Philosophy Test - Ethics Flashcards
Leonard (in Memento) has this condition….
Leonard’s condition is captured by the film’s plot structure, where the majority of story events unfold in reverse chronological order.
This device is revealed at the outset of the film when the shaking of a Polaroid photograph leads to its fading rather that being rendered clear.
This early scene represents Leonard’s condition – ‘everything fades’. Indeed the entire structure of Memento places us in the same epistemic position as Leonard – neither of us knows what happened before.
John Locke & Memento
John Locke (1632-1704,) argued that consciousness is key to the self and, as such, continuity of consciousness is central to the enduring survival of a person over time.
The continuity of the conscious self is, for Locke, guaranteed by memory, which plays a very important role in identity.
For Locke, the reason that I am the same person that I was twenty years ago is that…
I remember being that person.
I can now bring to mind the subjective conscious experiences I had as a teenager through the faculty of memory. I remember (for the most part) what I’ve done, who I’ve met, how I felt at a given time, what I like and dislike.
This is why, after waking from a night’s sleep, I find myself to be the same person in the morning.
Furthermore, it is for this reason that I bear moral responsibility for my past actions. As such, memory is of paramount importance to our experience of ourselves as responsible agents.
Self-deception & Memento
Then there is the issue of self-deception. If I commit an act but effectively deceive myself into believing my version of events, am I responsible? It isn’t a simple act of me lying - I actually believe my version of events.
Freud said that we are so good at deceiving ourselves that we don’t usually know when we are even doing it. As the goal is hiding anxiety-producing knowledge, if we knew, we would have to find another way to hide it.
Memento and Free Will
Free will is the cornerstone idea of existentialism. Does Leonard Shelby have free will? Or is he under the control of Teddy, Natalie, and even Bert?
When in the film does he exert any free will?
Other Issues in Memento
- If Leonard never knows the reason for events, can he ever be a moral person? What does that mean to us?
- At one point, Leonard says, ‘My Actions still have meaning, even if I don’t remember them.” Is this true, even to him?
- What does this mean for the idea of objective knowledge?
Theories of Action
This is simply descriptive. Theories of action examine what groups of people actually do.
This does not actually give any judgements about the actions, it simply describes what it is that people do in those circumstances.
Example - According to a recent poll, 95% of people are more likely to believe sentences that contain statistics.
Theories of Character
These deal with questions about character traits that are ‘good’ or ‘bad’.
They are sometimes called Virtue theories: courage or honesty or wisdom would probably be described as virtues.
Theories of Value
These are assessments about what people deem to be valuable.
Values are assessments of worth. What is good? What is bad? Are they the same thing across cultures? Do they change based on time and place?
METAETHICS
Meta - meaning beyond or of a higher order than
Metaethics involves examining the meanings of the terms used in the study of ethics, and the methods used to carry out this study.
Example - “Why should I do good things?”
What do you mean by should?
What do you mean by good?
Three Kinds of Belief
- Ethical Absolutists
- Ethical Universalists
- Ethical Relativists
Ethical Absolutists
There are standards that are right and wrong across time and across cultures.
They will never change, no matter what happens.
Example: Slavery is wrong, and always was wrong. It will never be right. Anyone who participated in owning slaves throughout history was morally wrong.
Ethical Universalists
A moral decision in any given circumstance, is the moral decision of everyone in a similar circumstance. Your specifics do not matter.
Example: If stealing is wrong for me, it is wrong for everyone. It doesn’t matter if you are starving or really hungry, or not hungry at all….stealing is still morally incorrect.
Ethical Relativists
Ethics and morals change over time, and the morals that we believe are correct today, will change as well. There are no universally correct ‘right & wrong’
Example: Would stealing be morally correct if you used the theft to get food for starving children?
Utilitarianism was created by…
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
GREATEST GOOD FOR THE GREATEST NUMBER OF PEOPLE
This theory emphasizes Ends over Means.
