Phx Fire Vol 2 (Deck 5) Flashcards
201.06 - 202.02B
1
Q
Describe the 3-deep deployment model for managing resources in the Phoenix Regional Standard Operating Procedures.
A
Deploying resources as Working, On-Deck, and Recycle/Staged to manage the strategic and tactical needs of the incident or sector and provide a reserve of resources for addressing FF rescue.
2
Q
Purpose of the greater alarm mechanism?
A
Used to quickly provide automatic move-ups and necessary support for additional resources and expanding incidents.
3
Q
Define crisis management.
A
Situation that grows at a rate faster than the response rate, often leading to an out-of-control situation and inadequate resources to control it.
4
Q
How should additional alarms be struck?
A
Sequentially, going from a 3 & 1 assignment to a 1st alarm, to a 2nd alarm, and so on, rather than requesting assistance in a piecemeal fashion.
5
Q
Utilizing the tactical reserve of fire companies.
A
Deployed in appropriate forward positions to manage the strategic and tactical needs of the incident or sector and provide a reserve of resources for addressing firefighter rescue.
6
Q
Purpose of calling for additional resources in a fire incident.
A
Necessary to effectively manage situations where the fire conditions become severe, the property protection demand exceeds initial capabilities, or when there is evidence of significant fire but companies are unable to determine location and extent.
7
Q
Define sectorization in managing additional resources during a fire incident.
A
Expanding the incident organization to manage additional resources effectively. It is essential when encountering a big fire situation and calling for additional alarms to ensure effective management of the additional resources.
8
Q
How does command anticipate the need for additional resources in a fire incident?
A
Forecasting potential resource depletion due to exhaustion, running out of certain resources, evidence of significant fire without clear location and extent, or when the commitment of companies is not effective.
9
Q
Do all fire situations require the same approach when calling for additional resources?
A
No, some fire situations require a categorical call for additional alarms or upgrading an assignment upon knowledge of particular characteristics or conditions, while in other situations, command will initiate fire control activities, ask for reports, and strike more alarms based upon receipt of bad news.
10
Q
Importance of fireground hunches?
A
Command should instinctively feel the need to summon additional resources and not disregard fireground hunches, as part of the 3 Deep Deployment Model.
11
Q
Describe the scope of Vol 2 for air operations.
A
Covers various helicopter services for emergency medical transportation, rescue, aerial reconnaissance, firefighting, and transportation of personnel and equipment, involving multiple agencies and private services.
12
Q
What are the agencies involved in the Phoenix Regional air operations for emergencies?
A
Air Evac Life Net, Mesa Police Department, Native Air, Phoenix Police Department, Sheriff’s Department, Arizona Army National Guard, Television Stations Channels 3, 5, 10, 12, 15, and Air Services International.
13
Q
How should fire personnel handle helicopter ops?
A
Not fly with pilots or in aircraft that have not been approved and appropriately carded. If there are safety concerns, Command should stop the operation immediately.
14
Q
Define the circumstances under which helicopter transportation should be considered for emergency medical transportation.
A
When time and distance affect ground transportation time, when ambulances are unavailable, or when patients are in locations inaccessible to ground units.
15
Q
Do Med-Evac helicopters have limitations in carrying patients?
A
Yes, Med-Evac helicopters are capable of carrying only one Immediate patient. Additional helicopters should be requested for incidents involving multiple Immediate patients. They are not approved for Technical Rescue air operations.
16
Q
Describe the procedure for DPS helicopter transportation of patients.
A
Capable of carrying one patient only. The pilots must be advised of a litter patient prior to taking off or landing so that the interior of the helicopter can be put in proper configuration to accommodate the patient.
17
Q
Purpose of aerial reconnaissance in firefighting operations.
A
Assist Command in complex situations, such as brush firefighting, complex structural fires, high-rise fires, and hazmat fires, by tracking direction and distance of air contamination.
18
Q
How are news station helicopters expected to behave during emergency incidents?
A
Avoid interference with ground operations, communicate on fire channels, and may be requested to provide assistance at incidents.
19
Q
Role of helicopters in transportation of personnel and equipment during emergencies.
A
For urgent transportation of personnel and equipment to the scene of an emergency, especially when distance is a factor, and to transport personnel and equipment to high-rise buildings or across difficult terrain for firefighting purposes.
20
Q
Available methods of brush firefighting using helicopters in the Phoenix region?
