Philosophy Test - Ethics

Question 1

Leonard (in Memento) has this condition….

Answer 1

Leonard’s condition is captured by the film’s plot structure, where the majority of story events unfold in reverse chronological order.

This device is revealed at the outset of the film when the shaking of a Polaroid photograph leads to its fading rather that being rendered clear.

This early scene represents Leonard’s condition – ‘everything fades’. Indeed the entire structure of Memento places us in the same epistemic position as Leonard – neither of us knows what happened before.

Question 2

John Locke & Memento

Answer 2

John Locke (1632-1704,) argued that consciousness is key to the self and, as such, continuity of consciousness is central to the enduring survival of a person over time.

The continuity of the conscious self is, for Locke, guaranteed by memory, which plays a very important role in identity.

Question 3

For Locke, the reason that I am the same person that I was twenty years ago is that…

Answer 3

I remember being that person.

I can now bring to mind the subjective conscious experiences I had as a teenager through the faculty of memory. I remember (for the most part) what I’ve done, who I’ve met, how I felt at a given time, what I like and dislike.

This is why, after waking from a night’s sleep, I find myself to be the same person in the morning.

Furthermore, it is for this reason that I bear moral responsibility for my past actions. As such, memory is of paramount importance to our experience of ourselves as responsible agents.

Question 4

Self-deception & Memento

Answer 4

Then there is the issue of self-deception. If I commit an act but effectively deceive myself into believing my version of events, am I responsible? It isn’t a simple act of me lying - I actually believe my version of events.

Freud said that we are so good at deceiving ourselves that we don’t usually know when we are even doing it. As the goal is hiding anxiety-producing knowledge, if we knew, we would have to find another way to hide it.

Question 5

Memento and Free Will

Answer 5

Free will is the cornerstone idea of existentialism. Does Leonard Shelby have free will? Or is he under the control of Teddy, Natalie, and even Bert?

When in the film does he exert any free will?

Question 6

Other Issues in Memento

Answer 6

1. If Leonard never knows the reason for events, can he ever be a moral person? What does that mean to us?
2. At one point, Leonard says, ‘My Actions still have meaning, even if I don’t remember them.” Is this true, even to him?
3. What does this mean for the idea of objective knowledge?

Question 7

Theories of Action

Answer 7

This is simply descriptive. Theories of action examine what groups of people actually do.

This does not actually give any judgements about the actions, it simply describes what it is that people do in those circumstances.

Example - According to a recent poll, 95% of people are more likely to believe sentences that contain statistics.

Question 8

Theories of Character

Answer 8

These deal with questions about character traits that are ‘good’ or ‘bad’.

They are sometimes called Virtue theories: courage or honesty or wisdom would probably be described as virtues.

Question 9

Theories of Value

Answer 9

These are assessments about what people deem to be valuable.

Values are assessments of worth. What is good? What is bad? Are they the same thing across cultures? Do they change based on time and place?

Question 10

METAETHICS

Answer 10

Meta - meaning beyond or of a higher order than

Metaethics involves examining the meanings of the terms used in the study of ethics, and the methods used to carry out this study.

Example - “Why should I do good things?”
What do you mean by should?
What do you mean by good?

Question 11

Three Kinds of Belief

Answer 11

1. Ethical Absolutists
2. Ethical Universalists
3. Ethical Relativists

Question 12

Ethical Absolutists

Answer 12

There are standards that are right and wrong across time and across cultures.

They will never change, no matter what happens.

Example: Slavery is wrong, and always was wrong. It will never be right. Anyone who participated in owning slaves throughout history was morally wrong.

Question 13

Ethical Universalists

Answer 13

A moral decision in any given circumstance, is the moral decision of everyone in a similar circumstance. Your specifics do not matter.

Example: If stealing is wrong for me, it is wrong for everyone. It doesn’t matter if you are starving or really hungry, or not hungry at all….stealing is still morally incorrect.

Question 14

Ethical Relativists

Answer 14

Ethics and morals change over time, and the morals that we believe are correct today, will change as well. There are no universally correct ‘right & wrong’

Example: Would stealing be morally correct if you used the theft to get food for starving children?

Question 15

Utilitarianism was created by…

Answer 15

Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill

Question 16

GREATEST GOOD FOR THE GREATEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE

Answer 16

This theory emphasizes Ends over Means.

