electrolyte solution onto the cathode is called Galvanization, explaining the alternate name for these cells.

A

True. The deposition of the metal from the electrolyte solution onto the cathode is called Galvanization, explaining the alternate name for these cells.

282
Q

You are reducing copper, and decide to double the number of moles of copper that you are reducing. If you do so, the:

I. ∆G° will double
II. E°red for copper will double
III. K will double

(A) I Only
(B) II Only
(C) I and II Only
(D) I and III Only

A

(A) I Only

You are reducing copper, and decide to double the number of moles of copper that you are reducing. If you do so, the ∆G° will double and n will double, leaving the E°red as the same value according to the relationship ∆G° = -nFE°cell. K will not change according to the relationship -nFE°cell = -RTlnK.

283
Q

Cu2+ (E°red = .34) and Zn2+ (E°red = -.76) are both part of a Galvanic Cell. What is the equilibrium constant K for this cell?

(A) 3.05⋅10^6
(B) 8.90⋅10^14
(C) 6.03⋅10^33
(D) 1.59⋅10^37

A

(D) 1.59⋅10^37

E°cell = E°red (cathode) - E°red (anode)
E°cell = .34 - -.76
E°cell = 1.10
E°cell = (.0592 / n)logK
1.10 = (.0592 / 2)logK
logK = approx. 40 (actual: 37.2)
K = approx. 1⋅10^40 (actual: 1.59⋅10^37)
284
Q

The Nernst Equation allows us to relate E°cell to Ecell. Write out this equation.

A

Ecell = E°cell - (.0592 / n)logQ

285
Q

Cu2+ (E°red = .34) with a concentration of 3.2⋅10^-3 M and Zn2+ (E°red = -.76) with a concentration of 4⋅10^-5 M are both part of a Galvanic Cell. What is Ecell for this cell under these conditions?

(A) .54
(B) .95
(C) 1.06
(D) 1.16

A

(D) 1.16

E°cell = E°red (cathode) - E°red (anode)
E°cell = .34 - -.76
E°cell = 1.10
Ecell = E°cell - (.0592 / n)logQ
Ecell = 1.1 - (.0592 / 2)log(4⋅10^-5 / 3.2⋅10^-3)
Ecell = 1.1 - (.0296)log(approx. .01 (actual: .0125)
Ecell = 1.1 - (.0296)(approx. -2 (actual: -1.903))
Ecell = 1.1 - (.approx. -.05 (actual: -.056))
Ecell = approx. 1.15 (actual: 1.156)
286
Q

True or false? Concentration cells often overshoot their equilibrium point where concentrations are equal, reversing which electrode is the cathode and anode and reversing the current.

A

False. Concentration Cells will work until equal concentrations in each compartment is achieved, and then there is no Electrical Potential Energy or the ability to do further work.

287
Q
A

b

288
Q
A

B

289
Q
A

c

290
Q
A

A

291
Q
A

A

292
Q
A

B

293
Q
A

A

294
Q
A

D

MCAT (26 decks)

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