Phx Fire Vol 2 (Deck 5)

Question 1

Describe the 3-deep deployment model for managing resources in the Phoenix Regional Standard Operating Procedures.

Answer 1

Deploying resources as Working, On-Deck, and Recycle/Staged to manage the strategic and tactical needs of the incident or sector and provide a reserve of resources for addressing FF rescue.

Question 2

Purpose of the greater alarm mechanism?

Answer 2

Used to quickly provide automatic move-ups and necessary support for additional resources and expanding incidents.

Question 3

Define crisis management.

Answer 3

Situation that grows at a rate faster than the response rate, often leading to an out-of-control situation and inadequate resources to control it.

Question 4

How should additional alarms be struck?

Answer 4

Sequentially, going from a 3 & 1 assignment to a 1st alarm, to a 2nd alarm, and so on, rather than requesting assistance in a piecemeal fashion.

Question 5

Utilizing the tactical reserve of fire companies.

Answer 5

Deployed in appropriate forward positions to manage the strategic and tactical needs of the incident or sector and provide a reserve of resources for addressing firefighter rescue.

Question 6

Purpose of calling for additional resources in a fire incident.

Answer 6

Necessary to effectively manage situations where the fire conditions become severe, the property protection demand exceeds initial capabilities, or when there is evidence of significant fire but companies are unable to determine location and extent.

Question 7

Define sectorization in managing additional resources during a fire incident.

Answer 7

Expanding the incident organization to manage additional resources effectively. It is essential when encountering a big fire situation and calling for additional alarms to ensure effective management of the additional resources.

Question 8

How does command anticipate the need for additional resources in a fire incident?

Answer 8

Forecasting potential resource depletion due to exhaustion, running out of certain resources, evidence of significant fire without clear location and extent, or when the commitment of companies is not effective.

Question 9

Do all fire situations require the same approach when calling for additional resources?

Answer 9

No, some fire situations require a categorical call for additional alarms or upgrading an assignment upon knowledge of particular characteristics or conditions, while in other situations, command will initiate fire control activities, ask for reports, and strike more alarms based upon receipt of bad news.

Question 10

Importance of fireground hunches?

Answer 10

Command should instinctively feel the need to summon additional resources and not disregard fireground hunches, as part of the 3 Deep Deployment Model.

Question 11

Describe the scope of Vol 2 for air operations.

Answer 11

Covers various helicopter services for emergency medical transportation, rescue, aerial reconnaissance, firefighting, and transportation of personnel and equipment, involving multiple agencies and private services.

Question 12

What are the agencies involved in the Phoenix Regional air operations for emergencies?

Answer 12

Air Evac Life Net, Mesa Police Department, Native Air, Phoenix Police Department, Sheriff’s Department, Arizona Army National Guard, Television Stations Channels 3, 5, 10, 12, 15, and Air Services International.

Question 13

How should fire personnel handle helicopter ops?

Answer 13

Not fly with pilots or in aircraft that have not been approved and appropriately carded. If there are safety concerns, Command should stop the operation immediately.

Question 14

Define the circumstances under which helicopter transportation should be considered for emergency medical transportation.

Answer 14

When time and distance affect ground transportation time, when ambulances are unavailable, or when patients are in locations inaccessible to ground units.

Question 15

Do Med-Evac helicopters have limitations in carrying patients?

Answer 15

Yes, Med-Evac helicopters are capable of carrying only one Immediate patient. Additional helicopters should be requested for incidents involving multiple Immediate patients. They are not approved for Technical Rescue air operations.

Question 16

Describe the procedure for DPS helicopter transportation of patients.

Answer 16

Capable of carrying one patient only. The pilots must be advised of a litter patient prior to taking off or landing so that the interior of the helicopter can be put in proper configuration to accommodate the patient.

Question 17

Purpose of aerial reconnaissance in firefighting operations.

Answer 17

Assist Command in complex situations, such as brush firefighting, complex structural fires, high-rise fires, and hazmat fires, by tracking direction and distance of air contamination.

Question 18

How are news station helicopters expected to behave during emergency incidents?

Answer 18

Avoid interference with ground operations, communicate on fire channels, and may be requested to provide assistance at incidents.

Question 19

Role of helicopters in transportation of personnel and equipment during emergencies.

Answer 19

For urgent transportation of personnel and equipment to the scene of an emergency, especially when distance is a factor, and to transport personnel and equipment to high-rise buildings or across difficult terrain for firefighting purposes.

Question 20

Available methods of brush firefighting using helicopters in the Phoenix region?

Answer 20

Phoenix PD: 2 Bambi Buckets for aerial water drops
Mesa PD: 1 Bambi Bucket
Phx FD: 4 buoy wall tanks
Mesa FD: 1 buoy wall tank.

Question 21

Process of setting up and filling the buoy wall tank during air operations.