Theories, like this one, that emphasize the results or consequences are called consequentialist.

Question 17

Bentham’s Formulation of Utilitarianism

Answer 17

The great good that we should seek is happiness. (a hedonistic perspective)

Those actions whose results increase happiness or diminish pain are ‘good’.

Question 18

Jeremy Bentham’s Hedonistic Calculus

Answer 18

In determining happiness, we evaluate the possible consequences by applying several values:

1. Intensity
2. Duration
3. Certainty or uncertainty
4. Propinquity (proximity) or remoteness
5. Fecundity (reproduce)
6. Purity
7. Extent.

Question 19

Two Types of Utilitarianism

Answer 19

Act: An Action is right if and only if it produces the greatest balance of pleasure over pain for the greatest number. (Jeremy Bentham)

Rule: An action is right if and only if it conforms to a set of rules the general acceptance of which would produce the greatest balance of pleasure over pain for the greatest number. (John Stuart Mill)

Question 20

Application of Utilitarian Theory

Answer 20

If you can use eighty soldiers as a decoy in war, and thereby attack an enemy force and kill several hundred enemy soldiers, that is a morally good choice even though the eighty might be lost.

Question 21

Criticisms of Bentham’s theory

Answer 21

Bentham’s theory could mean that if 10 people would be happy watching a man being eaten by wild dogs, it would be a morally good thing for the 10 men to kidnap someone (especially someone whose death would not cause grief to many others) and throw the man into a cage of wild, hungry dogs.

Question 22

John Stuart Mill’s Adjustments to Utilitarianism

Answer 22

Mill argues that we must consider the quality of the happiness, not merely the quantity.

Question 23

Turpin’s 4 Criticisms of Utilitarianism

Answer 23

1. What happens if the thing that makes you happy is detrimental? If someone likes drinking or drugs is it morally correct to give out drugs to as many people as possible?
2. For religious people, it is a philosophy without God. If lying, stealing, or killing could lead to an increase of happiness for the greatest number, we are told we should lie, steal or kill. Isn’t that a rejection of God’s commands?
3. Can we predict all the outcomes of action before we decide? This seems impossible.
4. Can the idea of human rights be made compatible with Utilitarianism? If ignoring rights brings about more happiness to the greatest number, should we ignore so-called rights?

Question 24

Most Common Critiques of Utilitarianism
1. Distastefulness

Answer 24

Criticism: People often criticize utilitarianism because it doesn’t align with their personal feelings or sentiments. For example, they might argue that they would save a loved one over many strangers, which conflicts with utilitarian principles. Critics also claim that utilitarianism ignores individual rights and can justify morally unthinkable actions, like minor increases in suffering being ignored if they serve the greater good.

Counter: This criticism is based on personal bias, not on flaws in utilitarianism itself. Utilitarianism treats all interests equally, ensuring fairness. Rights, if they promote happiness and prevent suffering, fit within utilitarianism. Concerns about drug-induced happiness misunderstand the utilitarian pursuit of happiness, which includes long-term satisfaction and exemption from suffering. Thus, utilitarianism’s approach is fair and rational, addressing all interests without arbitrary exclusions.

Question 25

Most Common Critiques of Utilitarianism 2. Impossibility

Answer 25

Criticism: Critics argue that happiness cannot be quantified or measured accurately, making it impossible to apply utilitarian principles. This includes challenges in comparing the intensity and extent of happiness and suffering. Counter: Words like "happier" imply that happiness is measurable. People constantly make trade-offs and value judgments, demonstrating the practicality of utilitarian calculations. The principle of utility remains valid despite the subjective nature of individual valuations.

Question 26

Most Common Critiques of Utilitarianism 3. Impracticality

Answer 26

Criticism: Utilitarianism is too difficult to apply due to the vast number of individuals and uncertain consequences. Critics claim it is impractical to calculate all effects for all individuals. Counter: Utilitarianism describes what makes actions right or wrong but doesn't imply perfect calculation. It's a critique of human limitations, not the theory itself. In practice, utilitarians should seek a balance between planning and action, sometimes foregoing calculations in emergencies or familiar situations.

