Equity andd Social Justice Exam Flashcards

Question

Stereotypes are

Answer 1

mental ideas/images that are overly simplistic and exaggerated generalizations about social groups. They are used to spread misinformation and stigmatize a subordinate group.

Answer 2

different because it involves having conscious arbitrary attitudes or beliefs and unfair bias towards or against a person/group. This is based on little or no experience and projected onto an entire group.

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this to a higher level because it is an action based on prejudice. For example, excluding, ignoring, avoiding, threatening, ridiculing, jokes, slurs, violence, and unfair treatment towards a specific group. Discrimination is an individual’s external behavior

Answer 4

- Exploitation - treats someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work - Marginalization - treating a person, a group, or a concept as insignificant or peripheral - Powerlessness - someone having a lack of ability, influence, or power and a lack of access to the people who have them. - Cultural Imperialism - creating and maintaining unequal relationships between civilizations, in order to favour the more powerful civilization. - Violence - using behaviours involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something.

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treats someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work

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- treating a person, a group, or a concept as insignificant or peripheral

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- someone having a lack of ability, influence, or power and a lack of access to the people who have them.

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- creating and maintaining unequal relationships between civilizations, in order to favour the more powerful civilization.

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- using behaviours involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something.

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Internalized oppression is the incorporation and acceptance by people within a target group of the prejudices against them. For example, as a woman, we often deal with “internalized misogyny,” sometimes we want to look or act a certain way that is inauthentic to ourselves but attracts men. It is one of our ways of being affected by the patriarchy so much that it is in our own heads.

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Assimilation is the elimination of group-based differences and essentially treats everyone according to the same principles, rules and standards. Black Power, Idle No More, the Women’s movement, and LBGTQ Liberation have challenged the idea of assimilation in the past.

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Dominant group defines what is normal, Differential treatment, Internalized oppression, Target group’s culture is discounted and dominant group’s culture imposed.

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- Embedded in institutions such as: media, family, religion, education, language, economics, criminal justice and in cultural definitions of what is normal, real, correct, beautiful and valuable. - Socially sanctioned and maintains an imbalance of power

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A set of behaviours, attitudes and policies that come together in a system, agency or among professionals and enables that system, agency or professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situations.

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- Elimination of group-based difference; treat everyone according to the same principles, rules and standards. - The belief that it maximizes “choice”. People can develop themselves as “individuals”, unconstrained by group norms or expectations - Assimilation implies coming into the game after it has already begun – Blindness to difference perpetuates cultural imperialism - Aspirations to assimilate can produce self-loathing if unable to “fit in”

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- May create the illusion of participation, when in fact there is no shared power. - Presence of diversity means very little without the power of decision making, an equitable share of the resources, development of agenda/plans, policies.

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widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

Answer 18

Holding two conflicting ideas to be true, at the same time.

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is defined as prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair. Unconscious bias can manifest in many ways, such as how we judge and evaluate others, or how we act toward members of different groups.

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unconscious biases against, for example, white women or people of color, even when that person consciously believes that sexism and racism are wrong.

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- Experiment focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority, and personal conscience. Rose after the Nazis and why they acted the way they did. - Ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure, even to the extent of killing an innocent human being. Obedience to authority is ingrained in us all from the way we are brought up. - People tend to obey orders from other people if they recognize their authority as morally right and/or legally based. This response to legitimate authority is learned in a variety of situations, for example in the family, school, and workplace.

Answer 22

To investigate how readily people would conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing exercise that simulated prison life. To study the roles people play in prison situations, Zimbardo converted a basement of the Stanford University psychology building into a mock prison. Immediately, guards began to harass prisoners, they dehumanized them. The experiment ended in 6 days An experiment about partcipants taking on roles either being a role with higher authority and power or lesser than that. This experiment demonstrates how power can corrupt - investigation of how readily people will conform to roles; to understand police brutality and if it is dispositional (sadist personality) or SITUATIONAL (prison-environment) People will readily conform to the social roles they are expected to play, especially if the roles are as strongly stereotyped as those of the prison guards. The “prison” environment was an important factor in creating the guards’ brutal behavior (none of the participants who acted as guards showed sadistic tendencies before the study). We mostly behave in ways that give us an advantage, not because we are “good” or “bad” people.

Answer 23

Social constructionism is a theory of knowledge The theory centers on the notion that meanings are developed in coordination with others rather than separately within each individual That means that all knowledge that we have, wasn’t you just DISCOVERING that knowledge. It was also you putting that knowledge into its social context. Your thoughts are entirely ‘socially constructed’ information about reality. A social construct is a concept or category that has socially and culturally mediated meaning. You behave in ways that people expect us to behave, based on how we think they see us. We define ourselves by how others perceive us.

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Nature - Your genetic information and how it is expressed determines who you are. Nurture - Your society and its values, and how you are raised determine who you are.

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- Categories defined and assigned significance by the society - an ever changing complex of meanings shaped by socio-political conflict - not a fixed, concrete, natural attribute - socially or culturally and historically constructed - shaped by those in power - social meaning which has been legally constructed

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Life chances Where you live How you are treated Access to wealth, power and prestige Access to education, housing, and other valued resources Life expectancy

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Shared cultural characteristics of a group

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- a doctrine or belief in racial superiority, including the idea that race determines intelligence, cultural characteristics and moral attributes - Racism thus makes an association between physical psychological and moral attributes and these are used to justify discrimination and prejudice.

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- The notion of ascribing moral, social or political significance to a person’s genetic lineage - One group becomes ‘normal’ - the way things are supposed to be, and every other group is judged as lesser by that group. - Race is employed in order to classify and systematically exclude members of given groups from full participation in the social system controlled by the dominant group.

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- The “drop of blood” theory = “Hypodescent” - Southern segregation laws: 1/64 black = black - The obsession to classify people by race in the US began as a by-product of slavery - These are social, not biological ideas

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While the 13th Amendment abolished slavery it upheld an exception allowing slavery for prisoners. This loophole allowed Black people to continue to be imprisoned and enslaved for relatively minor offences. This impacted the black community psychologically, economically, and politically. People of colour were negatively impacted by later policies like the War on Drugs and tough-on-crime strategies, which contributed to racial inequalities. Slavery is still considered to be legal in the US, so long as it is used as a punishment for a crime Rather than outwardly pushing discrimination against black people, the US government made the general population associate drugs with the race to promote discrimination Media and pop culture has perpetrated dangerous stereotypes about black people. These stereotypes have perpetrated ideas that POC are criminals or are dangerous. This affects POC through destabilizing communities and breaking up families, while upholding the prejudice already held by society.