Answer 21

Engine company assigned to the landing zone sector assists the water tender driver in setting up the buoy wall tank in a large flat area clear of overhead obstructions. The tank is filled slowly from the bottom, with foam concentrate added when it is about one foot from the top.

Question 22

Procedure for requesting contract helicopter services during fire operations?

Answer 22

Contract helicopter services are requested through the Phx FD, involving an hourly charge for service. One or more helicopters can be requested, with an engine company assigned to control the landing zone and lay supply lines for refilling belly tanks and providing fire protection.

Question 23

How should crews approach and withdraw from a helicopter during refilling and re-arming of the belly tank?

Answer 23

Crews should approach the helicopter only after making eye contact with the pilot and should do so from the right side of the aircraft. They should approach and withdraw along the same path, to the front of the aircraft within 45°.

Question 24

Role of helicopters in physical rescue operations during fire incidents.

Answer 24

Helicopters are particularly suited for physical rescue of persons stranded in inaccessible locations. They can be useful in removing the victim or placing rescue personnel in a position to reach the victim.

Question 25

Responsibilities of the landing zone officer during helicopter operations?

Answer 25

Controlling the landing zone, signaling the pilot for take-off, and relaying all drop instructions and reporting the effectiveness of drops to the pilot. All personnel must remain clear of the drop zone.

Question 26

Avg flying time per fuel load for contract helicopters during fire operations?

Answer 26

1-1/2 to two hours, and a refueling vehicle can be dispatched to the scene.

Question 27

How should the buoy wall tank be set up during air operations?

Answer 27

The buoy wall tank must be set up in a large flat area clear of overhead obstructions, with one or two salvage covers placed on the ground to protect the bottom of the tank. It fills from the bottom only, and foam concentrate can be added when it is about one foot from the top.

Question 28

Describe the types of operations considered as Special Use for helicopters.

Answer 28

1. External load operations (slingloads, longlines, water bucket, etc.)
2. Hover sites (low-level hovering)
3. Helicopter rappelling (insertions and extractions)
4. Flights conducted below 500 feet above ground level (AGL)
5. Helicopter operations around a fire perimeter
6. Single skid landings
7. Any takeoff or landing requiring special pilot technique due to terrain, obstacles, or surface condition.

Question 29

Responsibility of the Technical Rescue Sector officer during rescue operations involving Special Use of helicopters?

Answer 29

To establish and coordinate the rescue plan with the appropriate pilots and Fire Command.

Question 30

How are rescue operations involving the Special Use of helicopters evaluated before initiation?

Answer 30

A risk benefit analysis will be completed by the TSO, Phoenix PD pilot, and Command to determine if the patient is in critical condition or if a life-threatening situation exists for the patient(s) or rescuers.

Question 31

Define the requirement for helicopter load calculations during rescue operations involving the Special Use of helicopters.

Answer 31

Proper load calculations must be completed, and a load calculation form must be filled out and signed by the pilot and the Technical Rescue Sector officer or representative for both internal and external loads.

Question 32

Describe the communication protocol for air-to-ground communications during helicopter ops.

Answer 32

Shall be used whenever possible to give landing instructions to approaching helicopters, and dispatch will coordinate the establishment of air-to-ground communications.

Question 33

Procedure for helo comms when actively engaged in operations at the scene of an incident.

Answer 33

Assign all helicopter comms to a separate radio channel and designate a person to work exclusively with this channel. ‘Special Use’ operations require a designated radio channel that is clear of any other traffic.

Question 34

Define ‘Firebird’ in the context of helicopter operations.

Answer 34

Designation for a helicopter operating under the direction of the Phx FD, including Phx PD helos.

Question 35

How are National Guard helicopters instructed to receive landing instructions from fire department ground units?

Answer 35

No direct communications capability with fire department ground units, so landing instructions must be given by hand signals.

Question 36

Do helos need to make contact with ground units before landing in the incident area?

Answer 36

Yes, helos will not land in the incident area without first making contact with ground units. If unable to make contact on an assigned channel, the arriving helo shall circle or hover in the vicinity until contact is established.

Question 37

Procedure for directing helicopters to land when radio communication proves unfeasible.

Answer 37

Directed to land via hand or light signals when radio communication proves unfeasible. Landings shall not be made in proximity to the incident without positive contact (radios or hand signals).

Question 38

Designation for the helicopter operating under the direction of the DPS?

Answer 38

Ranger 41, staffed with 1 DPS officer/pilot, 1 DPS officer/paramedic, and 1 Phx Fire paramedic, with capabilities for emergency medical transportation and aerial reconnaissance transportation of manpower and equipment.

Question 39

What equipment and personnel are required for the selection and identification of a landing zone for helicopters?

Answer 39

Personnel assigned to the landing zone operation must have a portable radio, eye protection, ear protection, and high-visibility safety vests.

Question 40

Requirements for the landing zone for each helicopter.