A
Phoenix PD: 2 Bambi Buckets for aerial water drops
Mesa PD: 1 Bambi Bucket
Phx FD: 4 buoy wall tanks
Mesa FD: 1 buoy wall tank.
21
Q
Process of setting up and filling the buoy wall tank during air operations.
A
Engine company assigned to the landing zone sector assists the water tender driver in setting up the buoy wall tank in a large flat area clear of overhead obstructions. The tank is filled slowly from the bottom, with foam concentrate added when it is about one foot from the top.
22
Q
Procedure for requesting contract helicopter services during fire operations?
A
Contract helicopter services are requested through the Phx FD, involving an hourly charge for service. One or more helicopters can be requested, with an engine company assigned to control the landing zone and lay supply lines for refilling belly tanks and providing fire protection.
23
Q
How should crews approach and withdraw from a helicopter during refilling and re-arming of the belly tank?
A
Crews should approach the helicopter only after making eye contact with the pilot and should do so from the right side of the aircraft. They should approach and withdraw along the same path, to the front of the aircraft within 45°.
24
Q
Role of helicopters in physical rescue operations during fire incidents.
A
Helicopters are particularly suited for physical rescue of persons stranded in inaccessible locations. They can be useful in removing the victim or placing rescue personnel in a position to reach the victim.
25
Responsibilities of the landing zone officer during helicopter operations?
Controlling the landing zone, signaling the pilot for take-off, and relaying all drop instructions and reporting the effectiveness of drops to the pilot. All personnel must remain clear of the drop zone.
26
Avg flying time per fuel load for contract helicopters during fire operations?
1-1/2 to two hours, and a refueling vehicle can be dispatched to the scene.
27
How should the buoy wall tank be set up during air operations?
The buoy wall tank must be set up in a large flat area clear of overhead obstructions, with one or two salvage covers placed on the ground to protect the bottom of the tank. It fills from the bottom only, and foam concentrate can be added when it is about one foot from the top.
28
Describe the types of operations considered as Special Use for helicopters.
1. External load operations (slingloads, longlines, water bucket, etc.)
2. Hover sites (low-level hovering)
3. Helicopter rappelling (insertions and extractions)
4. Flights conducted below 500 feet above ground level (AGL)
5. Helicopter operations around a fire perimeter
6. Single skid landings
7. Any takeoff or landing requiring special pilot technique due to terrain, obstacles, or surface condition.
29
Responsibility of the Technical Rescue Sector officer during rescue operations involving Special Use of helicopters?
To establish and coordinate the rescue plan with the appropriate pilots and Fire Command.
30
How are rescue operations involving the Special Use of helicopters evaluated before initiation?
A risk benefit analysis will be completed by the TSO, Phoenix PD pilot, and Command to determine if the patient is in critical condition or if a life-threatening situation exists for the patient(s) or rescuers.
31
Define the requirement for helicopter load calculations during rescue operations involving the Special Use of helicopters.
Proper load calculations must be completed, and a load calculation form must be filled out and signed by the pilot and the Technical Rescue Sector officer or representative for both internal and external loads.
32
Describe the communication protocol for air-to-ground communications during helicopter ops.
Shall be used whenever possible to give landing instructions to approaching helicopters, and dispatch will coordinate the establishment of air-to-ground communications.
33
Procedure for helo comms when actively engaged in operations at the scene of an incident.
Assign all helicopter comms to a separate radio channel and designate a person to work exclusively with this channel. 'Special Use' operations require a designated radio channel that is clear of any other traffic.
34
Define 'Firebird' in the context of helicopter operations.
Designation for a helicopter operating under the direction of the Phx FD, including Phx PD helos.
35
How are National Guard helicopters instructed to receive landing instructions from fire department ground units?
No direct communications capability with fire department ground units, so landing instructions must be given by hand signals.
36
Do helos need to make contact with ground units before landing in the incident area?
Yes, helos will not land in the incident area without first making contact with ground units. If unable to make contact on an assigned channel, the arriving helo shall circle or hover in the vicinity until contact is established.
37
Procedure for directing helicopters to land when radio communication proves unfeasible.
Directed to land via hand or light signals when radio communication proves unfeasible. Landings shall not be made in proximity to the incident without positive contact (radios or hand signals).
38
Designation for the helicopter operating under the direction of the DPS?