Question 27

Most Common Critiques of Utilitarianism 4. Insufficiency (of scope)

Answer 27

Criticism: Utilitarianism is criticized for failing to consider other sources of value beyond happiness, such as life, friendship, and knowledge. Counter: These other values typically promote happiness, which is why they are valued. If they didn't promote happiness, they wouldn't be valued. The scope of utilitarianism can accommodate these values if they contribute to overall happiness and the reduction of suffering.

Question 28

Divine Command Theory is a meta-ethical theory:

Answer 28

A branch of analytic philosophy that explores the status, foundations, and scope of moral values, properties, and words. Whereas the fields of applied ethics and normative theory focus on what is moral, meta-ethics focuses on what morality itself is. Ie. What does it mean to be moral? What is ‘good’ and ‘bad’?

Question 29

Divine command theory is the view which claims that:

Answer 29

Ethical sentences express propositions Some such propositions are true Those propositions are about the attitudes of God.

Question 30

God’s Commands are the determining factor. that decides morality.

Answer 30

To follow God’s commands is to be moral To some followers, atheists, agnostics, and followers of other religions cannot be moral. It is both subjective (relative) and objectivist (universal). It is subjectivist because the foundation lies on the individual’s belief in a particular religion. It is objectivist because the rules from that particular religion are to be followed in an absolute fashion, regardless of interpretation. (but that doesn’t happen)

Question 31

Some say that without God or a Religious WELTANSHAUUNG(Worldview)

Answer 31

1. We could feel estrangement/despair a. Life would have no meaning b. There would be no transcendent Goals 2. We would have no reason to respect others a. If humans were not made in God’s image, but unique b. If humans were not all loved and valued by God 3. There would be no justice a. If there was no divine reward and punishment for following or breaking the rules as given by God

Question 32

4 Criticisms of Divine Command Theory

Answer 32

1. Euthyphro Dilemma. 2. God can't be good and neither can you 3. It's a Naturalisitic Fallacy 4. Epistemological criticism. How do you know the will of God?

Question 33

1. Euthyphro Dilemma.

Answer 33

It is saying that morality is based on God’s will. If God says ‘kill everyone’ then the action would be, by definition, good. Critics will say that God wouldn’t give an evil command like that - but this response would imply that things are evil before God says they are - which destroys the Divine Command Theory. This is called the Euthyphro Dilemma.

Question 34

2. God can't be good and neither can you

Answer 34

Divine Command theory implies that God cannot be called ‘good’, because that wouldn’t make sense. If anything he says or does IS right, there is no free will to choose good or evil acts, and therefore God cannot be ‘good’. It also COULD imply that followers of any particular religious faith could not be called ‘good’ as they are behaving in order to receive a reward. Is blatant self-interest, morally good?

Question 35

Divine Command is seen as a Naturalisitic Fallacy

Answer 35

Often Divine Command is seen as a Naturalisitic Fallacy - things are good because God says they are, and God says you should do this, not any other factor. In other words, things are good not because they CAUSE good, but because God SAYS they are good.

Question 36

Divine Command epistemological criticism

Answer 36

There is also an epistemological criticism. How do you know the will of God? How do you know that your religion is the correct one? Seeing as how every situation is not detailed in every religious text, how do you know what God would have you do?

Question 37

The biggest question that still causes conflict because of Divine Command Theory is…

Answer 37

Can people be GOOD without GOD?

Question 38

Charles Darwin

Answer 38

In The Descent of Man Darwin set out to explain the origin of human morality in order to show that there was no absolute gap between man and animals. For Darwin, morality was a problem of natural history He believed that morality would have little selective advantage for the individual, but it would be adaptive for the group.

Question 38

Henry Sidgwick

Answer 38

The moral philosopher Hengry Sidwick (1838-1900) claimed that evolution was irrelevant for ethics because it could not be used as a justification for ethics. Evolution does not care about ethics, but about survival and breeding therefore, it is AMORAL.

Question 38

GE Moore He pointed out that even if evolution is progress, it cannot be concluded that the more ‘advanced’ organisms are...

Answer 38

GE Moore does not agree (he thinks evolution could care about ethics). He pointed out that even if evolution is progress, it cannot be concluded that the more ‘advanced’ organisms are more advanced in every respect.

