Physics I: 6-8 Flashcards
fluids
substances that have the ability to flow and conform to the shapes of their containers
fluids can exert ____ forces, but cannot exert ____ forces
perpendicular
shear
shear forces
tangential forces
density
ρ
mass per unit volume of a substance (fluid or solid)
scalar
density eq
ρ = m/V
density of water
1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3
weight in terms of density eq
Fg = ρVg
V = volume
specific gravity eq
ρ / 1 g/cm3
pressure
P
ratio of the force per unit area
scalar
pressure in terms of force eq
P = F/A
F = magnitude of normal force
SI unit
pressure
pascal Pa
why is pressure scalar rather than vector?
pressure is the same at all points along the walls of its container and within the space of the container itself
pressure applies in all directions at any point
atmospheric pressure
changes with altitude
pressure exerted by a gas against the walls of its container will always be ________ to the container walls
perpendicular (normal)
absolute (hydrostatic) pressure
total pressure exerted on an object that is submerged in a fluid
sum of all pressures at a certain point within a fluid
absolute pressure eq
P = P0 + ρgz
P0 = incident or ambient pressure
z = depth of object
gauge pressure
difference between absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure
amount of pressure in a closed space above and beyond atmospheric pressure
gauge pressure eq
Pgauge = P - Patm = (P0 + ρgz) - Patm
when does the gauge pressure equal the fluid pressure?
when atmospheric pressure is the only pressure above the fluid column
hydrostatics
study of fluids at rest and the forces and pressures associated with standing fluids
pascal’s principle
a pressure applied to an incompressible fluid will be distributed undiminished throughout the entire volume of the liquid
hydraulic machines
operate based on the application of pascal’s principle to generate mechanical advantage
generate output force by magnifying an input force by a factor equal to the ratio of the cross sectional area of the larger piton to that of the smaller piston
hydraulic lift eqs
according to pascal’s principle, the larger the area, the ___ the force…
larger
although this force will be exerted through a smaller distance
archimedes principle
buoyant force
a body wholly or partially immersed in a fluid will be buoyed upwards by a force equal to the weight of the fluid that it displaces
the direction of the buoyant force is always __ to the direction of gravity
opposite
if the max buoyant force is larger than the force of gravity on the object, the object will ___
float
this will be true if the object is less dense than the fluid it is in
if the max buoyant force is smaller than the force of gravity on the object, the object will ___
sink
this will be true if the object is more dense than the fluid it is in
how would the buoyancy differ between two objects placed in a fluid if they displace the same volume of fluid?
they will experience the same magnitude of buoyant force even if the objects themselves have different masses
how to calculate the percent of an objects volume that is submerged?
express the object’s specific gravity as a percent - indicates the percent of the object’s volume that is submerged (when the fluid is pure water)
surface tension
causes liquid to form a thin but strong layer at the liquids surface
results from cohesion
cohesion
the attractive force that a molecule of liquid feels toward other molecules of the same liquid
adhesion
attractive force that a molecule of liquid feels toward the molecules of some other substance
meniscus
curved surface in which liqudi crawls up the side of the contain
forms when adhesive forces are greater than cohesive forces
backwards (convex) meniscus
forces when cohesive forces are greater than adhesive forces
what will form when adhesive forces are greater than cohesive forces?
meniscus
what will form when cohesive forces are greater than adhesive forces?
backwards meniscus
what would the meniscus of a liquid that experiences equal cohesive and adhesive forces look like?
no meniscus
surface would be flat
a block is fully submerged 3 in below the surface of a fluid, but is not experiencing any acceleration. what can be said about the displaced volume of fluid and the buoyant force?
The displaced volume is equal to the volume of the block. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the block, and is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. By extension, the block and the fluid in which it is immersed must have the same density.
T/F
to determine the volume of an object by fluid displacement it must have a specific gravity greater than 1
F
a fluid with a low specific gravity can be used instead of water to determine volumes of objects that would otherwise float in water
to which side of a hydraulic life would the operator usually apply a force - the side with the larger cross sectional area, or the side with the smaller cross sectional area? why?
smaller
because pressure is the same on both sides of the life, a smaller force can be applied on the smaller surface area to generate the desired pressure
fluid dynamics
study of fluids in motion
viscosity
η
resistance of a fluid to flow
viscous drag
nonconservative force generated by viscosity
examples of thin fluids
gases, water, dilute aqueous solutions
thin fluids have __high/low__ viscocity, making them flow __faster/slower__
low
faster
low viscous drag
thick fluids have __high/low__ viscocity, making them flow __faster/slower__
high
slower
more viscous fluids will __lose/gain__ energy while flowing
lose
laminar flow
smooth and orderly
layers of fluid that flow parallel to each other (layers do not necessarily have the same linear speed)
the layer closest to the wall of a pipe flowers __slower/quicker__ than the more interior layers of fluid
slower
poiseuille’s law
determines rate of laminar flow
poiseuille’s law
relationships
radius and pressure gradient - inverse exponential to fourth power
slight change in radius of the tube has a significant effect on the pressure gradient, assuming a constant flow rate
turbulent flow
rough and dissorderly
causes the formation of eddies
eddies
swirls of fluid of varying sizes ocurring typically on the downstream side of an obstacle
critical speed
depends on physical properties of the fluid
such as viscosity and diameter of tube
boundary layer
thin layer of fluid adjacent to the wall
turbulence can arise when speed of fluid exceeds the …
critical speed
what happens when critical speed for a fluid is exceeded?
- fluid demonstrates complex flow patterns
- laminar flow occurs only in boundary layer
- flow speed is zero and increases uniformly throughout thee layer
- beyond the boundary layer, motion is highly irregular and turbulent
reynolds number
NR
constant that depends on the physical characteristics of the objects within the fluid
critical speed eq
vc = critical speed
NR = reynolds number
streamlines
indicate the pathways followed by tiny fluid elements as they move
never cross each other
linear speed
measure of the linear displacement of fluid particles in a given amount of time
continuity equation tells us
fluids will flow more quickly through narrow passages and more slowly through wider ones
conservation of mass
linear speed of a fluid ___inc/dec___ with decrease cross sectional area
increases
flow rate and cross sectional area relationship
flow rate is constant in a tube regardless of cross sectional area
flow rate eq
Q = v1A1 = v2A2
Q = flow rate
v = linear speed
A = cross sectional area
on MCAT, incompressible fluids are assumed to have…
laminar flow and very low viscosity while flowing, allowing us to assume conservation of energy