Exam Questions Flashcards
How can researchers use the foot-in-the-door technique to increase participant participation in adopting diet diary?
The foot-in-the-door technique refers to convincing individuals to make a small commitment toward a cause, because this small commitment increases the likelihood of a larger commitment toward the same cause in the future. If the participants make a small commitment toward diet diaries (signing a petition), according to the foot-in-the-door technique, they will be more likely to adopt a diet diary in the future.
explain self-servicing bias
Self-serving bias suggests that when explaining their own behavior, individuals attribute positive behaviors to internal, stable sources, but attribute negative behaviors to external sources.
cognitive dissonance
when an individual’s attitudes are incongruent with his or her behavior, this leads to cognitive dissonance
how does one eliminate cognitive dissonance, according to cognitive dissonance theory?
To eliminate cognitive dissonance, the individual can either change his or her attitudes or his or her behavior. The theory posits that individuals are more likely to adjust their attitudes to align with their behavior than the other way around.
independent variable
experimental factor that is manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied
dependent variable
variable being tested and measured in an experiment
reference group
any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior,
secondary group
a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding
out-group
a group that people do not feel connected to
social group
general term that refers to a collection of people with common identity and regular interaction, is not as specific as a reference group
morphine
endorphin agonist
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a consequence (whether negative or positive) for that behavior
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
social learning
process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others
observational learning
learning by observing others; also called social learning
gender schema
a set of behaviors organized around how either a male or female should think and behave
gender script
organized information regarding order of actions appropriate to familiar situation
gender conditioning
means by which gender roles are established
positve reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. (ex: treat to dog)
negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (ex: removing noxious stimuli ie alarm clock)
reinforcement
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
punishment
in operant conditioning, an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
positive punishment
Decreasing behaviors by the administration of a unpleasant stimulus
negative punishment
Decreasing behaviors by the removal of a pleasant stimulus
anterograde memory
memory for long-term events that have occurred after brain damage
retrograde memory
memory for events that occurred before brain damage
semantic memory
a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly (ex: 7 digits of a phone number while dialing), before the information is stored or forgotten
Draw Ethyl Acetate (Ethyl Ethanoate).
Draw Methyl Cyclohexanecarboxylate
Draw Ethanamide (Acetamide)
Draw N-methyl Propanamide.
Draw N,N-dimethyl Butanamide.
Draw N,4-dimethyl Benzamide
When talking about Lactams (and their closely related Lactones), what do the greek letter (e.g. β) signify?
(A) Number of members in the ring
(B) Number of Carbons that are not part of the carboxylic acid derivative
(C) Number of Carbons including the carboxylic acid derivative
(D) Number of atoms bound together
(B) Number of Carbons that are not part of the carboxylic acid derivative
For example, that β-lactam has two carbons that aren’t part of the carboxylic acid.
b
c
a
c
b
d
b
a
a
a
a
c
d
c
a
d
c
b
c
b
c