Ranger 41, staffed with 1 DPS officer/pilot, 1 DPS officer/paramedic, and 1 Phx Fire paramedic, with capabilities for emergency medical transportation and aerial reconnaissance transportation of manpower and equipment.
39
What equipment and personnel are required for the selection and identification of a landing zone for helicopters?
Personnel assigned to the landing zone operation must have a portable radio, eye protection, ear protection, and high-visibility safety vests.
40
Requirements for the landing zone for each helicopter.
Must be relatively flat and free of obstructions for an area of at least 100' x 100' for each helicopter. All spectators, vehicle traffic, and animals must be kept a minimum of 200' away from the landing zone. A 60' x 60' 'touch down' area shall be identified with appropriate visual markers in the center of the landing zone.
41
Characteristics of a 'Special Use' landing zone?
Any landing zone where the pilot cannot land and shut down power to the aircraft. They are technical by nature and shall be staffed by members of the TRT at both the base and off-site landing zones.
42
Define the safety factors to be considered for approach and departure paths for heavily loaded helos.
Into the wind, must be free of obstructions. For heavily loaded helicopters, the clear path should extend at least 100 yards in each direction.
43
How should the landing zone and surrounding area be prepared to ensure safety?
Free of small objects which can be blown around by rotor wash. Dusty locations should be avoided if possible, and if the landing area is dusty, it should be wet down with a hose line before landing.
44
What safety measures should be taken when a helicopter is on the ground?
A 'tail guard' shall be stationed 50 to 100 feet from the tail rotor to keep the area secured. At no time shall personnel pass behind the body of the helicopter and the tail rotor.
45
Describe the comms and safety measures to be maintained after the departure of the helo.
Radio contact and the landing zone shall be maintained for 2-3 minutes after departure of the helo in case an in-flight emergency is experienced and the helo needs to return to the landing zone.
46
Precautions to be taken to keep landing areas clear for helo ops.
Clear of loose articles that may 'fly' in the rotor down wash and provide wind indicators for take-off and landings.
47
Purpose of PPE for fire personnel and crew members during helo ops?
PPE provides protection to individuals in a hazardous environment.
48
How should tools be carried when loading items onto the helo?
Horizontally and below waist level, never upright or over the shoulder.
49
Surface selection options for helicopter landings.
Include concrete, asphalt, grass, compacted dirt, and dry, loose dirt/sand.
50
Requirements for flight helmets for fire personnel and crew members during helo operations?
Flight helmets must provide protection for the head, except for specific exceptions such as TRT helmets or helicopter headsets in certain situations.
51
Fire personnel and crew member requirements for gloves as part of their personal protective equipment (PPE) during helicopter operations?
Should be leather or Nomex and leather.
52
Describe the precautions to be taken when using spotlights to illuminate obstructions during helicopter operations.
Extreme caution should be used as the spotlights can blind the pilot. Only use spotlights to illuminate the bottom of poles and do not shine upward.
53
purpose of the Tail Guard in the landing zone?
To guard the sunning tail rotor at the LZ.
54
Purpose of helo hand signals in air operations.
Used to communicate with the pilot when verbal communication is not possible or practical, ensuring safe and efficient ground operations.
55
What are some common helo hand signals used in air operations?
Signals for takeoff, landing, moving forward, moving backward, hovering, and shutting down the engine, among others.
56
Purpose of a post incident review.
Thorough evaluation of various aspects of an incident, including response times, safety, firefighting, rescue, property conservation, loss control, and other customer service issues.
57
What are the areas identified for discussion in each post incident review?
Response times, RIC response, safety, firefighting, rescue, property conservation, loss control, and other customer service issues.
58
How is the safety component emphasized in the post incident review?
Reinforcing safety behaviors, assessing the current level of safety, identifying areas for safety improvement, and focusing on overall firefighter safety and survival.
59
Role of the BC or Company Officer in conducting a post incident review.
The BC or Company Officer can conduct a review after any incident, using a new form developed to assist in being thorough and consistent in the review, and forwarding the completed form to the Tactical Services Section for review, reporting, and training.
60
Tools recommended to be used in assisting a review of any incident?
The reverse side of the Tactical Worksheet and other review check sheets are recommended tools to use in assisting a review of any incident, along with visual references of the scene whenever possible.
61
Conclusion of the Post Incident Review.
Concluded on a positive note, and single company reviews conducted by Captains after an incident or training exercise can be used to chart a company's improvement.
