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MCAT > Bio: Ch 9, 5 > Flashcards

Bio: Ch 9, 5 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

intracellular digestion

A

oxidation of glucose and fatty acids to make energy

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2
Q

extracellular digestion occurs in…

A

lumen of alimentary canal

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3
Q

mechanical digestion

A

physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles

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4
Q

chemical digestion

A

enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds, such as the peptide bonds of proteins or the glycosidic bonds of starches

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5
Q

digestive tract pathway

A

oral cavity > pharynx > esophagus > stomach > small intestine >large intestine > rectum

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6
Q

accessory organs of digestion

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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7
Q

enteric nervous system

A

wall of alimentary canal

controls peristalsis

function independently of brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

enteric nervous system

upregulated/downregulated by…

A

upregulated by parasympathetic nervous system

downregulated by sympathetic nervous system

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9
Q

extracellular digestion

A

nutrients are obtained fro mfood

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10
Q

digestive system

ADH

A

promotes thirst

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11
Q

digestive system

aldosterone

A

promotes thirst

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12
Q

digestive system

glucagon

A

promote hunger

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13
Q

digestive system

ghrelin

A

promote hunger

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14
Q

digestive system

leptin

A

promote satiety

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15
Q

digestive system

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

promote satiety

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16
Q

which hormones promote thirst

A

ADH and aldosterone

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17
Q

which hormones promote hunger

A

glucagon and ghrelin

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18
Q

which hormones promote satiety

A

leptin and CCK

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19
Q

digestive system

what happens in oral cavity

A
  • mastication starts mechanical digestion
  • salivary amylase and lipase start chemical digestion
  • food formed into bolus and swallowed
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20
Q

what/where does mechanical digestion start?

A

oral cavity

mastication

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21
Q

what/where does chemical digestion start?

A

oral cavity

salivary amylase and lipase

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22
Q

digestive system

esophagus

A

propels food to the stomach using peristalsis

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23
Q

what does food enter the stomach through?

A

lower esophogeal (cardiac) sphincter

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24
Q

salivary amylase

A

hydrolyzes starch into smaller sugar

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25
Q

lipase

A

catlyzes hydrolysis of lipids

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26
Q

digestive system

3 main sources of energy

A

carbs, fats, proteins

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27
Q

parts of stomach

A

fundus and body - mostly gastric glands

antrum and pylorus - mostly pyloric glands

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28
Q

lesser curvature

A

internal curvature of the stomach

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29
Q

greater curvature

A

external curvature of stomach

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30
Q

rugae

A

folds that line the stomach

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31
Q

mucous cells

A

produce bicarbonate rich mucus to protect the stomach

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32
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen

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33
Q

pepsinogen

A

protease activated by the acidic environment of the stomach

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34
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

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35
Q

intrinsic factor

A

needed for vitamin b12 absorption

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36
Q

G-cells

A

secrete gastrin

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37
Q

gastrin

A

peptide hormone

increases HCl secretion and gastric motility

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38
Q

gastric glands respond to signals from…

A

vagus nerve of parasympathetic nervous system

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39
Q

stomach secretes 6 products:

A
  1. HCl - kills microbes, denature proteins, converts pepsinogen into pepsin
  2. pepsinogen - partially digests proteins
  3. mucus - protects mucosa
  4. bicarbonate - protects mucuosa
  5. water
  6. intrinsic factor
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40
Q

chyme

A

food particles after mechanical and chemical digestion in stomach

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41
Q

food passes into duodenum through…

A

pyloric sphincter

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42
Q

duodenum

A

first part of small intesting

primarily involved in chemical digestion

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43
Q

parts of small intestin:

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileium

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44
Q

hormones and enzymes in duodenum/small intestine

A

disaccharidases, peptidases (aminopeptidase, dipeptidase), enteropeptidase, secretin, CCK

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45
Q

disaccaharidases

A

brush border enzymes that break down maltose, isomaltose, lactose, and sucrose into monosaccharides