Question 39

Michael Shermer

Answer 39

The Science of Good and Evil (2004) Throughout history, we have been tribal creatures We evolved for 200,000 years in small, co-dependant groups.

Question 40

Evolution of Ethics

Answer 40

Ethical systems evolved as a method to allow the fewest problems within a tribal environment. Life was difficult, and problems within a tribe could have had serious results. A conflict, or even a lack of unity, could result in death. Harmony in the tribe resulted in increased chances of survival for the individual and the group as a whole. “Good behaviour” is evolutionarily beneficial.

Question 41

Religion and Morals in Evolutionary Ethics

Answer 41

These moral systems already existed before formal religions. Religions of the world, simply took these pre-existing morals and codified them. Due to their common source (group survival), religious ethics are all remarkably similar.

Question 42

Our Tribes

Answer 42

Those people that we can identify as members of our respective ‘tribes’ get treated very well. Outsiders are either ignored or mistreated. In this argument - the religious imperative to “Love Thy Neighbour” was meant to be literal. Those that are not your neighbours can be treated much differently.

Question 43

Human Population Growth in Evolutionary Ethics

Answer 43

As our settlements grew, it became harder to see all people as members of our ‘tribe’. We developed legal systems and police to force people to follow the rules.

Question 44

TODAY - Evolutionary Ethics

Answer 44

Cities are too large, and members of other tribes are largely ignored. Many of our social problems can be traced back to the massive growth in the human population over the past few centuries.

Question 45

Essentially, according to Buddhist teachings, the ethical and moral principles are governed by…

Answer 45

Examining whether a certain action, whether connected to body or speech is likely to be harmful to oneself or to others and thereby avoiding any actions which are likely to be harmful.

Question 46

A lay Buddhist should cultivate good conduct by training in what are known as the...

Answer 46

Five Precepts The five precepts are training rules, which, if one were to break any of them, one should be aware of the breech and examine how such a breech may be avoided in the future. The resultant of an action (often referred to as Karma) depends on the intention more than the action itself. Buddhism places a great emphasis on the mind and it is mental anguish such as remorse, anxiety, guilt etc. which is to be avoided in order to cultivate a calm and peaceful mind.

Question 47

The five precepts are:

Answer 47

1) To undertake the training to avoid taking the life of beings. This precept applies to all living beings not just humans. All beings have a right to their lives and that right should be respected. 2) To undertake the training to avoid taking things not given. This precept goes further than mere stealing. One should avoid taking anything unless one can be sure that is intended that it is for you. 3) To undertake the training to avoid sensual misconduct. This precept is often mistranslated or misinterpreted as relating only to sexual misconduct but it covers any overindulgence in any sensual pleasure such as gluttony as well as misconduct of a sexual nature. 4) To undertake the training to refrain from false speech. As well as avoiding lying and deceiving, this precept covers slander as well as speech which is not beneficial to the welfare of others. 5) To undertake the training to abstain from substances which cause intoxication and heedlessness. This precept is in a special category as it does not infer any intrinsic evil in, say, alcohol itself but indulgence in such a substance could be the cause of breaking the other four precepts.

Question 48

The 5 Buddhist precepts are the basic precepts expected as a day-to-day training of any lay Buddhist. On special holy days, many Buddhists, especially those following the Theravada tradition, would observe three additional precepts with a strengthening of the third precept to be observing strict celibacy. The additional precepts are:

Answer 48

6) To abstain from taking food at inappropriate times. This would mean following the tradition of Theravadin monks and not eating from noon one day until sunrise the next. 7) To abstain from dancing, singing, music and entertainments as well as refraining from the use of perfumes, ornaments and other items used to adorn or beautify the person. 8) To undertake the training to abstain from using high or luxurious beds are rules regularly adopted by members of the Sangha and are followed by the layperson on special occasions.

Question 49

Modern Ethical Issues Lying, Cheating and Stealing

Answer 49

Kant – Categorical Imperative – an action is only right if you want it to be a universal law, and it contains no contradiction = lying is always wrong Sissela Bok – the duty to NOT lie is less important than other duties (like to prevent harm) = deontological, with a twist

Question 50

Modern Ethical Issues Freedom of Expression

Answer 50

Should freedom of expression be absolute? John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor – two philosophers that would say that limits on your liberty are justified only to prevent harm to others. But what is ‘harm’?