62
How can the post incident review assist in focusing on areas a company may need to improve?
Particularly in areas such as safety, and included in the procedure are check sheets to be used as tools in evaluating operational safety.
63
How are the effectiveness of operations evaluated in the post-incident review?
By describing the effectiveness of the operation and assessing the building/occupancy conditions on arrival.
64
201.08
Post Incident Review
65
Define offensive, defensive, and marginal operations in the context of the post-incident review.
Offensive: aggressive interior firefighting
Defensive: exterior firefighting
Marginal: in between.
66
What special considerations are included in the post-incident review?
Haz mat, rescue efforts, welfare efforts, and injuries.
67
Purpose of salvage/overhaul operations in the post-incident review.
Assess and describe the salvage and overhaul operations conducted after the fire control operations.
68
Describe the condition of the scene for the investigator/occupant in the post-incident review.
Description of the scene's condition for the investigator and occupants, including any relevant details.
69
Describe the purpose of the E.M.S. EVALUATION FORM.
Document details of the incident, including treatment, transportation, and triage procedures.
70
Do you need to be a paramedic to fill out the E.M.S. INCIDENT EVALUATION FORM?
No, the form can be filled out by E.M.T.s, paramedics, or other designated personnel.
71
Define extrication procedures in the context of EMS incidents.
Extrication procedures involve the process of removing a patient from a vehicle or other confined space during an emergency.
72
How is triage performed in the context of EMS incidents?
To prioritize the treatment of multiple victims based on the severity of their injuries.
73
Significance of documenting differences from the Operational Manual in the E.M.S. INCIDENT EVALUATION FORM.
Helps identify areas for improvement and potential factors that contributed to the incident's outcome.
74
Standard functions that will normally be performed by Engine, Ladder, Heavy Rescue, and Rescue companies.
Incident size up, assumption of command, coordinate 360° incident assessment, search, rescue, and treatment, forcible entry, stretch hose lines, operate nozzles, pump hose lines, and loss control.
75
202.01
Standard Company Functions
76
Purpose of organizing basic fireground functions and activities based on capability.
Assign major fireground functions to the particular company who can best accomplish the operation and integrate the efforts of Engine, Ladder, and Rescue companies to achieve effective rescue, fire control, and loss control activities.
77
Define the policy for Engine, Ladder, Heavy Rescue, and Rescue companies.
The standard functions that will normally be performed by these companies, providing the framework for field operations.
78
Aim to reduce the amount and detail of orders required to get companies into action on the fireground.
Increasing the awareness and confidence of company members in the standard performance of other companies operating on the fireground.
79
Engine company basic functions.
Incident size up, assumption of command, coordinate 360° incident assessment, search, rescue, and treatment, forcible entry, stretch hose lines, operate nozzles, pump hose lines, and loss control.
80
Ladder/LT company basic functions.
Incident size up, assumption of command, coordinated incident assessment, search, rescue, treatment, ventilation, forcible entry, raising ground ladders, providing access/checking fire extension, utility control, providing lighting, operating ladder pipes, performing overhaul, and extrication.
81
Rescue company basic functions?
Transportation of sick and injured to hospitals, search, rescue, treatment (with communication of commitment and location to Command), and general firefighting duties as assigned by Command.
82
Define the term '360° incident assessment' in the context of firefighting operations.
Coordinated assessment of the entire incident scene from all sides to gather comprehensive information for effective decision-making and resource allocation.
83
Heavy Rescue Company functions.
Incident size-up, assumption of command, coordinating 360° incident assessment, search, rescue, and treatment, stretching hose lines, operating nozzles, loss control, obtaining 360°, coordinated horizontal and vertical ventilation, forcible entry, raising ground ladders, providing access/check fire extension, utility control, providing lighting, performing overhaul, extrication, structural collapse/shoring, and heavy lifting.
84
Role of Company Officers in determining the priority of functions for their company in Level 1 Staging situations?
Based upon conditions and the Risk Management Plan, unless otherwise ordered by Command.
85
How are the functions of first arriving Engine, Ladder, or Heavy Rescue, and Rescue companies determined in Level 1 Staging situations?
Will perform functions as required and ordered by Command.
86
Define Level 1 Staging.
First arriving Engine, Ladder, or Heavy Rescue, and Rescue companies will perform functions as required and ordered by Command, and Company Officers will determine the priority of functions for their company based upon conditions and the Risk Management Plan, unless otherwise ordered by Command.