Theories, like this one, that emphasize the results or consequences are called consequentialist.
Bentham’s Formulation of Utilitarianism
The great good that we should seek is happiness. (a hedonistic perspective)
Those actions whose results increase happiness or diminish pain are ‘good’.
Jeremy Bentham’s Hedonistic Calculus
In determining happiness, we evaluate the possible consequences by applying several values:
- Intensity
- Duration
- Certainty or uncertainty
- Propinquity (proximity) or remoteness
- Fecundity (reproduce)
- Purity
- Extent.
Two Types of Utilitarianism
Act: An Action is right if and only if it produces the greatest balance of pleasure over pain for the greatest number. (Jeremy Bentham)
Rule: An action is right if and only if it conforms to a set of rules the general acceptance of which would produce the greatest balance of pleasure over pain for the greatest number. (John Stuart Mill)
Application of Utilitarian Theory
If you can use eighty soldiers as a decoy in war, and thereby attack an enemy force and kill several hundred enemy soldiers, that is a morally good choice even though the eighty might be lost.
Criticisms of Bentham’s theory
Bentham’s theory could mean that if 10 people would be happy watching a man being eaten by wild dogs, it would be a morally good thing for the 10 men to kidnap someone (especially someone whose death would not cause grief to many others) and throw the man into a cage of wild, hungry dogs.
John Stuart Mill’s Adjustments to Utilitarianism
Mill argues that we must consider the quality of the happiness, not merely the quantity.
Turpin’s 4 Criticisms of Utilitarianism
- What happens if the thing that makes you happy is detrimental? If someone likes drinking or drugs is it morally correct to give out drugs to as many people as possible?
- For religious people, it is a philosophy without God. If lying, stealing, or killing could lead to an increase of happiness for the greatest number, we are told we should lie, steal or kill. Isn’t that a rejection of God’s commands?
- Can we predict all the outcomes of action before we decide? This seems impossible.
- Can the idea of human rights be made compatible with Utilitarianism? If ignoring rights brings about more happiness to the greatest number, should we ignore so-called rights?
Most Common Critiques of Utilitarianism
1. Distastefulness
Criticism: People often criticize utilitarianism because it doesn’t align with their personal feelings or sentiments. For example, they might argue that they would save a loved one over many strangers, which conflicts with utilitarian principles. Critics also claim that utilitarianism ignores individual rights and can justify morally unthinkable actions, like minor increases in suffering being ignored if they serve the greater good.
Counter: This criticism is based on personal bias, not on flaws in utilitarianism itself. Utilitarianism treats all interests equally, ensuring fairness. Rights, if they promote happiness and prevent suffering, fit within utilitarianism. Concerns about drug-induced happiness misunderstand the utilitarian pursuit of happiness, which includes long-term satisfaction and exemption from suffering. Thus, utilitarianism’s approach is fair and rational, addressing all interests without arbitrary exclusions.
Most Common Critiques of Utilitarianism
2. Impossibility
Criticism: Critics argue that happiness cannot be quantified or measured accurately, making it impossible to apply utilitarian principles. This includes challenges in comparing the intensity and extent of happiness and suffering.
Counter: Words like “happier” imply that happiness is measurable. People constantly make trade-offs and value judgments, demonstrating the practicality of utilitarian calculations. The principle of utility remains valid despite the subjective nature of individual valuations.
Most Common Critiques of Utilitarianism
3. Impracticality
Criticism: Utilitarianism is too difficult to apply due to the vast number of individuals and uncertain consequences. Critics claim it is impractical to calculate all effects for all individuals.
Counter: Utilitarianism describes what makes actions right or wrong but doesn’t imply perfect calculation. It’s a critique of human limitations, not the theory itself. In practice, utilitarians should seek a balance between planning and action, sometimes foregoing calculations in emergencies or familiar situations.