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46
Q

brush border peptidases

includes

A

break down proteins

aminopeptidase, dipeptidase

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47
Q

brush border enzymes

A

present on the luminal surface of cells lining the duodenum

break down dimers and trimers of biomeolcules into absorbable monomers

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48
Q

enteropeptidase

A

activates trypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases

initiating an activation cascade

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49
Q

secretin

A

stimulates release of pancreatic juices into digestive tract

slows motility

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50
Q

CCK

A

stimulates bile release from gallbladder, release of pancreatic juices, and satiety

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51
Q

bile

A

fluid composed of bile salts, pigments, and cholesterol

emulsifiers fats, making them soluble and increasing their surface area

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52
Q

bile salts

A

facilitate chemical digestion of lipids

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53
Q

acinar cells

A

in pancreas

produce pancreatic juices that contain bicarbonate, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic peptidases, pancreatic lipase

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54
Q

liver

A
  • produces bile, nutrients, urea
  • detoxifies chemicals
  • activates or inactivates medications
  • synthesizes albumin and clotting factors
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55
Q

bile is stored in

A

gallbladder

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56
Q

gallbladder

A

stores and concentrates bile

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57
Q

jejunum and ilium

A

small intestine

absorption

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58
Q

small intestine structure

A

lined with villi, which are covered with microvilli

increases surface area available for absorption

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59
Q

villi structure

A

contain capillary bed and lacteal

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60
Q

lacteal

A

vessel of lymphatic system

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61
Q

small intestine

water soluble compounds such as… enter the…

A

monosaccharides, amino acids, water soluble vitamins, small fatty acids, water

enter capillary bed

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62
Q

small intestine

fat soluble compounds such as… enter the…

A

fats, cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins

enter the lacteal

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63
Q

large intestine

A

absorbs water ad salts, forming semisolid feces

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64
Q

cecum

A

outpocketing that accepts fluid from the small intestine through the iceocecal valve

site of attachment of the appendix

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65
Q

colon parts

A

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

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66
Q

rectum

A

stores feces that are then excreted through anus

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67
Q

gut bacteria produce…

A

vitamin K and biotin (vitamin B7)

68
Q

Compare the secretion of parietal cells versus chief cells.

A

Parietal cells and chief cells are both found in the stomach.

Parietal Cells release HCl, whereas Chief Cells release pepsinogen.

69
Q

Which of the following produce a protective coating that prevents the stomach from digesting itself?

(A) Chief Cells
(B) Mucous Cells
(C) Parietal Cells
(D) Beta Cells

A

(B) Mucous Cells

Mucous Cells release mucin, which coats the stomach to prevent pepsin or HCl from degrading the stomach lining.

70
Q

What converts trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen into their active forms?

A

Enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen into their active forms.

71
Q

Describe how pancreatic lipase and bile work together to break down fats.

A

Bile emulsifies fats, organizing them into smaller droplets that can be acted on by pancreatic lipase.

72
Q

The duodenum is receiving a lot of chyme from the stomach that is being digested by gastric juice/hydrochloric acid. To neutralize all that acid, the exocrine pancreas secretes which of the following?

(A) H2O
(B) H2SO4-
(C) Cl-
(D) HCO3-

A

(D) HCO3-

The exocrine pancreas releases bicarbonate, a base, to neutralize the gastric acid.

73
Q

The exocrine pancreas releases many enzymes to aid in digestion. Match the following enzymes to their function.

(1) Amylase
(2) Lipase
(3) Trypsin/chymotrypsin

(A) Break down triglycerides into free fatty acids/ monoglycerides/ diglycerides/ glycerol

(B) Break down starches into smaller carbohydrates

(C) Break down protein into amino acids

A

(1) Amylase ->
(B) Break down starches into smaller carbohydrates

(2) Lipase -> (A) Break down triglycerides into free fatty acids/ monoglycerides/ diglycerides/ glycerol
(3) Trypsin/chymotrypsin -> (C) Break down protein into amino acids

74
Q

The large intestine’s primary responsibility is to absorb:

(A) nutrients
(B) proteins
(C) fatty acids
(D) water

A

(D) water

The large intestine’s primary responsibility is to absorb water.

75
Q

Gastrin will also increase or decrease stomach motility? What does that mean?

A

Gastrin increases stomach motility, which increases the churning of food by the stomach.

76
Q

When chyme enters the duodenum, the production of which of the following hormones is triggered?