Answer 32

The most compelling explanations of gender inequality explain gender inequality as an outcome of how women and men are tied to the economic structure of society. This leads to social stratification. They point out that women's roles of mother and wife, although vital to the well-being of society, are devalued and also deny women access to highly valued public resources. Dangerous for both genders - as women accepting abuse, and men being told that their place is to BE abusive. She is treated more protectively and she is subjected to more restrictions and controls; He receives greater achievement demands and higher expectations – academically, and physically.

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Dr. Jackson Katz is a former all-star football player who became the first man at the University of Massachusetts Amherst to earn a minor in women's studies. Images of masculinity became less sensitive, less understanding, more violent and more dependent on muscle power to get the job done It is mostly learned through media – which is, in actuality, the primary educator of our time. 1) Katz says we must change the "cultural environment" -- to begin, men must have the "courage" to work with women and speak out. They need to see a more honest portrayal of male vulnerability. Then, they can also join with others -- such as in gay/straight alliances -- but change must happen on a personal and institutional level (media are institutions, along with the typical ones like schools, etc.). 2) All of society must show they value men who reject the tough guise. 3) People must work to break the media controlled by rich, white men who control the existing stories -- and include MORE STORIES about men as humans not trapped by the guise. Masculinity is an act. It is social performance.

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Women are presented in the media through: stereotypes, are sexualized, and are shown as unimportant. People say that women shouldn't be running for leadership positions unless they look good. Even when women are shown to be empowered, they are still valued through their physical appearance and are still sexualized. Stereotypes of women within media include: female leaders are bossy and rude, women in general are emotional and dumb, and overall women's main goal should be getting a man. The majority of female characters in prime-time television are between the ages of 20-35 years old The lack of proper representation of women in powerful positions leads to difficulty for women and girls to envision themselves within these roles. The idea that women are supposed to be dumb, useless, objects for men, and decorative pieces are repeated constantly in the media Boys who engage with violent media can be influenced into believing that behaviour is ok, which can lead them hurting others (particularly women). Mainstream media Hollywood films tend to underrepresent women in their own stories. Often female directors are told that a man would better direct a movie or a female director isn’t even shown on a list of potential directors. Two stereotypes tend to be used in the representation of female leaders; either they are likeable and sexualized, or they are aggressive and viewed as disgusting for being assertive. Sarah Palin and Hillary Clinton are two examples of these stereotypes. When both young men and women see women only shown in such a narrow lens - one where it’s only “hot” for women to be powerful if they have exaggerated physical features and a lack of physical attire - we teach society that women are two-dimensional beings. The main side effect of representations created in a patriarchal system is young girls having a lack of aspiration to become women in power. Jennifer Pozer claims that the representation of women on reality television is dangerous as it often showcases women in conflict with one another.

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LGBTQ+ stereotypes are conventional, formulaic generalizations, opinions, or images based on the sexual orientations or gender identities of LGBT people. Stereotypical perceptions may be acquired through interactions with parents, teachers, peers and mass media, or, more generally, through a lack of firsthand familiarity, resulting in an increased reliance on generalizations. Many societies had no concept of sexual orientation. The concept of gay or straight didn’t exist. Not all gay men are flamboyant, not all gay women fit the “butch” archetype. But your voice/clothing are not a singular signifier of your sexuality. Like in all areas, rigid social constructions are restrictive for people. We classify and then immediately limit the possibilities for those that we just classified. The self is always performing. The heterotopia often shows you HOW you are supposed to perform. Foucault argues that prisons, mental health institutions and even schools are such types of heterotopias - prom “king” and “queen” heterotopias are seen as natural, necessary and harmless when in fact they are a way for society to regulate our behavior. According to Foucault, heterotopias are almost invisible and perceived as natural by members of a society, but they are nevertheless measures of disciplining, controlling and punishing of the different and deviant. In other words, heterotopias are seen as natural, necessary and harmless when in fact they are a way for society to regulate our behavior.

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Feminist Theory

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Post-Colonial Theory

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Animalistic

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Mechanistic

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Human Rights

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Systemic Oppression

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Revolution

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Social Constructionism

Answer 44

This image is a picture that reverses the typical stereotypes we place on women and men through the socialization of gender. This correlates back to our class discussion on how we as men and women, were treated differently simply due to to gender we conform to. We discussed examples such as all girls being in hairstyling classes and all boys being in autoshop classes. Three points to futher explain the content are: 1) As soon as children are born we automatically place them into stereotypes of "boy" and "girl." The toys children play with showcase girls doing makeup and hair while boys are supposed to play with trucks and dinosaurs. Additonally, girls are supposed to like colours such as pink and boys are supposed to like colours such as blue. We place children into these "masculine" and "feminine" boxes. 2) This image reverses those stereotypes created by society. The image with the woman actually has a blue background while the image with the man actually has a pink background. This effect is supposed to catch your attention because it is the exact opposite of the stereotypes we see in the media. Additionally, even the drawings around the man and woman are reversed. The man is surrounded by objects that are supposed to be stereotypically "feminine" and the woman is around objects that are supposed to be "masculine." For example, women are supposed to do laundry (ie. laundry machine), while men are supposed to build things out of wood hence, the saw drawing. 3) Not only do the visual aspects of the photo question the way society has socialized gender but the very way the man and woman look reverses the gendered stereotypes. The man is wearing an apron, he has a smile on his face (because women have to look pleasant and kind all the time), and he looks approachable and is in a relaxed pose. The woman however, is wearing a dress shirt and pants, has stern facial expression, and is in a determined hand-on-her-hip pose. Thus, very way men and women are supposed to behave is reversed through the irony of this image because the man is in a sterotypically feminine presenting appearance while the woman is in a stereotypically masculine presenting one.