Most Common Critiques of Utilitarianism
4. Insufficiency (of scope)
Criticism: Utilitarianism is criticized for failing to consider other sources of value beyond happiness, such as life, friendship, and knowledge.
Counter: These other values typically promote happiness, which is why they are valued. If they didn’t promote happiness, they wouldn’t be valued. The scope of utilitarianism can accommodate these values if they contribute to overall happiness and the reduction of suffering.
Divine Command Theory is a meta-ethical theory:
A branch of analytic philosophy that explores the status, foundations, and scope of moral values, properties, and words. Whereas the fields of applied ethics and normative theory focus on what is moral, meta-ethics focuses on what morality itself is.
Ie. What does it mean to be moral? What is ‘good’ and ‘bad’?
Divine command theory is the view which claims that:
Ethical sentences express propositions
Some such propositions are true
Those propositions are about the attitudes of God.
God’s Commands are the determining factor. that decides morality.
To follow God’s commands is to be moral
To some followers, atheists, agnostics, and followers of other religions cannot be moral.
It is both subjective (relative) and objectivist (universal).
It is subjectivist because the foundation lies on the individual’s belief in a particular religion. It is objectivist because the rules from that particular religion are to be followed in an absolute fashion, regardless of interpretation. (but that doesn’t happen)
Some say that without God or a Religious WELTANSHAUUNG(Worldview)
- We could feel estrangement/despair
a. Life would have no meaning
b. There would be no transcendent Goals - We would have no reason to respect others
a. If humans were not made in God’s image, but unique
b. If humans were not all loved and valued by God - There would be no justice
a. If there was no divine reward and punishment for following or breaking the rules as given by God
4 Criticisms of Divine Command Theory
- Euthyphro Dilemma.
- God can’t be good and neither can you
- It’s a Naturalisitic Fallacy
- Epistemological criticism. How do you know the will of God?
- Euthyphro Dilemma.
It is saying that morality is based on God’s will. If God says ‘kill everyone’ then the action would be, by definition, good. Critics will say that God wouldn’t give an evil command like that - but this response would imply that things are evil before God says they are - which destroys the Divine Command Theory. This is called the Euthyphro Dilemma.
- God can’t be good and neither can you
Divine Command theory implies that God cannot be called ‘good’, because that wouldn’t make sense. If anything he says or does IS right, there is no free will to choose good or evil acts, and therefore God cannot be ‘good’.
It also COULD imply that followers of any particular religious faith could not be called ‘good’ as they are behaving in order to receive a reward. Is blatant self-interest, morally good?
Divine Command is seen as a Naturalisitic Fallacy
Often Divine Command is seen as a Naturalisitic Fallacy - things are good because God says they are, and God says you should do this, not any other factor. In other words, things are good not because they CAUSE good, but because God SAYS they are good.
Divine Command epistemological criticism
There is also an epistemological criticism. How do you know the will of God? How do you know that your religion is the correct one? Seeing as how every situation is not detailed in every religious text, how do you know what God would have you do?
The biggest question that still causes conflict because of Divine Command Theory is…
Can people be GOOD without GOD?
Charles Darwin
In The Descent of Man Darwin set out to explain the origin of human morality in order to show that there was no absolute gap between man and animals. For Darwin, morality was a problem of natural history
He believed that morality would have little selective advantage for the individual, but it would be adaptive for the group.
Henry Sidgwick
The moral philosopher Hengry Sidwick (1838-1900) claimed that evolution was irrelevant for ethics because it could not be used as a justification for ethics.
Evolution does not care about ethics, but about survival and breeding therefore, it is AMORAL.
GE Moore
He pointed out that even if evolution is progress, it cannot be concluded that the more ‘advanced’ organisms are…
GE Moore does not agree (he thinks evolution could care about ethics). He pointed out that even if evolution is progress, it cannot be concluded that the more ‘advanced’ organisms are more advanced in every respect.