Question 51

Modern Ethical Issues War

Answer 51

Hannah Arendt – pacifist philosopher believes that human beings are morally obligated to use their abilities to settle disputes peacefully

Question 52

Just War Theory

Answer 52

Given by NUMEROUS philosophers – Cicero, St. Augustine, John Locke, John Stuart Mill, Immanuel Kant 6 conditions that a war must have to be considered ‘JUST’ 1. Just cause 2. Right intention 3. Proper Authority 4. Reasonable hope of success 5. Last resort 6. Discrimination

Question 53

Modern Ethical Issues Euthanasia

Answer 53

Passive – denying life saving treatment Active – giving a lethal injection, or some other means to actively cause the end of a life Some say that both are ‘playing God’ Others say that you must have the informed consent of the patient = but what does that mean?

Question 54

Modern Ethical Issues Genethics

Answer 54

The field of exploring the variety of ethical issues developing out of genetic manipulation Negative GM – removing genes Positive GM – enhancing certain traits

Question 55

Modern Ethical Issues Environmental Ethics

Answer 55

Conservation – the environment has instrumental value – it is useful and we should use it wisely Preservation – the environment has intrinsic value, and should be preserved (untouched by humans)

Question 56

Modern Ethical Issues Treatment of Non-Human Animals

Answer 56

The common Western view has always been that animals have less worth than humans Aristotle – animals have no soul Descartes – animals are like machines Kant – animals are a means to an end Bible – man has dominion over all animals Locke, Newton, Darwin – animals have consciousness, feel pain and have emotions Bentham – animals have sentience

Question 57

Modern Ethical Issues Treatment of Non-Human Animals Tom Regan, Pete Singer

Answer 57

Animals deserve rights – ie. To not be used as food, entertainment, clothing or research. We are ‘speciesist’ – all sentient moral beings should be equal. If we mistreat animals due to their lower capacity for thought, should we also use humans with brain damage, or with low IQs?

Question 58

Modern Ethical Issues Intellectual Property

Answer 58

The result of a creative endeavour and is owned by the creator and/or the copyright holder. Is downloading music, movies, TV shows, books it morally wrong? Is it the same as stealing? Utilitarian versus Kant – would they reach the same conclusion?

Question 59

Modern Ethical Issues Advertising

Answer 59

John Kenneth Galbraith – advertising creates an artificial desire, which leads to unhappiness on a mass scale. Noam Chomsky – created wants of the ad industry are manipulative and intentionally create mindless consumers, who just want the next object = you are more valuable if you are unhappy all the time.

Question 60

The Heinz Dilemma

Answer 60

A woman was near death from a rare disease. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to produce. He charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $1,000. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." Should Heinz steal the drug?

Question 61

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 61

American psychologist, taught at University of Chicago and at Harvard. The 30th most eminent psychologist of the 20th Century when examining # of citations and awards received.

Question 62

After studying thousands of responses from people at all ages, Kohlberg developed the following concept - that…

Answer 62

Moral choices are not based on what you find important, they are actually based upon your cognitive development. Bad morality = underdeveloped intellect and =/= “bad person”

Question 63

Six Stages of Moral Reasoning

Answer 63

Level 1 (Pre-Conventional) 1. Obedience and punishment orientation (How can I avoid punishment?) 2. Self-interest orientation (What's in it for me?) Level 2 (Conventional) 3. Interpersonal accord and conformity (I don’t want to look bad.) 4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Everyone needs to follow the rules) Level 3 (Post-Conventional) 5. Social contract orientation (Mutual benefit) 6. Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience)

Question 64

Stage One (obedience)

Answer 64

Heinz should not steal the medicine because he will consequently be put in prison which will mean he is a bad person. Or: Heinz should steal the medicine because it is only worth $200 and not how much the druggist wanted for it; Heinz had even offered to pay for it and was not stealing anything else.

Question 65

Stage two (self-interest)

Answer 65

Heinz should steal the medicine because he will be much happier if he saves his wife, even if he will have to serve a prison sentence. Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine because prison is an awful place, and he would probably languish over a jail cell more than his wife's death.

