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MCAT > Kaplan Organic Chem: Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Kaplan Organic Chem: Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

carbonyl group

A

carbon double bonded to an oxygen

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2
Q

aldehyde structure

A

carbonyl, R group, and H

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3
Q

ketone structure

A

carbonyl group and 2 R groups

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4
Q

alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

hydrocarbons that lack pi bonds

usually end with “ane”

methane, propane, butane

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5
Q

steps to nomenclature

A
  1. select parent chain –> longest chain
    • for chains with equal lengths, choose the one with more substituents
  2. number the parent chain
    • give first substituent the lower possible number
    • if tie, choose chain where 2nd sub has the lower number
  3. name the subsituents based on where and how many
  4. arrange the subs alphabetically
    • place the locants in front of each substituent
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6
Q

primary carbon

1°

A

depends on number of carbons directly attached

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7
Q

secondary carbon

2°

A
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8
Q

tertiary carbon

3°

A
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9
Q

quarternary carbon

4°

A

depends on number of carbons directly attached

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10
Q

Assessing Stability

A
  1. correct electronegativity
  2. size: bigger = more stable
  3. more resonance = more stable –> pi bond being spread
  4. induction: pull away from neg charged region more acidic –> sigma bonds
  5. orbitals: triple bond more acidic
    1. lone pair - 25% sp3 less stable
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11
Q

nomenclature

n-

A

“normal”

n-propyl –> straight chain alkane

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12
Q

nomenclature

multiple substituents of the same type

A

di-, tri-, tetra- etc

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13
Q

highlight the parent chain

A

longest chain must include hydroxyl group

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14
Q

highlight the parent chain

A
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15
Q

name substituents then name molecule

A

4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane

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16
Q

hydrocarbons

A

compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen atoms

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17
Q

alcohols

A

contain at least one OH group

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18
Q

alkyl halides

A

alkanes with halogen subsituents

fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-

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19
Q

alkene

A

alkanes with double bonds

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20
Q

alkyne

A

alkanes with triple bonds

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21
Q

alkane name

1 carbon

A

methane

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22
Q

alkane name

2 carbons

A

ethane

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23
Q

alkane name

3 carbons

A

propane

24
Q

alkane name

4 carbons

A

butane

25
Q

alkane name

5 carbons

A

pentane

26
Q

alkane name

6 carbons

A

hexane

27
Q

alkane name

7 carbons

A

heptane

28
Q

alkane name

8 carbons

A

octane

29
Q

alchol nomenclature

A

-ol

chain is numbered so C attached to OH gets lowest possible number (even when multiple bonds present)

if alc is not highest priority function group –> hydroxy-

30
Q

common name of ethanol

A

ethyl alcohol

31
Q

common name of 2-propanol

A

isopropyl alcohol

32
Q

alcohols with 2 hydroxyl groups are called

A

diols or glycols

-diol

must number each OH group for diols

33
Q

geminal diols

A

aka hydrates

diols with OH groups on same carbon

34
Q

vicinal diols

A

diols with OH groups on adjacent carbons

35
Q

IUPAC name

C9H20

A

nonane

36
Q

IUPAC name

C10H22

A

decane

37
Q

in a molecule with 2 double bonds adjacent to each other and an alcohol, which functional group would take precedence in naming?

A

alcohol

38
Q

aldehyde nomenclature

A

-al

when higher priority group takes precedence over carbonyl –> oxo-

39
Q

common name of methanal

A

formaldehyde

40
Q

common name of ethanal

A

acetaldehyde

41
Q

common name of propanal

A

propionaldehyde

42
Q

ketone nomeclature

A

-one

when higher priority group takes precedence over carbonyl –> oxo-, keto-

43
Q

common name of propanone

A

acetone

44
Q

For a molecule with a double bond, an aldehyde, and an alcohol, which functional group would determine the suffix when naming?

A

Ketones and aldehydes both take precedence over both alcohols and hydrocarbon chains, and the functional group that is the highest priority determines the suffix. Because the aldehyde is chain-terminating and therefore on carbon number 1, the aldehyde would determine the suffix when naming this compound.

45
Q

carboxylic acid structure

A

carbonyl and hydroxyl group on terminal carbon

most oxidized functional group –> highest priority functional group

46
Q

carboxylic acid nomeclature

A

-oic acid

47
Q

common name for methanoic acid

A

formic acid

48
Q

common name for ethanoic acid

A

acetic acid

49
Q

common name for propanoic acid

A

propionic acid

50
Q

ester structure

A

carboxylic acid derivative

OH replaced with OR

51
Q

ester nomeclature

A

-oate

52
Q

amide structure

A

carboxylic acid derivative

OH replaced by amino group

53
Q

amide nomenclature

A

-amide

subs attached to nitrogen atom labeled with a N- –> indicates that group is bonded to parent molecule via nitrogen atom

54
Q

anhydride structure

A

derivative of carboxylic acid

55
Q

anhydride nomenclature

A

replace acid with anhydride

56
Q
A

MCAT (26 decks)

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