Michael Shermer
The Science of Good and Evil (2004)
Throughout history, we have been tribal creatures
We evolved for 200,000 years in small, co-dependant groups.
Evolution of Ethics
Ethical systems evolved as a method to allow the fewest problems within a tribal environment.
Life was difficult, and problems within a tribe could have had serious results.
A conflict, or even a lack of unity, could result in death.
Harmony in the tribe resulted in increased chances of survival for the individual and the group as a whole.
“Good behaviour” is evolutionarily beneficial.
Religion and Morals
in Evolutionary Ethics
These moral systems already existed before formal religions.
Religions of the world, simply took these pre-existing morals and codified them.
Due to their common source (group survival), religious ethics are all remarkably similar.
Our Tribes
Those people that we can identify as members of our respective ‘tribes’ get treated very well.
Outsiders are either ignored or mistreated.
In this argument - the religious imperative to “Love Thy Neighbour” was meant to be literal.
Those that are not your neighbours can be treated much differently.
Human Population Growth
in Evolutionary Ethics
As our settlements grew, it became harder to see all people as members of our ‘tribe’.
We developed legal systems and police to force people to follow the rules.
TODAY - Evolutionary Ethics
Cities are too large, and members of other tribes are largely ignored.
Many of our social problems can be traced back to the massive growth in the human population over the past few centuries.
Essentially, according to Buddhist teachings, the ethical and moral principles are governed by…
Examining whether a certain action, whether connected to body or speech is likely to be harmful to oneself or to others and thereby avoiding any actions which are likely to be harmful.
A lay Buddhist should cultivate good conduct by training in what are known as the…
Five Precepts
The five precepts are training rules, which, if one were to break any of them, one should be aware of the breech and examine how such a breech may be avoided in the future.
The resultant of an action (often referred to as Karma) depends on the intention more than the action itself.
Buddhism places a great emphasis on the mind and it is mental anguish such as remorse, anxiety, guilt etc. which is to be avoided in order to cultivate a calm and peaceful mind.
The five precepts are:
1) To undertake the training to avoid taking the life of beings. This precept applies to all living beings not just humans. All beings have a right to their lives and that right should be respected.
2) To undertake the training to avoid taking things not given. This precept goes further than mere stealing. One should avoid taking anything unless one can be sure that is intended that it is for you.
3) To undertake the training to avoid sensual misconduct. This precept is often mistranslated or
misinterpreted as relating only to sexual misconduct but it covers any overindulgence in any sensual
pleasure such as gluttony as well as misconduct of a sexual nature.
4) To undertake the training to refrain from false speech. As well as avoiding lying and deceiving, this
precept covers slander as well as speech which is not beneficial to the welfare of others.
5) To undertake the training to abstain from substances which cause intoxication and
heedlessness. This precept is in a special category as it does not infer any intrinsic evil in, say, alcohol
itself but indulgence in such a substance could be the cause of breaking the other four precepts.
The 5 Buddhist precepts are the basic precepts expected as a day-to-day training of any lay Buddhist. On special holy days, many Buddhists, especially those following the Theravada tradition, would observe three additional precepts with a strengthening of the third precept to be observing strict celibacy. The additional precepts are:
6) To abstain from taking food at inappropriate times. This would mean following the tradition of
Theravadin monks and not eating from noon one day until sunrise the next.
7) To abstain from dancing, singing, music and entertainments as well as refraining from the use
of perfumes, ornaments and other items used to adorn or beautify the person.
8) To undertake the training to abstain from using high or luxurious beds are rules regularly
adopted by members of the Sangha and are followed by the layperson on special occasions.
Modern Ethical Issues
Lying, Cheating and Stealing
Kant – Categorical Imperative – an action is only right if you want it to be a universal law, and it contains no contradiction = lying is always wrong
Sissela Bok – the duty to NOT lie is less important than other duties (like to prevent harm) = deontological, with a twist
Modern Ethical Issues
Freedom of Expression
Should freedom of expression be absolute?