Answer 45

This image is an photo taken of the Stanford County Prison experiment conducted by Zimbardo. This correlates back to our class discussion on how we behave in the way our social roles expect us to. Three points to futher explain the content are: 1) Regular college students signed up for an experiment that tested the limits of how dynamics between two groups will change when one group is given authority. This specific experiment wanted to see how police brutality arises. So, students with no past criminal history, violent pasts, or mental disorders, became either a prisoner or a guard and were treated as such. 2) Almost immediately, the guards began to conform to their socially contructed role. They were given objects such as sunglasses (shown in the picture), as to not make eye contact with the prisoners and to dehumanize them. The more they felt as if they were actually in authority, the more they took advantage of that and actually began harrassing the prisoners. 3) This experiment proved that the behaviour of brutal police officers was not based on dispositonal factors such as a sadistic mindset, but was rather entirely situational. This is evident because none of the guards behaved in that violent manner or had any underlying factors (violent history, mental disorders, etc) to make them act this way. The only factor in making them violent towards the prisoners was the situation (the experiment that gave them authority), thus, Zimbardo could conclude brutuality in authority figures within society was entirely situational.

Answer 46

This image is a photo taken of a prom "king" and "queen" during the typical highschool celebration. This correlates back to our class discussions on heterotopia and how society is regulating the way we behave even in places such as schools. Three points to further explain the content are: 1) Foucaux was a french philosopher who examined the way we conform society into believing they should be heterosexual from a young age and from many social instutions. Although it is hidden and not something someone in the dominant group would notice, society is always leaving little hints that the two people in relationships should be a man and a woman in order to regulate our behaviour. 2) In this image, a highschool prom is being held and a "king" and "queen" were elected. This showcases heterotopia because something so small and hidden to a straight person, is actually trying to change the behaviour of students who may be LGBTQIA+. Why can't it be a "king" and "king" or a "queen" and "queen." This small and seemingly unimportant social norm is actually an attempt to change our behaviour. 3) When a queer student at the same school sees these two individuals being elected as "king" and "queen" it is only a reminder that they are not the dominant group and are shamed for being the subordinate one. It is a small dig in the countless societal practices that are aimed to support hetero-relationships and not people who do not fit into that group. Thus, this will create feelings of internalized oppression as queer individuals are shown time and time again that they are not the leading group in society and are shamed for it.

Answer 47

The Indigenous Knowledge approaching when examining modern issues is the idea that the people who have lived on a land for thousands of years probably are the people who have the most local knowledge about their respective area. An example of this, is how when the Europeans invaded North America, somewhere native to the Indigenous Peoples of Canada, the United States, etc, they suffered from illnessness due to being in unfamilair land. This is because they lacked the knowledge of the land that the Indigenous people had and did not know how to harvest healthy food, survive cold winters, etc, as they were not local to the area.

Answer 48

The concept of privilege is simple, not everyone is born on an "even" level because we live in a society of dominant and subordinate groups. Thus, when some people are naturally born into dominant groups and some are born into subordinate, some people are naturally given advantages that others lack, aka privilege. However, it is important to acknowledge that most people fit into both subordinate and dominant groups and are given privilege in some aspects but not all. For example, I am priviledged because I fit into the dominant group of heterosexual people but I am also not priviledged in the area of being a woman because it is the subordinant gender group. Almost everyone is priviledged in some area or another, it does not mean your life can't be hard, it just means there are some disadvantages, such as not being able to be physically affectionate with your partner in public, that you will never experience as a result.

Answer 49

Race is entirely socially constructed. In terms of biology, there is no skin colour, head shape, or really any aspect of physical appearance that changes someones inteligence or their morals. However, in society we have created races from aspects of physical appearance and used them to place ideas of inteligence or moral values on people of different "races." It used to be thought that Black people were more likely to not listen or not value morals but there is nothing about the way people decended from Africa look that accurately scientifically backs up that claim. Yet, as a result of these racist ideologies prejudice was seemingly "justified" and essentially allowed Black people to experience racism. Thus, race really doesn't mean anything biologically because racism cannot be backed up by science but because of the society we live in, sociologically race is important as it does change the way people treat you. Often POC are less likely to get job opportunites, are more likely to be arrested, etc, merely because of the sociological value we have given race.

Answer 50

Four areas of my life that work towards creating gender roles: 1. I perform best in english and history based courses - STEM is dominated by men because it has been socially constructed that men are better at science and math and women are better at humanities. I work towards creating this gender role because I am a woman who happens to suceed in humanities more than I do in stem. 2. I want children - Women are typically thought to be the keepers of the household and have the role of raising the children. I work towards creating this gender role because although I am career driven, I do at some point in my life want to have and raise children, fitting the stereotype of the women presented in society. 3. I love femininity - I express myself in a very elaborate and hyperfeminine way through my clothes and makeup. I work towards creating this gender role because it is thought that women should always look put together and dress nicely which is exactly what I wake up at 7am to do. 4. In my relationship, I want to be taken care of - Although I will always support myself economically and will never rely on a man for money, I do enjoy being taken care of as a girlfriend. When my boyfriend and I go out, he always pays and he never lets me pay. I work towards creating this gender role because it is thought that women should not act "masculine" by covering the bill as it is a man's responsibility.

Answer 51

Jackson Katz's main thesis in his work Tough Guise is that: 1) Men need to be shown more honest versions of vunerability so they feel comfortable expressing themselves in a more feminine and realistic manner that does not encourage violence. 2) Society needs to value men that reject the hypermasculine, "tough guise" persona so that men can see that people actually prefer a calmer and more gentle man. 3) The results of the "tough guise" ideology is harmful for both men and women as it: tells women they should allow themselves to be abused by men, and tells men they should do the abusing. The white men who continue to show these stereotypes in media should be replaced with people who want to accurately showcase how men should actually act

Answer 52

One social justice documentary that I viewed in class was Miss Representation. The thesis the writer gave was that when we do not showcase women in positions of pwoer, we do not allow young girls to envision themselves in powerful roles. Evidence used to prove this point was how the number of boys who believed they could be president was a lot greater than the number of girls who believed they could be president. This proved their point because there has never been a female president whcih actively discourages young girls from seeing that as an option.

Answer 53

The construction of gender negatively affects both genders as it tells women they should allow themselves to be abused by men, and tells men they should do the abusing.

Answer 54

somehow people live in poverty because they did something wrong → they are to blame for their mistakes → this narrative is flawed and not helpful

Answer 55

poverty cannot be blamed on the poor

Answer 56

- To understand poverty, we need to understand the history of poverty - where it emerged from People without studying history, economics and society are telling people experiencing poverty what they are doing wrong - Industrialism creates a wider gap between the rich and the poor (increase in income inequality) → this is because of the division of labour and capital - The example of India showed us that wheat and grain were being exported to Britain when millions of people were experiencing a famine – In order to make more money, the whole country was left to starve

Answer 57

Can we really understand something if we do not understand the history behind that thing?