Answer 40

Must be relatively flat and free of obstructions for an area of at least 100’ x 100’ for each helicopter. All spectators, vehicle traffic, and animals must be kept a minimum of 200’ away from the landing zone. A 60’ x 60’ ‘touch down’ area shall be identified with appropriate visual markers in the center of the landing zone.

Question 41

Characteristics of a ‘Special Use’ landing zone?

Answer 41

Any landing zone where the pilot cannot land and shut down power to the aircraft. They are technical by nature and shall be staffed by members of the TRT at both the base and off-site landing zones.

Question 42

Define the safety factors to be considered for approach and departure paths for heavily loaded helos.

Answer 42

Into the wind, must be free of obstructions. For heavily loaded helicopters, the clear path should extend at least 100 yards in each direction.

Question 43

How should the landing zone and surrounding area be prepared to ensure safety?

Answer 43

Free of small objects which can be blown around by rotor wash. Dusty locations should be avoided if possible, and if the landing area is dusty, it should be wet down with a hose line before landing.

Question 44

What safety measures should be taken when a helicopter is on the ground?

Answer 44

A ‘tail guard’ shall be stationed 50 to 100 feet from the tail rotor to keep the area secured. At no time shall personnel pass behind the body of the helicopter and the tail rotor.

Question 45

Describe the comms and safety measures to be maintained after the departure of the helo.

Answer 45

Radio contact and the landing zone shall be maintained for 2-3 minutes after departure of the helo in case an in-flight emergency is experienced and the helo needs to return to the landing zone.

Question 46

Precautions to be taken to keep landing areas clear for helo ops.

Answer 46

Clear of loose articles that may ‘fly’ in the rotor down wash and provide wind indicators for take-off and landings.

Question 47

Purpose of PPE for fire personnel and crew members during helo ops?

Answer 47

PPE provides protection to individuals in a hazardous environment.

Question 48

How should tools be carried when loading items onto the helo?

Answer 48

Horizontally and below waist level, never upright or over the shoulder.

Question 49

Surface selection options for helicopter landings.

Answer 49

Include concrete, asphalt, grass, compacted dirt, and dry, loose dirt/sand.

Question 50

Requirements for flight helmets for fire personnel and crew members during helo operations?

Answer 50

Flight helmets must provide protection for the head, except for specific exceptions such as TRT helmets or helicopter headsets in certain situations.

Question 51

Fire personnel and crew member requirements for gloves as part of their personal protective equipment (PPE) during helicopter operations?

Answer 51

Should be leather or Nomex and leather.

Question 52

Describe the precautions to be taken when using spotlights to illuminate obstructions during helicopter operations.

Answer 52

Extreme caution should be used as the spotlights can blind the pilot. Only use spotlights to illuminate the bottom of poles and do not shine upward.

Question 53

purpose of the Tail Guard in the landing zone?

Answer 53

To guard the sunning tail rotor at the LZ.

Question 54

Purpose of helo hand signals in air operations.

Answer 54

Used to communicate with the pilot when verbal communication is not possible or practical, ensuring safe and efficient ground operations.

Question 55

What are some common helo hand signals used in air operations?

Answer 55

Signals for takeoff, landing, moving forward, moving backward, hovering, and shutting down the engine, among others.

Question 56

Purpose of a post incident review.

Answer 56

Thorough evaluation of various aspects of an incident, including response times, safety, firefighting, rescue, property conservation, loss control, and other customer service issues.

Question 57

What are the areas identified for discussion in each post incident review?

Answer 57

Response times, RIC response, safety, firefighting, rescue, property conservation, loss control, and other customer service issues.

Question 58

How is the safety component emphasized in the post incident review?

Answer 58

Reinforcing safety behaviors, assessing the current level of safety, identifying areas for safety improvement, and focusing on overall firefighter safety and survival.

Question 59

Role of the BC or Company Officer in conducting a post incident review.

Answer 59

The BC or Company Officer can conduct a review after any incident, using a new form developed to assist in being thorough and consistent in the review, and forwarding the completed form to the Tactical Services Section for review, reporting, and training.

Question 60

Tools recommended to be used in assisting a review of any incident?

Answer 60

The reverse side of the Tactical Worksheet and other review check sheets are recommended tools to use in assisting a review of any incident, along with visual references of the scene whenever possible.

Question 61

Conclusion of the Post Incident Review.

Answer 61

Concluded on a positive note, and single company reviews conducted by Captains after an incident or training exercise can be used to chart a company’s improvement.

Question 62

How can the post incident review assist in focusing on areas a company may need to improve?

Answer 62

Particularly in areas such as safety, and included in the procedure are check sheets to be used as tools in evaluating operational safety.

Question 63

How are the effectiveness of operations evaluated in the post-incident review?

Answer 63

By describing the effectiveness of the operation and assessing the building/occupancy conditions on arrival.