John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor – two philosophers that would say that limits on your liberty are justified only to prevent harm to others.
But what is ‘harm’?
Modern Ethical Issues
War
Hannah Arendt – pacifist philosopher believes that human beings are morally obligated to use their abilities to settle disputes peacefully
Just War Theory
Given by NUMEROUS philosophers – Cicero, St. Augustine, John Locke, John Stuart Mill, Immanuel Kant
6 conditions that a war must have to be considered ‘JUST’
1. Just cause
2. Right intention
3. Proper Authority
4. Reasonable hope of success
5. Last resort
6. Discrimination
Modern Ethical Issues
Euthanasia
Passive – denying life saving treatment
Active – giving a lethal injection, or some other means to actively cause the end of a life
Some say that both are ‘playing God’
Others say that you must have the informed consent of the patient = but what does that mean?
Modern Ethical Issues
Genethics
The field of exploring the variety of ethical issues developing out of genetic manipulation
Negative GM – removing genes
Positive GM – enhancing certain traits
Modern Ethical Issues
Environmental Ethics
Conservation – the environment has instrumental value – it is useful and we should use it wisely
Preservation – the environment has intrinsic value, and should be preserved (untouched by humans)
Modern Ethical Issues
Treatment of Non-Human Animals
The common Western view has always been that animals have less worth than humans
Aristotle – animals have no soul
Descartes – animals are like machines
Kant – animals are a means to an end
Bible – man has dominion over all animals
Locke, Newton, Darwin – animals have consciousness, feel pain and have emotions
Bentham – animals have sentience
Modern Ethical Issues
Treatment of Non-Human Animals
Tom Regan, Pete Singer
Animals deserve rights – ie. To not be used as food, entertainment, clothing or research.
We are ‘speciesist’ – all sentient moral beings should be equal.
If we mistreat animals due to their lower capacity for thought, should we also use humans with brain damage, or with low IQs?
Modern Ethical Issues
Intellectual Property
The result of a creative endeavour and is owned by the creator and/or the copyright holder.
Is downloading music, movies, TV shows, books it morally wrong?
Is it the same as stealing?
Utilitarian versus Kant – would they reach the same conclusion?
Modern Ethical Issues
Advertising
John Kenneth Galbraith – advertising creates an artificial desire, which leads to unhappiness on a mass scale.
Noam Chomsky – created wants of the ad industry are manipulative and intentionally create mindless consumers, who just want the next object = you are more valuable if you are unhappy all the time.
The Heinz Dilemma
A woman was near death from a rare disease. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to produce. He charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman’s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $1,000. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, “No, I discovered the drug and I’m going to make money from it.”
Should Heinz steal the drug?
Lawrence Kohlberg
American psychologist, taught at University of Chicago and at Harvard.
The 30th most eminent psychologist of the 20th Century when examining # of citations and awards received.
After studying thousands of responses from people at all ages, Kohlberg developed the following concept - that…
Moral choices are not based on what you find important, they are actually based upon your cognitive development.
Bad morality = underdeveloped intellect and =/= “bad person”
Six Stages of Moral Reasoning
Level 1 (Pre-Conventional)
1. Obedience and punishment orientation (How can I avoid punishment?)
2. Self-interest orientation (What’s in it for me?)
Level 2 (Conventional)
3. Interpersonal accord and conformity (I don’t want to look bad.)
4. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Everyone needs to follow the rules)
Level 3 (Post-Conventional)
5. Social contract orientation (Mutual benefit)
6. Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience)
Stage One (obedience)
Heinz should not steal the medicine because he will consequently be put in prison which will mean he is a bad person. Or: Heinz should steal the medicine because it is only worth $200 and not how much the druggist wanted for it; Heinz had even offered to pay for it and was not stealing anything else.