Question 66

Stage three (conformity)

Answer 66

Heinz should steal the medicine because his wife expects it; he wants to be a good husband. Or: Heinz should not steal the drug because stealing is bad and he is not a criminal; he tried to do everything he could without breaking the law, you cannot blame him.

Question 67

Stage four (law-and-order)

Answer 67

Heinz should not steal the medicine because the law prohibits stealing, making it illegal. We can’t have people doing whatever they want, even if it is a good reason. Or: Heinz should steal the drug for his wife but also take the prescribed punishment for the crime as well as paying the druggist what he is owed. Criminals cannot just run around without regard for the law; actions have consequences.

Question 68

Stage five (human rights)

Answer 68

Heinz should steal the medicine because everyone has a right to choose life, regardless of the law. Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine because the scientist has a right to fair compensation. Even if his wife is sick, it does not make his actions right.

Question 69

Stage six (universal human ethics)

Answer 69

Heinz should steal the medicine, because saving a human life is a more fundamental value than the property rights of another person. Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine, because others may need the medicine just as badly, and their lives are equally significant.

Question 70

Assumptions Moral judgment is not based on physical development but on...

Answer 70

Moral judgment is not based on physical development but on later cognitive development. Morality = Justice and fairness. This developmental understanding is cognitive not emotional.

Question 71

2 Internal Principles

Answer 71

Cognitive Conflict - The more experience we have with moral dilemmas the more likely we are to discern appropriate solutions as we work through our conflicting needs and wants. Cognitive Development - Moral judgments are a direct relative of the cognitive operation from which the individual is operating.

Question 72

NIETZSCHE! Most ethical systems represent… But…

Answer 72

Weakness and only recommend the behaviours with which the majority are comfortable. ` But… the majority of people are stupid, childlike and constantly fearful of being different or of being in charge.

Question 73

NIETZSCHE! Ethics should be based upon…

Answer 73

How people actually are. The reality is that people are often not very nice.

Question 74

NIETZSCHE! The Will to Power

Answer 74

...is the dominant force in human history. It is the driving ambition to achieve and dominate. It isn’t really ‘good’ or ‘bad’, it just IS

Question 75

Other Ethical Doctrines under Nietzche

Answer 75

Utilitarianism – this is the morality of the herd. Why bother with the greatest good for the greatest number when not everyone deserves this consideration? Kantian Ethics and the Categorical imperative – Motives are usually made up after the fact to justify your behaviour.

Question 76

“God is Dead”

Answer 76

Divine Command Theory – Christian ethics seek to reward the weak for their weakness. In most religions, actions that should be admired are called evil, and meek, cowardly actions are called virtuous.

Question 77

The Golden Rule After Nietzche

Answer 77

‘One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself’ This will cause the weakening of all of society. Where in the natural world does this idea apply? Humans made this up, to keep order, and to keep weakness.

Question 78

Nietzsche The strong and determined should…

Answer 78

lead the way in this world, and conventional morality is designed to hinder those that are truly great. Every human being should live a life free of outside, artificial moral obligations. Those that are able to rise above the majority and freely make their own choices will be closer to becoming ubermensch.

Question 79

The Ubermensch

Answer 79

Over man, Above-human, Superman Difficult to fully define in English. Religion draws people that are disillusioned with life, and the lack of power they have in it. The ubermensch is anti-religion, because his set of values does not require it. The ubermensch does not put his faith in other worlds and the attainment of otherworldly goals (heaven) He combines the ideals of the artist, the soldier and the thinker all at once. Everyone should be judged based on how they achieved for themselves and for the next generation.

Question 80

Nietzsche and Nazis

Answer 80

The term ubermensch was a favourite of the Nazi party, and was often used to support the Nazi eugenics ideal. Great modern debate has come from this.

Question 81

Insanity and Death

Answer 81

On January 3, 1889, Nietzsche suffered a mental collapse. Nietzsche's mental illness was originally diagnosed as tertiary syphilis. After contracting pneumonia in mid-August 1900 he had numerous strokes and died on August 25, 1900.