87
Standard fireground plan for task and tactical operations in the absence of a ladder company response.
Command should assign ladder functions to a Heavy Rescue or an Engine company, such as assigning an Engine company to perform salvage or overhaul.
88
What is the purpose of assigning ladder functions to a Heavy Rescue or an Engine company in the absence of a ladder company response?
The purpose is to improve the effectiveness and safety of all units working together and to establish a standard operational framework.
89
Define the standard operating framework for task and tactical operations in the absence of a ladder company response.
The standard operating framework is designed to improve the effectiveness and safety of all units working together and should in no way limit the initiative of any officer while enhancing the decision-making process of all officers.
90
Describe the purpose of Critical Fireground Factors in incident evaluation.
Meant to assist the Incident Commander in simplifying complex information into 7 distinct categories, providing the ability to categorize and communicate what is critical within a specific incident.
91
Define size-up.
An appraisal of the magnitude or dimensions of an event or incident, and it is the standard process used to establish Critical Fireground Factors for any incident.
92
How are Critical Fireground Factors determined for an incident?
Deliberate and focused size-up with the intent of evaluating the incident to determine how and to what extent the tactical objectives will be met for that particular incident.
93
What is the importance of continually reconsidering fireground factors during fire operations?
The relative importance of each factor changes throughout the time frame of the fireground process, and conditions continue to change, requiring action plan revisions.
94
Do all factors within the Critical Fireground Factors list apply to every incident?
Not all factors are typically critical for every incident, and it is important for the IC to identify what size-up information is truly critical to the accomplishment of the tactical objectives for a specific incident.
95
Describe the concept of critical information in the context fireground factors.
Significant questions regarding the incident structure, conditions, and/or occupancy that command may have during an incident. Efforts must continue throughout the operation to improve the information on which decisions are based.
96
How does effective management of fireground factors require Command to gather information?
Command must apply all methods of information gathering and communication (visual, recon, preplan) to each fireground factor.
97
Define the term 'reconnaissance' in the context of fireground information gathering.
Information that is not visually available to Command from a position on the outside of a tactical situation and must be gained by sending someone to check‐out, go‐see, look‐up, research, advise, call, go‐find, etc.
98
Overlapping forms of size up utilized for gathering fireground factor information?
Visual observation, reconnaissance, and preplanning and familiarity.
99
Describe the role of preplanning and familiarity in gathering fireground factor information.
Gaining intelligence from formal pre‐fire planning, general informal familiarization activities, and from C.A.D. through the M.D.T., providing Command with intelligence from the outside of a tactical situation.
100
Describe the factors related to the building that should be considered during a fireground operation.
Size, roof type and condition, interior arrangement/access, construction type, age, condition, value, compartmentation/separation, vertical/horizontal openings, outside openings, utility characteristics, concealed spaces/attic characteristics, exterior access, and the effect the fire has had on the structure.
101
What are some of the factors related to the fire that should be considered during a fireground operation?
Size, extent, location, stage, direction of travel, time of involvement, type and amount of material involved, type and amount of material left to burn, and product of combustion.
102
Define compartmentation/separation.
Division of a building into distinct sections to prevent the spread of fire, smoke, or heat from one area to another.
103
How does the type and amount of material involved in a fire impact fireground operations?
Can affect the tactics and resources needed to control the fire, as different materials produce varying levels of heat, smoke, and toxic gases.
104
Describe the factors related to occupancy in the fireground standard operating procedures.
Factors related to occupancy include specific occupancy, type/group, value characteristics, fire load, status, occupancy-associated hazards, type of contents, time, and loss control profile.
105
What are the life hazard considerations in the fireground standard operating procedures?
Number of occupants, location of occupants in relation to the fire, condition of occupants by virtue of fire exposure, incapacities of occupants, commitment required for search and rescue, fire control required for search and rescue, needs for EMS, time estimate of fire effect on victims, exposure of spectators, hazards to fire personnel, access rescue forces have to victims, and characteristics of escape routes/avenues of escape.
106
Define the term 'fire load.'
Size and nature of the materials that can contribute to a fire in a specific occupancy.
107
How are the hazards to fire personnel addressed?
Considering the access rescue forces have to victims, characteristics of escape routes/avenues of escape, and the overall safety of fire conditions.
108
Factors to consider in the arrangement of external exposures during a fireground operation.