Answer 58

There was not really poverty in a “hunter-gatherer” society because money wasn’t really a thing. You may be hungry, but not “poor” If you survived, “hunter-gatherer” societies were actually functioning pretty well If you had time beyond finding food, you had time to do things we considered hobbies now

Answer 59

Poverty is the most evil thing in society and also most definitely necessary in society We need the constant threat of poverty to scare people into getting jobs that they might not actually want

Answer 60

In early Christianity, you were supposed to adopt a “poverty-ish” lifestyle to prove your faith These people (ie. Monks and Saints), would pretend to be poor and take resources from people who were actually poor In Buddhism, people were encouraged to essentially rob the poor by taking food from them. These people were just playing a role and putting on a show that gave actual poor people less money

Answer 61

Colonial powers exploited indigenous resources, such as gold, silver, and land, leading to economic and environmental devastation. In Canada, when the Indigenous peoples’ land was colonized for pelts (beavers) and then they faced genocide Canada was not really seen as valuable once all the pelts were gone

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Their crops were given to other countries to make more money while the people of India starved The money the other countries make doing this is seen as more valuable than the people starving in India

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The Enclosure Act made it so that people could purchase land and do what they wanted with it (ie. when they die they could give it to children) The people who can’t own land (ie, poor farmers) can’t own anything can be forced off their land because it’s been sold to someone else. They then travel to cities that cannot handle the number of people there. An influx of people from the country who can’t farm and have no real skills in the city Society changed too fast Nobody had anywhere to live - cities were filled with trash, no sanitation, human filth, disease, etc

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Poverty was made worse by it No minimum wage, like sweatshops

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By finding meaningful work that they can actually do Teach people skills, “Don’t give water, build a well” If to actually teach people skills instead of just doing something for them or giving them money, they benefit by having a profitable skill that they can actually make money off of

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No not effective When we give tax breaks to rich people The idea is that rich people invest in the economy and rich companies can then invest in more people “Everyone benefits because rich people do” Does not work because wealthy people will always keep the extra money and not invest in the economy or companies which would theoretically give them money to hire new people and benefit society at large

Answer 67

Founder of the ideology of communism, Karl Marx - a German philosopher The rich people in society are always trying to milk the poor out of as much money as possible - Social Hierarchy Rich people will do anything to help the poor except pay them fairly - poverty is necessary Takeaway: Poverty is created from the social hierarchy and social class

Answer 68

working class people; those who sell their labour for wages

Answer 69

not selling your time or labour - selling your assets for money

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Incredibly influential work on poverty and equity Adopted by nearly half of the world at one time Had some good ideas and interesting perspectives The idea is not to convert you but to help you understand and evaluate Can illustrate the nature of relations that usually remain hidden

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Born to a wealthy Jewish family Studied at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin Wrote many works including: Capital, The German Ideology, The Communist Manifesto, etc.

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Relatively Wealthy Studied conditions of English working class Wrote well Combined his empirical view with Marx’s philosophical view

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Proletariat: workers. Bourgeoisie: owners of means of production & most of the wealth

Answer 74

Economics drives History The means of production control how we for society Those people that control the means of production, control society SUPERSTRUCTURE - politics, religion, social customs, intellectual work - is built on the economic structure Tribal - Feudal - Capitalism - Communism History is one of class struggles - Bourgeoisie vs the proletariat, rich vs poor

Answer 75

Theory of How History Evolves Any exploitative system creates contradictions = they will lead to inevitable change Only a non-exploitive system can ultimately survive Where’s the contradiction in capitalism?

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How are workers alienated in capitalism? Work is dehumanizing and repetitive - even work they enjoy is eventually alienating Producing value for someone else alienates them from means of production Religion/schooling and entertainment teach them to be obedient Cannot develop their own humanity Will develop Class Consciousness

Answer 77

Theory of Labour Value: The concept is that value should be determined by the labour that goes into the item being produced. ie - a burger’s value should be determined by the value of the labour of the farmer that grew wheat, the farmer that raised the cows, the driver that shipped the products and the labour of those that sell it. Surplus Value Any money that is left at the end of the paying all the labour goes to the bourgeoisie in the form of “profit”. “Profit” is the difference between what it costs to produce, and what it sells for. The hourly wage someone makes is LOWER than the value that person creates. They create more value than they are paid for. Therefore, “profit” is just the business term, for theft from the working class, who could have been paid more, but aren’t because the bourgeoisie takes money, without creating value.

Answer 78

the money used to make more money → taking that made money to turn it into something else

Answer 79

any money that is left at the end of the paying all the labour goes to the owner

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the only value worth anything is the labour put into making something

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be patriotic to your country and do things that you would not normally do (ex. Propaganda posters - giving people a reason to do something)

Answer 82

dominance by one group or country (creators of the “right” way of doing things) → the group defines how things function → we know our economy doesn’t work well but hegemony means we can’t think of other ways to do things → if you can not think of another better way to do something, you are in a hegemony (i.e. our economic system) Ex. US has hegemony because Canada’s economic system needs to follow it

Answer 83

anything that people find a worth in paying for and buying, which can be tangible or intangible (ex. Clothes, concert tickets, university, etc)

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connecting values to our commodities - ex. attaching a monetary value to a diamond ring Purchasing something and being convinced that it will do what it is advertised to do

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economics of a society comes first and then everything else is built on top of that (ex. Elections can not function without capitalism, religious can not function without money coming in) The economy determines what is built and made in society Ex. people marry for money instead of love in countries

Answer 86

the five modes of production refers to the theory in which human history is divided into the five progressive stages of primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society, and socialist society.