Question 64

201.08

Answer 64

Post Incident Review

Question 65

Define offensive, defensive, and marginal operations in the context of the post-incident review.

Answer 65

Offensive: aggressive interior firefighting
Defensive: exterior firefighting
Marginal: in between.

Question 66

What special considerations are included in the post-incident review?

Answer 66

Haz mat, rescue efforts, welfare efforts, and injuries.

Question 67

Purpose of salvage/overhaul operations in the post-incident review.

Answer 67

Assess and describe the salvage and overhaul operations conducted after the fire control operations.

Question 68

Describe the condition of the scene for the investigator/occupant in the post-incident review.

Answer 68

Description of the scene’s condition for the investigator and occupants, including any relevant details.

Question 69

Describe the purpose of the E.M.S. EVALUATION FORM.

Answer 69

Document details of the incident, including treatment, transportation, and triage procedures.

Question 70

Do you need to be a paramedic to fill out the E.M.S. INCIDENT EVALUATION FORM?

Answer 70

No, the form can be filled out by E.M.T.s, paramedics, or other designated personnel.

Question 71

Define extrication procedures in the context of EMS incidents.

Answer 71

Extrication procedures involve the process of removing a patient from a vehicle or other confined space during an emergency.

Question 72

How is triage performed in the context of EMS incidents?

Answer 72

To prioritize the treatment of multiple victims based on the severity of their injuries.

Question 73

Significance of documenting differences from the Operational Manual in the E.M.S. INCIDENT EVALUATION FORM.

Answer 73

Helps identify areas for improvement and potential factors that contributed to the incident’s outcome.

Question 74

Standard functions that will normally be performed by Engine, Ladder, Heavy Rescue, and Rescue companies.

Answer 74

Incident size up, assumption of command, coordinate 360° incident assessment, search, rescue, and treatment, forcible entry, stretch hose lines, operate nozzles, pump hose lines, and loss control.

Question 75

202.01

Answer 75

Standard Company Functions

Question 76

Purpose of organizing basic fireground functions and activities based on capability.

Answer 76

Assign major fireground functions to the particular company who can best accomplish the operation and integrate the efforts of Engine, Ladder, and Rescue companies to achieve effective rescue, fire control, and loss control activities.

Question 77

Define the policy for Engine, Ladder, Heavy Rescue, and Rescue companies.

Answer 77

The standard functions that will normally be performed by these companies, providing the framework for field operations.

Question 78

Aim to reduce the amount and detail of orders required to get companies into action on the fireground.

Answer 78

Increasing the awareness and confidence of company members in the standard performance of other companies operating on the fireground.

Question 79

Engine company basic functions.

Answer 79

Incident size up, assumption of command, coordinate 360° incident assessment, search, rescue, and treatment, forcible entry, stretch hose lines, operate nozzles, pump hose lines, and loss control.

Question 80

Ladder/LT company basic functions.

Answer 80

Incident size up, assumption of command, coordinated incident assessment, search, rescue, treatment, ventilation, forcible entry, raising ground ladders, providing access/checking fire extension, utility control, providing lighting, operating ladder pipes, performing overhaul, and extrication.

Question 81

Rescue company basic functions?

Answer 81

Transportation of sick and injured to hospitals, search, rescue, treatment (with communication of commitment and location to Command), and general firefighting duties as assigned by Command.

Question 82

Define the term ‘360° incident assessment’ in the context of firefighting operations.

Answer 82

Coordinated assessment of the entire incident scene from all sides to gather comprehensive information for effective decision-making and resource allocation.

Question 83

Heavy Rescue Company functions.

Answer 83

Incident size-up, assumption of command, coordinating 360° incident assessment, search, rescue, and treatment, stretching hose lines, operating nozzles, loss control, obtaining 360°, coordinated horizontal and vertical ventilation, forcible entry, raising ground ladders, providing access/check fire extension, utility control, providing lighting, performing overhaul, extrication, structural collapse/shoring, and heavy lifting.

Question 84

Role of Company Officers in determining the priority of functions for their company in Level 1 Staging situations?

Answer 84

Based upon conditions and the Risk Management Plan, unless otherwise ordered by Command.

Question 85

How are the functions of first arriving Engine, Ladder, or Heavy Rescue, and Rescue companies determined in Level 1 Staging situations?

Answer 85

Will perform functions as required and ordered by Command.

Question 86

Define Level 1 Staging.

Answer 86

First arriving Engine, Ladder, or Heavy Rescue, and Rescue companies will perform functions as required and ordered by Command, and Company Officers will determine the priority of functions for their company based upon conditions and the Risk Management Plan, unless otherwise ordered by Command.

Question 87

Standard fireground plan for task and tactical operations in the absence of a ladder company response.

Answer 87

Command should assign ladder functions to a Heavy Rescue or an Engine company, such as assigning an Engine company to perform salvage or overhaul.