Access, arrangement, and distance of external exposure, combustibility of exposures, and the most dangerous direction (avenue of spread) are important factors to consider.
109
What resources should be evaluated during a fireground operation?
Personnel and equipment on scene, responding, and available in reserve or in Staging, estimate of response time for additional resources, condition and capability of personnel, availability of hydrants, supplemental water sources, and outside agency resource and response time should be evaluated.
110
Factors to consider in the severity and urgency of exposures.
Assessing the fire effect, value, time estimate of fire effect on exposures, obstructions to operations, and capability/limitations on apparatus movement and use.
111
How should the built-in private fire protection be assessed?
Evaluating the adequacy of water supply, built-in private fire protection such as sprinkler, standpipe, and alarms.
112
How should outside agency be evaluated?
Resource and response time.
113
Describe the factors to consider on the fireground.
Time of day/night, day of the week, season, special hazards related to holidays and events, weather conditions, traffic conditions, and social conditions.
114
How do holidays and special events impact firefighting operations?
Introduce special hazards that need to be considered, such as increased crowds, fireworks, or other unique risks.
115
What social conditions impact firefighting operations?
Strikes, riots, mobs, and rock festivals, etc.
116
Significance of weather conditions in firefighting operations.
Wind, rain, heat, cold, humidity, and visibility must be taken into account during response and mitigation efforts.
117
3 tactical objectives.
Rescue, Fire Control, and Property Conservation.
118
What is the purpose of the Rescue tactical objective?
Protect occupants, remove those who are threatened, and treat the injured.
119
How are the completion and priority of the tactical objectives correlated to the incident?
Directly to the size up, risk management, and conditions of the incident.
120
Define the Property Conservation tactical objective.
Involves activities required to stop or reduce primary or secondary damage to property.
121
3 ongoing considerations that make up the umbrella of service within the Command framework?
FF safety, customer service, and loss control.
122
Importance of customer service?
Recruiting members who understand the importance of customer service, acknowledging positive customer service actions, and seeking ways to better serve customers.
123
2 strategies for structural fireground operations.
Offensive and Defensive.
124
What factors does the IC consider when determining the fireground strategy?
Building, Fire & Smoke, Life Hazard, Occupancy, Arrangement, Resources, and other factors.
125
How does the IC choose the proper strategy to be used at the fire scene?
Based on the level of risk and reevaluation of the incident size-up, all Fireground Factors, and reconsideration of risk.
126
Define the responsibility of the IC in relation to the fireground strategy.
Determining the appropriate fireground strategy and ensuring that once initiated, it is maintained and adjusted as necessary.
127
Importance of controlling the fireground strategy for the IC.
Provide overall incident scene safety and ensure that all personnel are operating within the correct strategy.
128
Actions to maintain the proper fireground strategy?
Avoiding simultaneous offensive & defensive strategies in the same fire area, matching the appropriate strategy to the fire conditions, and minimizing risk to firefighters.
129
How should fireground strategy be managed throughout the entire incident?
It must start with the arrival of the first unit and be constantly monitored and evaluated. The initial IC includes the fireground strategy in the on‐scene report, and later arriving officers must reevaluate the strategy based on the Risk Management Plan.
130
Define Offensive Strategy in the context of fireground operations.
Commercial and residential fires require a thorough size up, assessment of life safety, and consideration of the Risk Management Plan. Once it is determined that an offensive attack is safe and appropriate, a smart and deliberate execution of the tactical objectives will be carried out.
131
202.02
Fireground Factors
132
202.02A
Tactical Objectives
133
Guidelines for offensive fire attacks once size-up has been completed and offensive strategy has been determined.
Assuming command, addressing 2 in / 2 out decision prior to entry, directing initial attack efforts toward supporting a primary search, fighting offensive fires aggressively, keeping building openings closed if possible, resetting or darkening down the fire before making entry, entering the structure at the air intake side of the flow path, and coordinating all ventilation of the structure.
134
What are the key considerations for the initial attack efforts in offensive fire attacks?
Directed toward supporting a primary search, may require rescuers to go to obvious victims or manage the hazard, and the first attack line must go where it can best affect the mission.
135
How should offensive fires be fought according to the standard operating procedures?
Aggressively, with rapid and effective size-up, and quickly identifying conditions in the occupancy and applying the quickest, most appropriate water to the fire.