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dividing up labour amongst workers to make tasks more efficient

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seeing people as an economic relationship, not a person → isolated individuals from the society as a whole

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workers of a company → people who need to sell their stuff (time) to earn money for a living

Answer 90

rich people that own the means of production (owner of Amazon)

Answer 91

forming a dictatorship over rich people → people do not want to spend their lives doing something just to have it taken away from them

Answer 92

1. Our economic system is built on exploitation. It isn’t the only system 2. “Profit”= underpaying workers for what they do and taking the rest a. $15= your pay | $100 what we sell it for = if workers were paid fully “profit” wouldn’t exist 3. Divide and conquer = racism, sexism, homophobia, etc… are used to divide working people and have them hating each other, but not hating the group, that’s manipulating and hurting them (the wealthy) 4. Commodity fetishism keeps us buying things 5. We are alienated from each other and the value of our labour a. We like to rank (ranking people at school based on marks) b. Because people who are ranked are in competition with each other and work harder

Answer 93

Takeaway: Poverty is not explained by race, culture or ethnicity Close connecting continents Europe, Asia and Africa caused the Middle East to have so much conflict tons of people intersecting and sharing technology Isolated continents like North and South America are isolated and lack in technological advancement they are behind geographically An abundance of livestock (horses, ox, pigs, etc) provides a source of protein and is a source of labour

Answer 94

Diamond’s theory attributes societal dominance to environmental factors, geography, and access to resources rather than inherent racial superiority, challenging notions of cultural superiority based on race. The dominance is explained through environmental advantages rather than intrinsic qualities.

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Term used to describe the absurdities and injustices that surround our current capitalist system - and try to show that they cannot continue forever.

Answer 96

The term has seen a HUGE increase since the 2008 Financial Crisis in the USA. In the simplest terms, the financial crisis was caused by wealthy banks and corporations lobbying the government to remove rules and regulations. Then the banks gave away mortgages to people who couldn’t afford them, charging very low interest rates. Many banks then SOLD the debt to other banks, who didn’t know how bad the mortgages were. When people couldn’t pay their mortgages (because they never should have been approved in the first place), they started defaulting on their loans, causing panic in the stock market. Panic = mass selling of stocks.

Answer 97

When the banks complained that they were at risk of going bankrupt and destroying the whole economy, the US government decided the banks were “too big to fail” and gave them bailout money, totalling around $500,000,000,000. (500 BILLION). Most of the bailout money was unsecured and not tied to any larger goals = it was free money - and many companies did nothing productive with it.

Answer 98

Economic activity (the stock market, the GDP) has less and less relevance to the regular person’s life. GDP measures the value that a country produces, but not how wealth is distributed. The stock market can be doing great, but more and more people can be living in poverty. The GDP measurements do not tell you anything about equity or the state of the environment. In fact, GDP’s have been increasing around the world. We are more productive today, then at any other point in history.

Answer 99

This is complicated…but the Gini Coefficient IS an index that measures the distribution of wealth within a society. It doesn’t measure what is produced, like a GDP, it measures how well distributed that wealth is. It is almost never discussed in politics, or on the news. The lower the number, the more equal the income distribution. 0 is perfect equality. 100 is perfect inequality - (one person owns everything) Canada is at 33, which is roughly the same as the UK, Switzerland, Ireland and Portugal. The US is at 41 - about the same as Haiti, Turkey and the Congo. Russia is at 37. Scandinavian countries are all below 30.

Answer 100

Human beings have been producing more value every year. But how that value is given out in a society, isn’t even close to being equitable in most countries. As we are producing more and more, the Gini Coefficient in the US is at its highest point EVER. So we are creating more value, and more and more is going to the wealthiest members of society. The spending power of wages, compared to inflation, has also BARELY grown since the 1970s. This isn’t the “rich get rich” cliche. It’s measurable data. It’s real. Not just a feeling.

Answer 101

Marx initially predicted that Capitalism would destroy itself due to its internal contradictions. By that he means that capitalism is a logically flawed system. THE FLAW: As capitalism gets more efficient at making things, it’s profits will fall (too much stuff on the market decreases the value). So factories will have to pay workers less, or take more and more from the environment in order to make money. We saw this happen in the 1990s, as North American factories moved overseas - to a cheaper labour market, in places with no environmental laws. But this will hurt the finances of the workers (fewer jobs), and further reduce the market for the products = lowering the profits even more.

Answer 102

Capitalism’s strength is that is can produce goods efficiently and quickly. But that causes OVERPRODUCTION. Goods sit in warehouses, NOT being sold, but lowering the prices. Lower prices are good, right? Not if all the jobs exist elsewhere, and people here are buying on credit.

Answer 103

But literally EVERYONE knows that this isn’t a sustainable economic model. So news agencies and public officials tend to blame the public for going into debt, to buy things that were much easier to buy decades ago.

Answer 104

Marx also discusses how the Bourgeoisie will create the working Proletariat, the class of people taken advantage of, that will be determined to destroy the Bourgeoisie when they realize that they are being oppressed.

Answer 105

This is a profoundly illogical and immoral response to the problem. 1. To get a better job usually requires more education. More education costs time and money. To get more money, you require free time without work and more money to get an education that will get you more money. How do the working poor have the time and money, to get the job that gives them more money? 2. It’s like saying “I know your job is relevant and necessary to our economy because literally every job is, but even though it’s necessary, we’re going to pay you poverty wages, and shame you for doing something that we need done.” 3. This isn’t an individual problem. It is systemic (a problem within the system itself).

Answer 106

Capitalism requires a free market, with competition. A monopoly is when ONE business interest controls a sector of the economy, or the entire production/sale of an item. Use shoes as an example. Let’s say we have a company that makes shoes. If people like them more than others, they will buy them. It is a direct competition, that in theory, brings out the best products and most efficient manufacturing. Monopolies destroy the market, because they work to set prices and take over the entire industry, which makes fair competition impossible. If only one company controls the shoe market, competition doesn’t exist, and capitalism reason for existing doesn’t exist either.

Answer 107

An ‘externality’ is something that a business/corporation can make someone else pay for. Example - the roads to and from a factory are necessary to the factory, but aren’t paid for by the business. Example - a factory causes pollution, but the larger society must pay for the costs Businesses and politicians no longer feel that problems are real, or that they are their responsibility. Their job is to make money or get re-elected.

Answer 108

The more efficient we get, the less the system can provide $ for workers. The more that is produced, the more the environment is destroyed. The more capitalism creates, the more it destroys. We can have more stuff and look wealthy, but we go into debt to do it. The more vapid and vacuous ‘entertainment’ exists, the more likely it is that we will not be intelligent enough to discern fact from fiction - leading to political leaders that appeal to our emotions (not to facts) leading to some sort of destruction. The more absurd it all gets, the ‘leadership’ has to become more strict - and the more people push back against it = and the system falls apart.