Stage two (self-interest)
Heinz should steal the medicine because he will be much happier if he saves his wife, even if he will have to serve a prison sentence. Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine because prison is an awful place, and he would probably languish over a jail cell more than his wife’s death.
Stage three (conformity)
Heinz should steal the medicine because his wife expects it; he wants to be a good husband. Or: Heinz should not steal the drug because stealing is bad and he is not a criminal; he tried to do everything he could without breaking the law, you cannot blame him.
Stage four (law-and-order)
Heinz should not steal the medicine because the law prohibits stealing, making it illegal. We can’t have people doing whatever they want, even if it is a good reason. Or: Heinz should steal the drug for his wife but also take the prescribed punishment for the crime as well as paying the druggist what he is owed. Criminals cannot just run around without regard for the law; actions have consequences.
Stage five (human rights)
Heinz should steal the medicine because everyone has a right to choose life, regardless of the law. Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine because the scientist has a right to fair compensation. Even if his wife is sick, it does not make his actions right.
Stage six (universal human ethics)
Heinz should steal the medicine, because saving a human life is a more fundamental value than the property rights of another person. Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine, because others may need the medicine just as badly, and their lives are equally significant.
Assumptions
Moral judgment is not based on physical development but on…
Moral judgment is not based on physical development but on later cognitive development.
Morality = Justice and fairness. This developmental understanding is cognitive not emotional.
2 Internal Principles
Cognitive Conflict - The more experience we have with moral dilemmas the more likely we are to discern appropriate solutions as we work through our conflicting needs and wants.
Cognitive Development - Moral judgments are a direct relative of the cognitive operation from which the individual is operating.
NIETZSCHE!
Most ethical systems represent… But…
Weakness and only recommend the behaviours with which the majority are comfortable.
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But… the majority of people are stupid, childlike and constantly fearful of being different or of being in charge.
NIETZSCHE!
Ethics should be based upon…
How people actually are.
The reality is that people are often not very nice.
NIETZSCHE!
The Will to Power
…is the dominant force in human history.
It is the driving ambition to achieve and dominate.
It isn’t really ‘good’ or ‘bad’, it just IS
Other Ethical Doctrines
under Nietzche
Utilitarianism – this is the morality of the herd. Why bother with the greatest good for the greatest number when not everyone deserves this consideration?
Kantian Ethics and the Categorical imperative – Motives are usually made up after the fact to justify your behaviour.
“God is Dead”
Divine Command Theory – Christian ethics seek to reward the weak for their weakness.
In most religions, actions that should be admired are called evil, and meek, cowardly actions are called virtuous.
The Golden Rule
After Nietzche
‘One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself’
This will cause the weakening of all of society.
Where in the natural world does this idea apply?
Humans made this up, to keep order, and to keep weakness.
Nietzsche
The strong and determined should…
lead the way in this world, and conventional morality is designed to hinder those that are truly great.
Every human being should live a life free of outside, artificial moral obligations.
Those that are able to rise above the majority and freely make their own choices will be closer to becoming ubermensch.
The Ubermensch
Over man, Above-human, Superman
Difficult to fully define in English.
Religion draws people that are disillusioned with life, and the lack of power they have in it.
The ubermensch is anti-religion, because his set of values does not require it.
The ubermensch does not put his faith in other worlds and the attainment of otherworldly goals (heaven)
He combines the ideals of the artist, the soldier and the thinker all at once.
Everyone should be judged based on how they achieved for themselves and for the next generation.
Nietzsche and Nazis
The term ubermensch was a favourite of the Nazi party, and was often used to support the Nazi eugenics ideal.
Great modern debate has come from this.
Insanity and Death
On January 3, 1889, Nietzsche suffered a mental collapse.
Nietzsche’s mental illness was originally diagnosed as tertiary syphilis.
After contracting pneumonia in mid-August 1900 he had numerous strokes and died on August 25, 1900.
The greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people.