136
Define the tactic of resetting or darkening down the fire before making entry.
Applying a straight stream to the ceiling of the fire compartment for 15-30 seconds to dramatically reduce temperatures and improve tenability throughout the occupancy, followed by an aggressive interior attack to complete fire extinguishment and evacuate any victims.
137
Importance of entering the structure at the air intake side of the flow path in offensive fire attacks?
Reduces the likelihood of being caught in the flow path, thus enhancing safety for the responders.
138
Benefits of coordination of ventilation in offensive fire attacks?
Ensure effectiveness and improvement of interior conditions.
139
Role of 2 in / 2 out decision in offensive fire attacks.
Addressed prior to entry, ensuring that there are at least two firefighters inside the structure and two outside for rapid intervention in case of emergency.
140
Significance of keeping building openings closed in offensive fire attacks?
Reduces ventilation of the fire until a charged hose line is in place and the responders are prepared to make entry, thus controlling the fire's spread and intensity.
141
Describe the 'candle moth' syndrome in the context of fireground strategy.
Tendency to focus only on the fire, leading to tunnel vision. It is important for companies to maintain situational awareness and evaluate what is not burning.
142
What factors should command consider in evaluating fire extension and spread?
Critical direction and avenues of fire extension, as well as its speed, particularly as they affect rescue activities, level of risk to firefighters, confinement efforts, and exposure protection.
143
How should command structure operations to address the rescue/fire control-extension/exposure problem?
Establish an attack plan that overpowers the fire with actual water application, either from offensive or defensive positions.
144
Define the concept of 'seven sides' (or sectors) of the fire in the context of fire control.
Front, rear, both sides, top, bottom, and interior. Fires cannot be considered under control until all seven sides are addressed.
145
What is the significance of early coordinated ventilation during concealed space attacks?
Crucial for concealed space attacks and must be well-coordinated with interior crews. Ventilation openings should be made in the fire area to support fire control efforts.
146
Describe the importance of 'getting ahead' of the fire in fireground strategy.
Crucial for command to make critical decisions related to cutoff points and develop a pessimistic fire control strategy to ensure that the fire does not burn past the attack/cutoff position before resources and personnel are in position.
147
What are the basic variables relating to attack operations in fireground strategy?
Include the location/position of attack, size of attack, and support functions, which command must manage effectively to balance and integrate attack size and position with fire conditions, risk, and resources.
148
How does command handle Marginal situations in fireground strategy?
Clearly communicate the conditions and determine whether to affect a rescue or discontinue the attempt and begin a defensive fire attack, matching the strategy with the conditions.
149
Define the role of the IC in fireground strategy.
Controls overall incident scene safety by determining the proper strategy and subsequently the proper tactics to be used, ensuring the effective management of fireground operations.
150
Instead of playing 'catch up' with a fire that is burning through a building. What should command do instead?
Project their set-up time, write off property that is already lost, and get ahead of the fire by setting up adequately ahead of the fire and then overpowering it.
151
What does a Marginal situation in fireground strategy involve?
Defensive conditions with a known rescue, with a very short window to affect a rescue or to discontinue the attempt and begin a defensive fire attack.
152
How does command develop an effective attack in fireground strategy?
Management of factors such as attack size, position, fire conditions, risk, and resources, balancing and integrating these elements to ensure an efficient and successful attack operation.
153
Decision-making process for strategy changes in fireground operations.
Strategy changes can develop almost instantly or take considerable time, and command must match the strategy with the conditions, with the IC controlling overall incident scene safety by determining the proper strategy and tactics to be used.
154
Importance of the IC determining the fireground strategy.
To prevent the building from making decisions that could endanger FF and cause trauma.
155
Elements of an effective defensive strategy?
Identifying what is lost, writing it off, and protecting exposures.
156
How should Command respond when changing to a defensive strategy?
Announce it as Emergency Traffic, withdraw all personnel from the structure, and maintain a safe distance from the building.
157
Role of a Roof Sector during marginal situations.
Assigned early to rapidly evaluate roof conditions and report to Command, ensuring the safety of operating on and under the roof before committing crews to the interior.
158
Do Sector Officers play a crucial role in operating in marginal situations?
Yes, Required to provide frequent and detailed reports to Command, helping to evaluate conditions and make informed decisions during marginal situations.
159
Describe the procedure for withdrawing and repositioning interior lines when changing to a defensive strategy.