Answer 109

Sweatshops are cheap ways to make money and therefore pay people unfairly Deliberately not treating workers fairly No minimum wage laws, or health and safety laws in some countries Takeaway: only exist because the rich are exploiting the working class

Answer 110

a factory that violates 2 or more labour laws. Sweatshops often have poor working conditions, unfair wages, unreasonable hours, child labour, and a lack of benefits for workers. children ages 5 to 14 are forced to work Workers are subjected to verbal, physical, and sexual abuse in factories by their managers and supervisors. They are sometimes trapped in the factory and forced to work overnight or across multiple shifts. violate the minimum wage and overtime laws, and have broken health and safety laws. people who are forced to work must spend the majority of their paycheck on food for their families to survive Women sewing NBA jerseys make 24 cents per garment that will eventually sell for $140 Workers are paid wages insufficient to meet their basic needs, are not allowed to organize independent unions, and often face health and safety hazards. Workplace injuries and exposure to toxic chemicals also pose a daily risk to clothing workers. To prevent workers from stealing the items they are producing, factories sometimes lock the plant’s doors and windows, creating a fire hazard.

Answer 111

Products that commonly come from sweatshops are shoes, clothing, rugs, toys, electronics, and household textiles. It is virtually impossible to NOT purchase items made in sweatshops.

Answer 112

One study showed that doubling the salary of sweatshop workers would only increase the consumer cost of an item by 1.8%, while consumers would be willing to pay 15% more to know a product did not come from a sweatshop.

Answer 113

Traditional Gender Roles: Women are assigned certain types of work. Limited Education Access: Women with fewer opportunities for formal education. Global Supply Chains: Industries prioritize cost-effective female labour. Weak Labor Rights: Limited enforcement contributes to gender inequality. women make up 85 to 90% of sweatshop workers, employers force them to take birth control and routine pregnancy tests to avoid supporting maternity leave or providing appropriate health benefits. In the maquiladoras along the US-Mexico border, factory managers have in the past forced women workers to prove they are menstruating.

Answer 114

One of the deadliest factory fires in US history. Just under 150 workers, mostly young women, died as a result of the exits being locked to prevent unauthorized breaks by employees. Some sources have stated that fire exits were actually fake - some were fake doors, and others were painted on. Many died of asphyxiation or of burn wounds. However some died by jumping from the 10th floor factory windows because of the locked exit doors.

Answer 115

Considered the dangerous garment factory accident in history. The building contained numerous workhouses, and a few banks and offices. Cracks were discovered in the upper floors, and everyone was sent home – except for all the factory workers. The factories were warned about thee condition, and refused to close. The building collapsed during rush hour – killing 1,100, and injuring 2,500. Manufacturers included Benetton, Walmart, Joe Fresh, The Children’s Place and many others.

Answer 116

1) Laws are much more difficult to pass in many of these countries 2) Private security firms do much of the policing & legal police forces are much corrupt and/or violent 3) The offending corporations will simply leave if the laws are changed. 4) Many international trade agreements will not permit unionizing or environmental laws. 5) The consumers of most of these goods, simply don’t care enough, or don’t want to know about.

Answer 117

Some will argue that sweatshops are a stepping stone in development, and many of these countries will be better off in the future. This has worked in a few locations, but not often. It ignores the dignity of human life and human labour. It ignores that the workers have little legal ability to change their circumstances. It ignores that the companies using sweatshops can benefit hundreds of thousands of people by raising wages slightly, while not affecting the bottom line - and they don’t.

Answer 118

People on the land are pushed off and not allowed to live on it - lives are disrupted The wealthy people land grab to extract resources and then leave The rich trying to get richer Negatively affects developing countries Does not have access to resources - do not have land to grow crops

Answer 119

the purchase or lease of large tracts of fertile land by public or private entities.

Answer 120

food sovereignty and their very existence

Answer 121

favouring intensive monoculture farming reliant on fertilizers and pesticides.

Answer 122

World Bank

Answer 123

A hedge fund is an investment fund aimed at generating very high returns through aggressive management and high-risk investments

Answer 124

Generally, a pension fund is an asset pool run by an employer or a government to provide retirement income for employees.

Answer 125

This is a “state-owned investment fund(s) composed of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate, or other financial instruments”.

Answer 126

they have no idea.

Answer 127

- Foreign investors will often promise development, but leave before it happens, with no penalty. - Deals are sometimes negotiated with individuals, not groups. This leads to corruption, and displacement of people. - Farmers will be removed from the area, often violently – without compensation. - Some of these lands were pristine environment areas. - The resources are no longer the property of the country – they are owned by the investing agency. - Large-scale industrial farms often move in, and use large amounts of fertilizers, and machinery – with the resulting pollution. - Governments lose potential money from their natural resources, and lose the ability to better the lives of their citizens. - Foreign-owned real estate can be purchased by the rich from ANYWHERE, and made off-limits to the local real estate market.

Answer 128

Hurts the economy and loss of money Developed countries do not have to worry about these diseases, but developing countries do Devastating adults in developing countries and their children need to live alone No education, no access to nutrients/healthy food, lack of water diseases

Answer 129

HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, TUBERCULOSIS, SCHISTOSOMIASIS, CHAGAS

Answer 130

is most commonly spread through sexual contact with an infected partner and infected blood contamination HIV impacts the patient’s mental health and increases the risk of developing mood, cognitive and anxiety disorders (ex. depression) (“NIMH » HIV and AIDS and Mental Health”). Untreated HIV leads to job loss, decreased family income due to medical treatment, strained relationships, and increased spending for care (“Socioeconomic consequences of HIV/AIDS in the family system”).

Answer 131

Malaria is spread when one gets bitten by an infected Anopheles mosquito. It may also be spread through contamination of blood from a person who has been infected, or through contaminated needles or syringes. Getting infected by malaria reduces school attendance for children and adults’ productivity at work (“Malaria | WHO | Regional Office for Africa”). The impacts of Malaria on a country’s economy reaches around 1.1% of their GDP, which makes the country increase their public health spending by 39% (Andrade et al.).

Answer 132

This disease is spread through close contact with someone who has untreated tuberculosis through coughing, sneezing and laughing. Tuberculosis often affects the poor, who live in poverty and unequal societies, those who are homeless, people who were imprisoned and people with weakened bodies due to prior illnesses (“TB and poverty”). People lose their productivity as they are not able to attend work or school for months, have piling costs when seeking treatment for their disease, and the stigma associated with the fears of tuberculosis (“TB and poverty”).