I. Ghrelin
II. Secretin
III. Cholecystokinen

(A) I Only
(B) I and III Only
(C) II and III Only
(D) I, II, and III

A

(C) II and III Only

When chyme enters the duodenum, the production of secretin and cholecystokinen is triggered.

77
Q

What is the primary role of secretin versus cholecystokinen?

A

The primary role of secretin is to increase the pH of the chyme as it enters the duodenum.

The primary role of cholecystokinen is to promote digestion in the duodenum.

78
Q

peptide hormones are composed of

A

amino acids

79
Q

peptide hormones are derived from

A

larger precursor proteins that are cleaved during posttranslational modification

80
Q

peptide hormones

membranes

A

polar

cannot pass through plasma membrane

81
Q

peptide hormones

location of receptor

A

extracellular (cell membrane)

82
Q

peptide hormones

mechanism of action

A
  • stimulates a receptor (usually GPCR)
  • affecting levels of second messengers (usually cAMP)
  • initiates signal cascade –> can induce amplification of signal
83
Q

peptide hormones

speed of onset

A

quick

84
Q

peptide hormones

duration of action

A

short lived

85
Q

peptide hormones

method of travel in bloodstream

A

water soluble –> dissolves and travels freely

86
Q

steroid hormones are derived from

A

cholesterol

87
Q

steroid hormones are produced by

A

gonads and adrenal cortex

88
Q

steroid hormones

location of receptor

A

intracellular or intranuclear

89
Q

steroid hormones

mechanism of action

A
  • binds to a receptor
  • induces conformational change
  • regulates transcription at the level of the DNA
90
Q

steroid hormones

method of travel in bloodstream

A

lipid soluble –> cannot dissolve in blood stream –> binds to carrier protein

91
Q

steroid hormones

speed of onset

A

slow

92
Q

steroid hormones

duration of action

A

long lived

93
Q

steroid hormones

membrane

A

minimally polar –> can pass through membrane

94
Q

amino acid hormones are derived from

A

amino acids

95
Q

amino acid hormones

features

A

variable

96
Q

amino acid hormones

exs

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine, thyroxine

97
Q

catecholamines

mechanism of action

duration and speed of onset

A

bind to GPCR

usually fast and shortlived

98
Q

catecholamines exs

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

99
Q

thyroid hormones

mechanism of action

A

bind intracellularly

100
Q

direct hormones

A

secreted then act directly on a target tissue

have major effects on nonendocrine tissues

101
Q

tropic hormones

A

require intermediary to act

have major effects on other endocrine tissues

102
Q

peptide and amino acid derivative hormone

end in

A

-in or -ine

103
Q

steroid hormones

end in

A

-one, -ol, -oid

104
Q

anterior pituitary releases hormones in response to stimulation from

A

hypothalamus

105
Q

anterior pituitary

hormones

A

FLAT PEG

  • 4 tropic hormones (FLAT)
    • FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
  • 3 direct hormones (PEG)
    • prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone
106
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

released by anterior pituitary

promotes the development of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males

107
Q

lutenizing hormone (LH)

A

released by anterior pituitary

promotes ovulation in females and testosterone production in males

108
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

released by anterior pituitary

promotes the synthesis and release glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

109
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

released by anterior pituitary

promotes the synthesis and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the thyroid

110
Q

prolactin

A

released by anterior pituitary

promotes milk production

111
Q

endorphins

A

released by anterior pituitary

decrease perception of pain and can produce euphoria

112
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

released by anterior pituitary

promotes growth of bone and muscle and shunts glucose to these tissues

raises blood glucose concentrations

113
Q

posterior pituitary releases ___ hormones produced in the ____

A

2

hypothalamus

114
Q

posterior pituitary

hormones

A

ADH and oxytocin

115
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)

A

released by posterior pituitary

secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity

increases reabsorption of water in collecting duct of nephron, increasing blood volume, and decreasing blood osmolarity

116
Q

oxytocin

A

released by posterior pituitary

secreted during childbirth and promotes uterine contractions

positive feedback loop

117
Q

negative feedback

A

hormone later in pathway inhibits hormones earlier in the pathway

118
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus with anterior pituitary

