Law Unit 5 Test Flashcards
Give an example of some of the first National Parks in Canada.
One of the first National Parks in Canada was the Banff National Park.
What is a public nuisance?
A public nuisance is an interference with a public right, such as the right to fish or the right of navigation.
What is a Riparian Right?
The right of an owner of land bordering on a lake, river, or stream to sue another person who interferes with the quantity or quality of the water.
When was the EPA first introduced?
The Environmental Protection Act was first introduced in 1971.
What is the Paris Agreement?
The Paris Agreement’s central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
How will entering into an International Climate Agreement help fight climate change?
Entering an international climate agreement helps fight climate change by:
- Global Cooperation: Countries work together to reduce emissions.
- Setting Targets: Nations commit to and update emission reduction goals.
- Accountability: Mechanisms ensure countries follow through on commitments.
- Financial Support: Developed nations help fund climate action in developing countries.
Injunction:
A court order to prevent or stop someone from doing something; it may be a temporary order, effective until trial when it may or may not be made permanent.
Negligence:
An act committed without intention to cause harm, but which a reasonable person would anticipate might cause harm.
Private nuisance:
An indirect interference with the use and enjoyment of land due to the actions or conduct of someone nearby.
Public nuisance:
An interference with a public right, such as the right to fish or the right to navigation.
Trespass:
The direct interference with land that is owned or occupied by another person.
EPA:
Environmental Protection Acts
The Ontario Protection Act’s stated purpose is to “provide for the protection and conservation of the environment.” Its focus is rather narrow though, it regulates the actual and potential sources of contaminants.
What is the ESA?
EMPLOYEE STANDARDS ACT
A labour code legislation that imposes the minimum standards for the treatment of employees. This applies to all contracts of employment where work is performed in Ontario.
Why was the ESA put into place?
To even out the negotiating power imbalance between employers and employees by establishing minimum standards for a number of contract issues.
Why do we have Worker’s Compensation?
To compensate people who have been hurt or become sick because of conditions at the work site (or also because of their dependants or supervisors.)
How does the Human Rights Code apply to the workplace?
Guaranteed under the charter, in a provincial context, the Ontario Human Rights Code applies to prohibit discrimination in the workplace. Ie. on the basis of - race, citizenship, sex, sexual orientation, age, etc.
What is the “Gender Gap”?
Women on average still earn less money than men do, even when they work in the same industry.
Why do workers dislike “Scabs” so much?
Scab: A derogatory term used to describe a worker hired as a temporary replacement during a strike or lock-out.
Disliked because… they are a major irritant in the bargaining process.
- Employers may feel that, if the plant can be kept running and they continue to earn profits, they can put further pressure on the union to settle, as the striking workers receive only strike pay from their union.
What is working to rule?
A form of work slowdown in which employees apply the workplace rule literally, with the intention of
making the workplace less efficient.
- Refuse to perform informal functions (that they normally do) - ie. working overtime
What is the impact that technology has had on certain sectors of the workforce?
Job Replacement: Traditional jobs replaced by personal computers, telecommunications, and robotics.
Productivity Increase: Companies using new technologies are more productive and efficient.
New Jobs: Emergence of tech-related jobs (e.g., web design, computer programming) in the knowledge sector.
Work Hours: Employees are working longer hours and facing more stress.
Inalienable:
Cannot be surrendered or transferred.
Wildcat strike:
A wildcat strike is a strike action undertaken by unionized workers without union leadership’s authorization, support, or approval; this is sometimes termed an unofficial industrial action. This can happen when a workplace incident such as the firing of a popular union activist triggers an angry reaction and a wildcat strike.
Trade Union:
A group of workers who form an organization to bargain collectively with employers to improve working conditions, benefits, and wages.
Rand Formula:
The requirement that, in a bargaining unit in which the majority vote to join a union, all members must pay union dues whether or not they join the union.
Binding Arbitration:
A process in which a neutral third party, the arbitrator, hears from union and management representatives and makes a final decision that both sides must accept.
Collective Bargaining:
A process in which individual workers in a union negotiate a contract between the union and the employer covering their wages, hours of work, and working conditions.
Scab:
A derogatory term used to describe a worker hired as a temporary replacement during a strike or lock-out.
The Environmental Movement
- European settlers viewed the continent as a natural resource to be exploited by their homelands
- Over time, however, people began to raise concerns about the long-term future of natural resources and the health of the physical environment
First Steps… - The Environmental Movement
- The first steps to preserve the environment were taken in the 1880s when individual groups began lobbying for the conservation and preservation of unspoiled wilderness areas
Ex. the Sierra Club - In 1885 the Canadian National Park System began in Banff National Park when land was set aside for public use
But still, a long way to go…
- The Environmental Movement
- By the middle of the 20th century government and private companies still saw economic growth as more important than environmental protection and preservation
- Even now governments still pay more attention to economic growth than environmental concerns, even with the evidence of global warming and resource depletion.