Utilitarianism
Universalism
Hedonism
Immanuel Kant
Answer: Utilitarianism
A generalized feeling of contentment with your life, and your choices….
Cyreniacism
Hedonism
Eudaimonia
Absolutist
Answer: Eudaimonia
This word comes the word “mores”, as in traditions and customs.
Ethics
Goodness
Eudaimonia
Morals
Answer: Morals
You can only do something if you would have everyone do it.
Plato
Aristotle
Locke
Kant
Answer: Kant
As humans, we have a duty to solve our problems without violence.
Hannah Arendt
Nietzsche
Heidegger
Kant
Answer: Hannah Arendt
A preservationist would believe that nature has an ____________ value.
instrumental
intrinsic
intentional
inherent
Answer: Intrinsic
For a Buddhist, you should follow the ______________________________.
Eightfold Path
Fourfold Trees
Ten Commandments
7 Deadly Sins
Answer: Eightfold Path
The idea that ethical propositions are generally meaningless is called:
Cyreniacism
Ethical absolutism
Logical positivists
Utilitarianism
Answer: Logical positivists
An ax murderer comes to your home and asks where the children are. What would Kant do?
He would tell him.
He would lie.
He would tell them the wrong room
He would steal the ax.
Answer: He would tell him.
Determinism would say that free will is______________________.
Good for everyone
Demonstrable
Non-existent
a curse
Answer: Non-existent
The Categorical Imperative is from:
Hume
Kant
Bentham
Plato
Answer: Kant
His body is on display.
Hume
Kant
Locke
Bentham
Answer: Bentham
Different actions were moral in different times and places. This is:
Universalism
Hedonism
Emotivism
Relativism
Answer: Relativism
Ubermensch loosely means ______________________.
Superman
Overlord
Taxi Man
godly man
Answer: Superman
The golden mean is an idea that comes from:
existentialism
virtue ethics
Kant
Nietzsche
Answer: virtue ethics
Describing whether students sometimes cheat on tests would be:
buddhist
Theory of Character
Theory of Intent
Theory of Action
Answer: Theory of Action
The Euthyphro dilemma is an objection to:
divine command
Kant
Hume
Virtue ethics
Answer: divine command
The Will to Power is the central idea of:
Kant
Hume
Nietzsche
Plato
Answer: Nietzsche
Whatever doesn’t kill you makes you stronger.
Clarkson
Bentham
Hume
Nietzsche
Answer: Nietzsche
“You can’t judge past behaviour, by today’s moral standards.”
Relativism
Absolutism
Universalism
Emotivism
Answer: Relativism
Advertising is morally wrong, says___________________.
Galbraith
Locke
Arendt
Trump
Answer: Galbraith
Giving the terminally ill the means to kill themselves is called:
Passive
Active
Negative
Positive
Answer: Active
Nietzsche believed that most people were:
Great
Fun
Sad
Weak
Answer: Weak
You shouldn’t be emotional when making decisions.
stoicism
empiricism
cyreniacism
deontological
Answer: stoicism
Which war would be a ‘just war’ according to Arendt?
World war one
Vietnam war
Korea
None
Answer: None
Ethics evolved because _________________.
it helped us survive
punishments are bad
people are helpful
God
Answer: it helped us survive
He believed that animals were like machines.
Kant
Descartes
Plato
Locke
Answer: Descartes
Virtue Ethics
Kant
Nietzsche
Hume
Aristotle
Answer: Aristotle
We have trouble with ethics in modern society due to our huge population, says ____________.
Douglas Fairbanks
Michael Shermer
David Hume
Jeremy Bentham
Answer: Michael Shermer
Kohlberg would say that all morality is _________
Religious
Relative to time and place
Developmental
Political
Answer: Developmental
Moral judgment is not based on physical development but on
later cognitive development.
Morality = ?
This developmental understanding is
Justice & fairness.
cognitive not emotional.