Question 88

What is the purpose of assigning ladder functions to a Heavy Rescue or an Engine company in the absence of a ladder company response?

Answer 88

The purpose is to improve the effectiveness and safety of all units working together and to establish a standard operational framework.

Question 89

Define the standard operating framework for task and tactical operations in the absence of a ladder company response.

Answer 89

The standard operating framework is designed to improve the effectiveness and safety of all units working together and should in no way limit the initiative of any officer while enhancing the decision-making process of all officers.

Question 90

Describe the purpose of Critical Fireground Factors in incident evaluation.

Answer 90

Meant to assist the Incident Commander in simplifying complex information into 7 distinct categories, providing the ability to categorize and communicate what is critical within a specific incident.

Question 91

Define size-up.

Answer 91

An appraisal of the magnitude or dimensions of an event or incident, and it is the standard process used to establish Critical Fireground Factors for any incident.

Question 92

How are Critical Fireground Factors determined for an incident?

Answer 92

Deliberate and focused size-up with the intent of evaluating the incident to determine how and to what extent the tactical objectives will be met for that particular incident.

Question 93

What is the importance of continually reconsidering fireground factors during fire operations?

Answer 93

The relative importance of each factor changes throughout the time frame of the fireground process, and conditions continue to change, requiring action plan revisions.

Question 94

Do all factors within the Critical Fireground Factors list apply to every incident?

Answer 94

Not all factors are typically critical for every incident, and it is important for the IC to identify what size-up information is truly critical to the accomplishment of the tactical objectives for a specific incident.

Question 95

Describe the concept of critical information in the context fireground factors.

Answer 95

Significant questions regarding the incident structure, conditions, and/or occupancy that command may have during an incident. Efforts must continue throughout the operation to improve the information on which decisions are based.

Question 96

How does effective management of fireground factors require Command to gather information?

Answer 96

Command must apply all methods of information gathering and communication (visual, recon, preplan) to each fireground factor.

Question 97

Define the term ‘reconnaissance’ in the context of fireground information gathering.

Answer 97

Information that is not visually available to Command from a position on the outside of a tactical situation and must be gained by sending someone to check‐out, go‐see, look‐up, research, advise, call, go‐find, etc.

Question 98

Overlapping forms of size up utilized for gathering fireground factor information?

Answer 98

Visual observation, reconnaissance, and preplanning and familiarity.

Question 99

Describe the role of preplanning and familiarity in gathering fireground factor information.

Answer 99

Gaining intelligence from formal pre‐fire planning, general informal familiarization activities, and from C.A.D. through the M.D.T., providing Command with intelligence from the outside of a tactical situation.

Question 100

Describe the factors related to the building that should be considered during a fireground operation.

Answer 100

Size, roof type and condition, interior arrangement/access, construction type, age, condition, value, compartmentation/separation, vertical/horizontal openings, outside openings, utility characteristics, concealed spaces/attic characteristics, exterior access, and the effect the fire has had on the structure.

Question 101

What are some of the factors related to the fire that should be considered during a fireground operation?

Answer 101

Size, extent, location, stage, direction of travel, time of involvement, type and amount of material involved, type and amount of material left to burn, and product of combustion.

Question 102

Define compartmentation/separation.

Answer 102

Division of a building into distinct sections to prevent the spread of fire, smoke, or heat from one area to another.

Question 103

How does the type and amount of material involved in a fire impact fireground operations?

Answer 103

Can affect the tactics and resources needed to control the fire, as different materials produce varying levels of heat, smoke, and toxic gases.

Question 104

Describe the factors related to occupancy in the fireground standard operating procedures.

Answer 104

Factors related to occupancy include specific occupancy, type/group, value characteristics, fire load, status, occupancy-associated hazards, type of contents, time, and loss control profile.

Question 105

What are the life hazard considerations in the fireground standard operating procedures?

Answer 105

Number of occupants, location of occupants in relation to the fire, condition of occupants by virtue of fire exposure, incapacities of occupants, commitment required for search and rescue, fire control required for search and rescue, needs for EMS, time estimate of fire effect on victims, exposure of spectators, hazards to fire personnel, access rescue forces have to victims, and characteristics of escape routes/avenues of escape.

Question 106

Define the term ‘fire load.’

Answer 106

Size and nature of the materials that can contribute to a fire in a specific occupancy.

Question 107

How are the hazards to fire personnel addressed?

Answer 107

Considering the access rescue forces have to victims, characteristics of escape routes/avenues of escape, and the overall safety of fire conditions.

Question 108

Factors to consider in the arrangement of external exposures during a fireground operation.

Answer 108

Access, arrangement, and distance of external exposure, combustibility of exposures, and the most dangerous direction (avenue of spread) are important factors to consider.

Question 109

What resources should be evaluated during a fireground operation?