119
Q

thyroid

hormones

A

triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

calcatonin

120
Q

T3 and T4 produced by

A

follicular cells

121
Q

T3 and T4

A

released by thyroid

  • contain iodine
  • increase basal metabolic rate and alter the utilization of glucose and fatty acids
  • required for proper neurological and physical development in children
122
Q

calcitonin

A

released by thyroid

  • decreases plasma calcium concentration by promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys
  • decreases calcium absorption in the gut
  • promotes calcium storage in bone
123
Q

parathyroid glands release

A

parathyroid hormone

124
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

released by parathyroid glands

  • decreases excretion of calcium by the kidneys
  • increases bone resorption directly to increase blood calcium conc
  • activates vitamin D
  • promotes resorption of phosphate from bone
  • reduces reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney
    • vitamin D promotes absorption of phosphate from gut - cancel out
125
Q

vitamin D

A

necessary for calcium and phosphate absorption from the gut

126
Q

adrenal cortex

hormones

A
  • glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone)
  • mineralocoriticoids (aldosterone)
  • cortical sex hormones (androgens and estrogens)
127
Q

glucocorticoids

(cortisol and cortisone)

A

released from adrenal cortex

  • increase blood glucose concentration
  • reduce protein synthesis
  • inhibit immune system
  • participate in stress reponse
128
Q

glucocorticoid (cortisol and cortisone) release stimulated by

A

ACTH

129
Q

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

A

produced by adrenal cortex

promote sodium readsorption in distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct –> increases water reabsorption

130
Q

aldosterone

A

produced by adrenal cortex

increases potassium and hydrogen ion excretion

131
Q

aldosterone activity is regulated by

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system

132
Q

adrenal medulla

hormones

A

catecholamines (epinephrine, norephinephrine)

133
Q

catecholamines

A

secreted by adrenal medulla

  • promote glycogenolysis
  • increase the basal metabolic rate
  • increase heart rate
  • dilate bronchi
  • alter blood flow
134
Q

pancreas

hormones

A

regulate glucose homeostasis

glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

135
Q

glucagon produced by

A

alpha cells in pancreas

136
Q

insulin produced by

A

beta cells in pancreas

137
Q

somatostatin produced by

A

delta cells in pancreas

138
Q

glucagon

hormone

A

produced by pancreas

raises blood glucose levels by stimulating protein and fat degradation, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogensis

139
Q

insulin

hormone

A

produced by pancreas

lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake by cells and promoting anabolic processes like glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis

140
Q

somatostatin

hormone

A

produced by pancreas

inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

141
Q

testes secrete

A

testosterone

142
Q

ocaries secrete

A

estrogen and progesterone

143
Q

pineal gland releases

A

melatonin

144
Q

melatonin

A

regulates circadian rhythms

145
Q

stomach and intestine produces

A

secretin, gastrin, CCK

146
Q

kidneys secrete

A

erythropoitin

147
Q

erythropoietin

A

secreted by kidneys

stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes in response to low oxygen levels in the blood

148
Q

heart’s artria secrete

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

149
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

secreted by atria

promotes excretion of salt and water in kidneys in response to stretching of atria (high blood volume)

150
Q

thymus secretes

A

thymosin

151
Q

thymosin

A

secreted by thymus

important for proper t-cell development and differentiation

152
Q

GnRH causes __hormone__ to be released

A

FSH and LH

153
Q

GHRH causes __hormone__ to be released

A

GH

154
Q

TRH causes __hormone__ to be released

A

TSH

155
Q

corticotropin-releasing factor causes __hormone__ to be released

A

ACTH

156
Q

gigantism

A

excess of GH

157
Q

dwarfism

A

deficit of GH

158
Q

hypothyroidism

A

deficiency of iodine

159
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

excess of thyroid hormone

160
Q

glucagon is released when glucose levels are ___

A

low

161
Q

insulin is secreted when glucose levels are ___

A

high

162
Q

hypoglycemia

A

excess insulin

low blood glucose concentration

163
Q

hyperglycemia

A

excess blood glucose concentration

164
Q

polyuria

A

increased frequency of urination

165
Q

polydipsia

A

increased thirst

166
Q
A

MCAT (26 decks)

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