Answer 133

Transmission of schistosomiasis occurs when those who are infected contaminate freshwater with their feces or urine. The parasite eggs that are contained in the excretion results in the eggs hatching into the water This disease affects people’s ability to work, as those who are infected become disabled and in some cases can lead to death (“Schistosomiasis”). Schistosomiasis also leads to loss of agricultural production, which averages 6.6% for most countries with infected citizens (“The economic impact of schistosomiasis…”).

Answer 134

Chagas is transmitted through the triatomine bug either orally, food-borne, through blood/blood products, congenital transmission, organ transplantation or laboratory mishaps This disease affects the cycle of poverty as it reduces people’s learning ability, productivity rate, and earning capacity (“PAHO/WHO…”). If the disease is untreated, 30% of those who are infected can have chronic and irreversible effects on the inner body systems (“PAHO/WHO…”).

Answer 135

Hurts the economy and loss of money Developed countries do not have to worry about these diseases, but developing countries do Devastating adults in developing countries and their children need to live alone No education, no access to nutrients/healthy food, lack of water

Answer 136

Banks, other countries and governments give dictators money, which is spent with corruption Incurs debt and the country has to repay that debt back Dictators flee or die

Answer 137

debt accrued (created) by a dictator, usually spent on vain or illogical projects, that the country’s citizens still owe to the creditors, even upon the removal of the dictator. So the dictator treats the country like his own plaything, spends HUGE sums of money that they don’t have and even when they have fled or are dead (bars!!) the country still owes that money back.

Answer 138

‘multiplier effect’ because that money can’t go towards economic development, education, and health care because it has to go towards paying interest on the debt.

Answer 139

developed countries (often previously colonizing countries themselves) it seems pretty clear that this problem is actually a systemic issue.

Answer 140

World Trade Organization Stated goal: reduce trade barriers to increase free trade, and help poverty-experiencing countries The rich countries have more influence in the WTO (US, Britain, France) Developing countries can not dispute and sue rich countries because they do not have the money to hire lawyers or the power to influence

Answer 141

the primary international body to help promote free trade, by drawing up the rules of international trade. hijacked by rich country interests, thus worsening the lot of the poor, and inviting protest and intense criticism.

Answer 142

Non discrimination - National treatment implies both foreign and national companies are treated the same, and it is unfair to favor domestic companies over foreign ones. Reciprocity - Nations try to provide similar concessions for each other. Transparency - Negotiations and process must be fair and open with rules equal for all. Special and differential treatment - A recognition that developing countries may require “positive discrimination” because of historic unequal trade.

Answer 143

Disputes can be settled in a legal framework that all members sign on to. The legal nature conflicts with the informal nature of rule making, so smaller countries may be subject to laws they did not make. Developing nations are also less likely to use the dispute system due to high costs and an inability to enforce sanctions In 15 years, NO African country has brought forward a dispute. Only one was brought by a “least developed” country.

Answer 144

Trade Related Intellectual Property Any product cannot be copied and is therefore internationally protected. Poorer countries cannot make cheaper, generic versions. (think medicines and vaccines). This benefits the corporations at the expense of the poor. Critics say the TRIPs agreement limits developing countries from utilizing some technology that originates from abroad in their local systems (including medicines and agricultural products).

Answer 145

Does not protect the environment Does not allow people to unionize under the current WTO regulations.

Answer 146

The WTO appears democratic, but critics say it isn’t. Many member countries will negotiate to win the votes of other countries for their cause. Wealthy countries have more negotiation power. – “If you vote with us, we have some prime aid $ for you next year.” The US gives 17% of the funds, and gets 17% of the vote (most out of any country) An 85% majority is required - therefore the US has veto power. Many say there should be a WTO parliamentary assembly to allow for more democratic participation in WTO decision making = this motion is constantly blocked.

Answer 147

Makes the prices of things go up

Answer 148

To examine income distribution, economists divide Canadian income earners into groups called “quintiles” A quintile represents 1/5 or 20% of the total number of earners First quintile = lowest earners etc.

Answer 149

A state of utter destitution Due to Canada’s social welfare system, the incidence of this extreme form of poverty is rare in Canada

Answer 150

Not necessarily a Canadian that lacks food, safe water, shelter, or clothing A Canadian that feels poor and that other Canadians see as poor compared to (relative to) others

Answer 151

Average Canadian household spends 35% of its before-tax income on food, clothing, and shelter A household that is “relatively worse off” spends more than 20% above the national average on the three necessities

Answer 152

LICO’s are calculated using both before-tax income and after-tax income Before-tax income is easier to calculate, but after-tax income is used more…why? …because it provides a truer picture. All necessities are purchased with after-tax dollars Money that people really do not have would have been considered.

Answer 153

The working poor – people who work, but whose wages do not keep them out of poverty (absence of unions, market power of employers) The welfare poor – people who do not work and are experiencing poverty (elderly, poor health, single parents, job loss)

Answer 154

taxes higher-income at a higher percentage. The more you make the more tax you pay.

Answer 155

act of charity (no-commitment)

Answer 156

obligated donation (yearly commitment) → must go towards a just cause People like to know where their money is going and what it is supporting → beneficial for charitable organizations

Answer 157

Europeans took the resources from Africa during colonization and then people within Africa fought eachother to survive

Answer 158

Countries are left alone to deal with (economic health, and supply chain issues) No more stability or guidance to run the country Countries that are decolonized try to use the methods of the colonizers to regain stability, but it just makes things worse

Answer 159

Dictator of Uganda from 1971-1979 Amin reportedly ate dissidents to his regime or fed them to his pet crocodiles Some of his titles were “Conqueror of the British Empire” and “President for Life” Banned all Asians from Uganda because the daughter of an important Asian family refused to marry him. Claimed to be the King of Scotland Apparently wrote love letters to Queen Elizabeth. Fled to Libya after the demise of his regime, then to Saudi Arabia, where he died in 2003

Answer 160

Mobutu was the President of Zaire (Now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) He made a law saying that TV in Zaire cannot mention anybody but him by name. He banned all leopard print hats from Zaire, except for his own. He commanded that all evening news begins with a scene of him descending from the heavens. He chose many names for himself, including one that translates in English to “the all-powerful warrior who, because of his endurance and will to win, will go from contest to contest leaving fire in his wake.“ He jailed anyone who did not have an African name. Overthrown in 1997 and died on September 7, 1997, of Prostate Cancer, in Morocco

Answer 161

President For Life Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier was dictator of Haiti from 1957-1971. He once had a heart attack, and chose Clement Barbot, leader of the Tonton Macoutes,a paramilitary group, to become acting president while he recovered. Duvalier believed his opposition had turned into a black dog. He then ordered the death of all black dogs in Haiti. Duvalier kept the head of one of his political enemies In 1961, he ordered elections. He received 100% of the vote. He made Haitians recite a prayer every day, which went like this: “Our Doc, who art in the National Palace for life, hallowed by Thy name by present and future generations. They will be done in Port-au-Prince as it is in the provinces. Give us this day our new Haiti and forgive not the trespasses of those anti-patriots who daily spit upon our country…“. He once said that he controlled Lee Harvey Oswald to shoot JFK with voodoo. He finally died in 1971, and was succeeded by his son, Jean-Claude Duvalier, who was known as “Baby Doc”.