Answer 109

Personnel and equipment on scene, responding, and available in reserve or in Staging, estimate of response time for additional resources, condition and capability of personnel, availability of hydrants, supplemental water sources, and outside agency resource and response time should be evaluated.

Question 110

Factors to consider in the severity and urgency of exposures.

Answer 110

Assessing the fire effect, value, time estimate of fire effect on exposures, obstructions to operations, and capability/limitations on apparatus movement and use.

Question 111

How should the built-in private fire protection be assessed?

Answer 111

Evaluating the adequacy of water supply, built-in private fire protection such as sprinkler, standpipe, and alarms.

Question 112

How should outside agency be evaluated?

Answer 112

Resource and response time.

Question 113

Describe the factors to consider on the fireground.

Answer 113

Time of day/night, day of the week, season, special hazards related to holidays and events, weather conditions, traffic conditions, and social conditions.

Question 114

How do holidays and special events impact firefighting operations?

Answer 114

Introduce special hazards that need to be considered, such as increased crowds, fireworks, or other unique risks.

Question 115

What social conditions impact firefighting operations?

Answer 115

Strikes, riots, mobs, and rock festivals, etc.

Question 116

Significance of weather conditions in firefighting operations.

Answer 116

Wind, rain, heat, cold, humidity, and visibility must be taken into account during response and mitigation efforts.

Question 117

3 tactical objectives.

Answer 117

Rescue, Fire Control, and Property Conservation.

Question 118

What is the purpose of the Rescue tactical objective?

Answer 118

Protect occupants, remove those who are threatened, and treat the injured.

Question 119

How are the completion and priority of the tactical objectives correlated to the incident?

Answer 119

Directly to the size up, risk management, and conditions of the incident.

Question 120

Define the Property Conservation tactical objective.

Answer 120

Involves activities required to stop or reduce primary or secondary damage to property.

Question 121

3 ongoing considerations that make up the umbrella of service within the Command framework?

Answer 121

FF safety, customer service, and loss control.

Question 122

Importance of customer service?

Answer 122

Recruiting members who understand the importance of customer service, acknowledging positive customer service actions, and seeking ways to better serve customers.

Question 123

2 strategies for structural fireground operations.

Answer 123

Offensive and Defensive.

Question 124

What factors does the IC consider when determining the fireground strategy?

Answer 124

Building, Fire & Smoke, Life Hazard, Occupancy, Arrangement, Resources, and other factors.

Question 125

How does the IC choose the proper strategy to be used at the fire scene?

Answer 125

Based on the level of risk and reevaluation of the incident size-up, all Fireground Factors, and reconsideration of risk.

Question 126

Define the responsibility of the IC in relation to the fireground strategy.

Answer 126

Determining the appropriate fireground strategy and ensuring that once initiated, it is maintained and adjusted as necessary.

Question 127

Importance of controlling the fireground strategy for the IC.

Answer 127

Provide overall incident scene safety and ensure that all personnel are operating within the correct strategy.

Question 128

Actions to maintain the proper fireground strategy?

Answer 128

Avoiding simultaneous offensive & defensive strategies in the same fire area, matching the appropriate strategy to the fire conditions, and minimizing risk to firefighters.

Question 129

How should fireground strategy be managed throughout the entire incident?

Answer 129

It must start with the arrival of the first unit and be constantly monitored and evaluated. The initial IC includes the fireground strategy in the on‐scene report, and later arriving officers must reevaluate the strategy based on the Risk Management Plan.

Question 130

Define Offensive Strategy in the context of fireground operations.

Answer 130

Commercial and residential fires require a thorough size up, assessment of life safety, and consideration of the Risk Management Plan. Once it is determined that an offensive attack is safe and appropriate, a smart and deliberate execution of the tactical objectives will be carried out.

Question 131

202.02

Answer 131

Fireground Factors

Question 132

202.02A

Answer 132

Tactical Objectives

Question 133

Guidelines for offensive fire attacks once size-up has been completed and offensive strategy has been determined.

Answer 133

Assuming command, addressing 2 in / 2 out decision prior to entry, directing initial attack efforts toward supporting a primary search, fighting offensive fires aggressively, keeping building openings closed if possible, resetting or darkening down the fire before making entry, entering the structure at the air intake side of the flow path, and coordinating all ventilation of the structure.

Question 134

What are the key considerations for the initial attack efforts in offensive fire attacks?

Answer 134

Directed toward supporting a primary search, may require rescuers to go to obvious victims or manage the hazard, and the first attack line must go where it can best affect the mission.

Question 135

How should offensive fires be fought according to the standard operating procedures?

Answer 135

Aggressively, with rapid and effective size-up, and quickly identifying conditions in the occupancy and applying the quickest, most appropriate water to the fire.

Question 136

Define the tactic of resetting or darkening down the fire before making entry.