Question 82

The greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism Universalism Hedonism Immanuel Kant

Answer 82

Answer: Utilitarianism

Question 83

A generalized feeling of contentment with your life, and your choices.... Cyreniacism Hedonism Eudaimonia Absolutist

Answer 83

Answer: Eudaimonia

Question 84

This word comes the word "mores", as in traditions and customs. Ethics Goodness Eudaimonia Morals

Answer 84

Answer: Morals

Question 85

You can only do something if you would have everyone do it. Plato Aristotle Locke Kant

Answer 85

Answer: Kant

Question 86

As humans, we have a duty to solve our problems without violence. Hannah Arendt Nietzsche Heidegger Kant

Answer 86

Answer: Hannah Arendt

Question 87

A preservationist would believe that nature has an ____________ value. instrumental intrinsic intentional inherent

Answer 87

Answer: Intrinsic

Question 88

For a Buddhist, you should follow the ______________________________. Eightfold Path Fourfold Trees Ten Commandments 7 Deadly Sins

Answer 88

Answer: Eightfold Path

Question 89

The idea that ethical propositions are generally meaningless is called: Cyreniacism Ethical absolutism Logical positivists Utilitarianism

Answer 89

Answer: Logical positivists

Question 90

An ax murderer comes to your home and asks where the children are. What would Kant do? He would tell him. He would lie. He would tell them the wrong room He would steal the ax.

Answer 90

Answer: He would tell him.

Question 91

Determinism would say that free will is______________________. Good for everyone Demonstrable Non-existent a curse

Answer 91

Answer: Non-existent

Question 92

The Categorical Imperative is from: Hume Kant Bentham Plato

Answer 92

Answer: Kant

Question 93

His body is on display. Hume Kant Locke Bentham

Answer 93

Answer: Bentham

Question 94

Different actions were moral in different times and places. This is: Universalism Hedonism Emotivism Relativism

Answer 94

Answer: Relativism

Question 95

Ubermensch loosely means ______________________. Superman Overlord Taxi Man godly man

Answer 95

Answer: Superman

Question 96

The golden mean is an idea that comes from: existentialism virtue ethics Kant Nietzsche

Answer 96

Answer: virtue ethics

Question 97

Describing whether students sometimes cheat on tests would be: buddhist Theory of Character Theory of Intent Theory of Action

Answer 97

Answer: Theory of Action

Question 98

The Euthyphro dilemma is an objection to: divine command Kant Hume Virtue ethics

Answer 98

Answer: divine command

Question 99

The Will to Power is the central idea of: Kant Hume Nietzsche Plato

Answer 99

Answer: Nietzsche

Question 100

Whatever doesn't kill you makes you stronger. Clarkson Bentham Hume Nietzsche

Answer 100

Answer: Nietzsche

Question 101

"You can't judge past behaviour, by today's moral standards." Relativism Absolutism Universalism Emotivism

Answer 101

Answer: Relativism

Question 102

Advertising is morally wrong, says___________________. Galbraith Locke Arendt Trump

Answer 102

Answer: Galbraith

Question 103

Giving the terminally ill the means to kill themselves is called: Passive Active Negative Positive

Answer 103

Answer: Active

Question 104

Nietzsche believed that most people were: Great Fun Sad Weak

Answer 104

Answer: Weak

Question 105

You shouldn't be emotional when making decisions. stoicism empiricism cyreniacism deontological

Answer 105

Answer: stoicism

Question 106

Which war would be a 'just war' according to Arendt? World war one Vietnam war Korea None

Answer 106

Answer: None

Question 107

Ethics evolved because _________________. it helped us survive punishments are bad people are helpful God

Answer 107

Answer: it helped us survive

Question 108

He believed that animals were like machines. Kant Descartes Plato Locke

Answer 108

Answer: Descartes

Question 109

Virtue Ethics Kant Nietzsche Hume Aristotle

Answer 109

Answer: Aristotle

Question 110

We have trouble with ethics in modern society due to our huge population, says ____________. Douglas Fairbanks Michael Shermer David Hume Jeremy Bentham

Answer 110

Answer: Michael Shermer

Question 111

Kohlberg would say that all morality is _________ Religious Relative to time and place Developmental Political

Answer 111

Answer: Developmental

Question 112

Moral judgment is not based on physical development but on

Answer 112

later cognitive development.

Question 113

Morality = ? This developmental understanding is

Answer 113

Justice & fairness. cognitive not emotional.