Interior lines should be withdrawn and repositioned, w/ crews retreating w/ their hose lines if safe to do so. If retreat is delayed due to hose lines and it is unsafe to stay in the building, hose lines should be abandoned.
160
What is the recommended tactic for controlling the main body of fire in defensive operations?
An attempt to control is critical, and master streams are generally the most effective tactic to be employed.
161
How should master streams be deployed in defensive operations?
Standard master stream flow of at least 750 GPM should be the guideline, with adjustments made upward or downward from this figure.
162
Define 'FIRE UNDER CONTROL.'.
Forward progress of the fire has been stopped and the remaining fire can be extinguished with on-scene resources; it does not mean the fire is completely out.
163
What action should Command take when the fire is brought under control?
Notify Alarm utilizing the standard radio report of 'FIRE UNDER CONTROL' and initiate a PAR report from all sectors and crews.
164
Describe the notification that Command should provide to Alarm if defensive operations are conducted from the onset of the incident.
There will not be a primary search completed for the affected structure(s).
165
Primary focus of hazard zone operations.
Assess for the presence or likelihood of savable lives and build a plan to execute the rescue of victims.
166
Define toxic exposure in the context of fire rescue operations.
Less about the proximity to the fire and is directly impacted by the volume and movement of smoke and gases in the interior of the structure.
167
How is the degree of toxic smoke exposure related to the elevation and location of victims in a building?
Directly related to the elevation and location of victims in a building, as heat and smoke rise and travel throughout the building, putting victims in elevated locations at higher risk.
168
Do barriers such as closed doors and furniture provide protection from thermal exposure to trapped victims inside a structure?
Can provide some protection from thermal exposure.
169
Describe the primary focus of the IC in a fire rescue situation.
Direct fireground efforts to protect savable lives and determine the most effective action to impact victim rescue.
170
Basic rescue size-up conducted by the IC.
Involves considering factors such as the number, location, and condition of victims, fire conditions, impact on victims, and the best actions to impact survivability and search ability.
171
How does the IC structure initial operations around the completion of the primary search?
Directing initial actions, which may be an exterior or interior fire attack coupled with immediate rescue actions.
172
Do the conditions and resources allow for simultaneous action in a fire rescue situation?
IC must consider whether conditions and resources allow for simultaneous action, such as removing victims from the fire or removing the fire from the victims.
173
Describe the order in which rescue efforts should be extended in a fire rescue situation.
Most severely threatened, the largest number (groups), the remainder of the fire area, and the exposed areas.
173
Describe the primary search process during a rescue operation.
Quickly verifying the removal and safety of all occupants in affected areas, with time being a critical factor. It is reported using the term 'All Clear' and coordinated by Command.
173
What is the tactical benchmark for completing a primary search?
Using the standard radio reporting term 'All Clear.'
174
Define a secondary search in the context of rescue operations.
Thoroughly searching the interior of the fire area after initial fire control and ventilation activities have been completed. Thoroughness, rather than time, is the critical factor in a secondary search.
175
How does the stage of the fire affect the rescue plan developed by Command?
Critical factor that affects the rescue plan developed by Command, with different approaches outlined for 'nothing showing situations,' 'smoke showing and working fire situations,' and 'working fire situations.'
176
Do rescue functions that follow fire control activities or a completed primary search fall under a primary or secondary search?
They fall under a secondary search.
177
Describe the approach to fire stages in residential fire incidents.
In 'nothing showing situations,' a rapid interior search and report of 'ALL CLEAR' is structured. In 'smoke showing and working fire situations,' fire control efforts must be extended simultaneously with rescue operations to gain entry and control interior access to complete a primary search.
178
Objective of a secondary search in the context of rescue operations?
Confirmation of an 'All Clear,' which should be reported to the Alarm Room upon completion.
179
Process of conducting a secondary search for victims after achieving fire control.
Command must structure a secondary search for victims, utilizing reports on the location, number, and condition of victims, and extending and completing a primary search wherever entry is possible.
180
Appropriate action for protecting exposed occupants in a safe location inside the structure.
In some cases, the most appropriate action, as they are safer in their rooms than moving through contaminated hallways and interior areas.
181
How should primary search assignments be made for large or complex residential occupancies?
Command must make specific primary search assignments to companies to cover specific areas of large or complex residential occupancies and maintain ongoing control of such companies until the entire area is searched when conditions allow.