Answer 136

Applying a straight stream to the ceiling of the fire compartment for 15-30 seconds to dramatically reduce temperatures and improve tenability throughout the occupancy, followed by an aggressive interior attack to complete fire extinguishment and evacuate any victims.

Question 137

Importance of entering the structure at the air intake side of the flow path in offensive fire attacks?

Answer 137

Reduces the likelihood of being caught in the flow path, thus enhancing safety for the responders.

Question 138

Benefits of coordination of ventilation in offensive fire attacks?

Answer 138

Ensure effectiveness and improvement of interior conditions.

Question 139

Role of 2 in / 2 out decision in offensive fire attacks.

Answer 139

Addressed prior to entry, ensuring that there are at least two firefighters inside the structure and two outside for rapid intervention in case of emergency.

Question 140

Significance of keeping building openings closed in offensive fire attacks?

Answer 140

Reduces ventilation of the fire until a charged hose line is in place and the responders are prepared to make entry, thus controlling the fire’s spread and intensity.

Question 141

Describe the ‘candle moth’ syndrome in the context of fireground strategy.

Answer 141

Tendency to focus only on the fire, leading to tunnel vision. It is important for companies to maintain situational awareness and evaluate what is not burning.

Question 142

What factors should command consider in evaluating fire extension and spread?

Answer 142

Critical direction and avenues of fire extension, as well as its speed, particularly as they affect rescue activities, level of risk to firefighters, confinement efforts, and exposure protection.

Question 143

How should command structure operations to address the rescue/fire control-extension/exposure problem?

Answer 143

Establish an attack plan that overpowers the fire with actual water application, either from offensive or defensive positions.

Question 144

Define the concept of ‘seven sides’ (or sectors) of the fire in the context of fire control.

Answer 144

Front, rear, both sides, top, bottom, and interior. Fires cannot be considered under control until all seven sides are addressed.

Question 145

What is the significance of early coordinated ventilation during concealed space attacks?

Answer 145

Crucial for concealed space attacks and must be well-coordinated with interior crews. Ventilation openings should be made in the fire area to support fire control efforts.

Question 146

Describe the importance of ‘getting ahead’ of the fire in fireground strategy.

Answer 146

Crucial for command to make critical decisions related to cutoff points and develop a pessimistic fire control strategy to ensure that the fire does not burn past the attack/cutoff position before resources and personnel are in position.

Question 147

What are the basic variables relating to attack operations in fireground strategy?

Answer 147

Include the location/position of attack, size of attack, and support functions, which command must manage effectively to balance and integrate attack size and position with fire conditions, risk, and resources.

Question 148

How does command handle Marginal situations in fireground strategy?

Answer 148

Clearly communicate the conditions and determine whether to affect a rescue or discontinue the attempt and begin a defensive fire attack, matching the strategy with the conditions.

Question 149

Define the role of the IC in fireground strategy.

Answer 149

Controls overall incident scene safety by determining the proper strategy and subsequently the proper tactics to be used, ensuring the effective management of fireground operations.

Question 150

Instead of playing ‘catch up’ with a fire that is burning through a building. What should command do instead?

Answer 150

Project their set-up time, write off property that is already lost, and get ahead of the fire by setting up adequately ahead of the fire and then overpowering it.

Question 151

What does a Marginal situation in fireground strategy involve?

Answer 151

Defensive conditions with a known rescue, with a very short window to affect a rescue or to discontinue the attempt and begin a defensive fire attack.

Question 152

How does command develop an effective attack in fireground strategy?

Answer 152

Management of factors such as attack size, position, fire conditions, risk, and resources, balancing and integrating these elements to ensure an efficient and successful attack operation.

Question 153

Decision-making process for strategy changes in fireground operations.

Answer 153

Strategy changes can develop almost instantly or take considerable time, and command must match the strategy with the conditions, with the IC controlling overall incident scene safety by determining the proper strategy and tactics to be used.

Question 154

Importance of the IC determining the fireground strategy.

Answer 154

To prevent the building from making decisions that could endanger FF and cause trauma.

Question 155

Elements of an effective defensive strategy?

Answer 155

Identifying what is lost, writing it off, and protecting exposures.

Question 156

How should Command respond when changing to a defensive strategy?

Answer 156

Announce it as Emergency Traffic, withdraw all personnel from the structure, and maintain a safe distance from the building.

Question 157

Role of a Roof Sector during marginal situations.

Answer 157

Assigned early to rapidly evaluate roof conditions and report to Command, ensuring the safety of operating on and under the roof before committing crews to the interior.

Question 158

Do Sector Officers play a crucial role in operating in marginal situations?

Answer 158

Yes, Required to provide frequent and detailed reports to Command, helping to evaluate conditions and make informed decisions during marginal situations.

Question 159

Describe the procedure for withdrawing and repositioning interior lines when changing to a defensive strategy.

Answer 159

Interior lines should be withdrawn and repositioned, w/ crews retreating w/ their hose lines if safe to do so. If retreat is delayed due to hose lines and it is unsafe to stay in the building, hose lines should be abandoned.

Question 160

What is the recommended tactic for controlling the main body of fire in defensive operations?

Answer 160

An attempt to control is critical, and master streams are generally the most effective tactic to be employed.

Question 161

How should master streams be deployed in defensive operations?

Answer 161

Standard master stream flow of at least 750 GPM should be the guideline, with adjustments made upward or downward from this figure.

Question 162

Define ‘FIRE UNDER CONTROL.’.

Answer 162

Forward progress of the fire has been stopped and the remaining fire can be extinguished with on-scene resources; it does not mean the fire is completely out.

Question 163

What action should Command take when the fire is brought under control?

Answer 163

Notify Alarm utilizing the standard radio report of ‘FIRE UNDER CONTROL’ and initiate a PAR report from all sectors and crews.

Question 164

Describe the notification that Command should provide to Alarm if defensive operations are conducted from the onset of the incident.

Answer 164

There will not be a primary search completed for the affected structure(s).

Question 165

Primary focus of hazard zone operations.

Answer 165

Assess for the presence or likelihood of savable lives and build a plan to execute the rescue of victims.

Question 166

Define toxic exposure in the context of fire rescue operations.

Answer 166

Less about the proximity to the fire and is directly impacted by the volume and movement of smoke and gases in the interior of the structure.

Question 167

How is the degree of toxic smoke exposure related to the elevation and location of victims in a building?

Answer 167

Directly related to the elevation and location of victims in a building, as heat and smoke rise and travel throughout the building, putting victims in elevated locations at higher risk.

Question 168

Do barriers such as closed doors and furniture provide protection from thermal exposure to trapped victims inside a structure?

Answer 168

Can provide some protection from thermal exposure.

Question 169

Describe the primary focus of the IC in a fire rescue situation.

Answer 169

Direct fireground efforts to protect savable lives and determine the most effective action to impact victim rescue.

Question 170

Basic rescue size-up conducted by the IC.

Answer 170

Involves considering factors such as the number, location, and condition of victims, fire conditions, impact on victims, and the best actions to impact survivability and search ability.

Question 171

How does the IC structure initial operations around the completion of the primary search?

Answer 171

Directing initial actions, which may be an exterior or interior fire attack coupled with immediate rescue actions.

Question 172

Do the conditions and resources allow for simultaneous action in a fire rescue situation?

Answer 172

IC must consider whether conditions and resources allow for simultaneous action, such as removing victims from the fire or removing the fire from the victims.

Question 173

Describe the order in which rescue efforts should be extended in a fire rescue situation.

Answer 173

Most severely threatened, the largest number (groups), the remainder of the fire area, and the exposed areas.

Question 173

Describe the primary search process during a rescue operation.

Answer 173

Quickly verifying the removal and safety of all occupants in affected areas, with time being a critical factor. It is reported using the term ‘All Clear’ and coordinated by Command.

Question 173

What is the tactical benchmark for completing a primary search?

Answer 173

Using the standard radio reporting term ‘All Clear.’

Question 174

Define a secondary search in the context of rescue operations.

Answer 174

Thoroughly searching the interior of the fire area after initial fire control and ventilation activities have been completed. Thoroughness, rather than time, is the critical factor in a secondary search.

Question 175

How does the stage of the fire affect the rescue plan developed by Command?

Answer 175

Critical factor that affects the rescue plan developed by Command, with different approaches outlined for ‘nothing showing situations,’ ‘smoke showing and working fire situations,’ and ‘working fire situations.’

Question 176

Do rescue functions that follow fire control activities or a completed primary search fall under a primary or secondary search?

Answer 176

They fall under a secondary search.

Question 177

Describe the approach to fire stages in residential fire incidents.

Answer 177

In ‘nothing showing situations,’ a rapid interior search and report of ‘ALL CLEAR’ is structured. In ‘smoke showing and working fire situations,’ fire control efforts must be extended simultaneously with rescue operations to gain entry and control interior access to complete a primary search.

Question 178

Objective of a secondary search in the context of rescue operations?

Answer 178

Confirmation of an ‘All Clear,’ which should be reported to the Alarm Room upon completion.

Question 179

Process of conducting a secondary search for victims after achieving fire control.

Answer 179

Command must structure a secondary search for victims, utilizing reports on the location, number, and condition of victims, and extending and completing a primary search wherever entry is possible.

Question 180

Appropriate action for protecting exposed occupants in a safe location inside the structure.

Answer 180

In some cases, the most appropriate action, as they are safer in their rooms than moving through contaminated hallways and interior areas.

Question 181

How should primary search assignments be made for large or complex residential occupancies?

Answer 181

Command must make specific primary search assignments to companies to cover specific areas of large or complex residential occupancies and maintain ongoing control of such companies until the entire area is searched when conditions allow.