Answer 162

Malaria is spread when one gets bitten by an infected Anopheles mosquito. It may also be spread through contamination of blood from a person who has been infected, or through contaminated needles or syringes. Getting infected by malaria reduces school attendance for children and adults’ productivity at work (“Malaria | WHO | Regional Office for Africa”). The impacts of Malaria on a country’s economy reaches around 1.1% of their GDP, which makes the country increase their public health spending by 39% (Andrade et al.).

Answer 163

People on the land are pushed off and not allowed to live on it - lives are disrupted The wealthy people land grab to extract resources and then leave The rich trying to get richer Negatively affects developing countries Does not have access to resources - do not have land to grow crops

Answer 164

World Trade Organization Stated goal: reduce trade barriers to increase free trade, and help poverty-experiencing countries The rich countries have more influence in the WTO (US, Britain, France) Developing countries can not dispute and sue rich countries because they do not have the money to hire lawyers or the power to influence

Answer 165

Colonial powers exploited indigenous resources, such as gold, silver, and land, leading to economic and environmental devastation. In Canada, when the Indigenous peoples’ land was colonized for pelts (beavers) and then they faced genocide Canada was not really seen as valuable once all the pelts were gone

Answer 166

Chagas is transmitted through the triatomine bug either orally, food-borne, through blood/blood products, congenital transmission, organ transplantation or laboratory mishaps This disease affects the cycle of poverty as it reduces people’s learning ability, productivity rate, and earning capacity (“PAHO/WHO…”). If the disease is untreated, 30% of those who are infected can have chronic and irreversible effects on the inner body systems (“PAHO/WHO…”).

Answer 167

Banks, other countries and governments give dictators money, which is spent on corruption, Incurs debt and the country has to repay that debt back, Dictators flee or die. Makes it so that the people have to pay off this debt and go poor.

Answer 168

The term "persistently difficult to educate" generally refers to groups of people facing persistent challenges in accessing and benefiting from educational opportunities. These groups often include people in poverty, women, refugees, and minorities. RURAL WOMEN The problem because it keeps people in poverty.

Answer 169

Talking to Ammar’s family Wavng to the people in the detention centres

Answer 170

Absolute is a state of utter destitution while relative is not necessarily a Canadian that lacks food, safe water, shelter, or clothing but a Canadian that feels poor and that other Canadians see as poor compared to (relative to) others Structural Assistance: Focus: Addresses underlying, systemic issues and root causes of a problem. Timeframe: Longer-term approach, aiming for sustainable change over time. Nature: Involves policy reforms, institutional changes, and addressing structural inequalities. Examples: Education reform, economic policy changes, institutional capacity building. Immediate Assistance: Focus: Provides quick and direct support to address urgent needs or crises. Timeframe: Short-term focus to provide immediate relief or response. Nature: Involves emergency aid, humanitarian assistance, and rapid response. Examples: Food aid during a famine, medical assistance in a health crisis, disaster relief.

Answer 171

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were created to assist countries financially and promote development. However, some argue that the conditions attached to their help, like cutting government spending, can make poverty worse. For instance, when countries have to reduce spending on essential services, it often impacts the poor the hardest. The emphasis on specific economic rules and indicators, rather than directly helping people in need, may widen the gap between the rich and the poor, making it more challenging for those in poverty to improve their lives.

Answer 172

If you could choose one change to make in the factors that create poverty - disease, economic disparity, education issues, unfair land distribution, or poor political leadership. What change would you choose to make and what do you think that it would accomplish? Education.

Answer 173

International Monetary Fund

Answer 174

lower tariffs and increase trade

Answer 175

Odius Debt

Answer 176

Female and rural

Answer 177

Violent revolution

Answer 178

Colonialism

Answer 179

Syria & Iraq

Answer 180

Mobuto sese Seko

Answer 181

Absolute Poverty

Answer 182

Land-grabbing

Answer 183

Privatizing

Answer 184

Rafael Trujillo

Answer 185

western forbidden

Answer 186

Private property

Answer 187

Turkmenistan

Answer 188

Schistosomiasis

Answer 189

Mobuto sese Seko

Answer 190

Colonialism

Answer 191

Absolute Poverty

Answer 192

Triangle Shirtwaist

Answer 193

Proletariat and Bourgeisoisie

Answer 194

Land-Grabbing

Answer 195

Cheap ways to make money and pay people unfairly 1) Laws are much more difficult to pass in many of these countries 2) Private security firms do much of the policing & legal police forces are much corrupt and/or violent 3) The offending corporations will simply leave if the laws are changed. 4) Many international trade agreements will not permit unionizing or environmental laws. 5) The consumers of most of these goods, simply don’t care enough, or don’t want to know about.

Answer 196

The rich countries have more influence in the WTO (US, Britain, France) Developing countries can not dispute and sue rich countries because they do not have the money to hire lawyers or the power to influence

Answer 197

HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, TUBERCULOSIS, SCHISTOSOMIASIS, CHAGAS Hurts the economy and loss of money Developed countries do not have to worry about these diseases, but developing countries do Devastating adults in developing countries and their children need to live alone No education, no access to nutrients/healthy food, lack of water diseases

Answer 198

Rural women

Answer 199

The privatization of their water lead people to not be able to afford it

Answer 200

Founder of the ideology of communism, Karl Marx - a German philosopher The rich people in society are always trying to milk the poor out of as much money as possible - Social Hierarchy Rich people will do anything to help the poor except pay them fairly - poverty is necessary Takeaway: Poverty is created from the social hierarchy and social class

Answer 201

Showed us a bunch of cases where poverty was not the fault of the people

Answer 202

Environmental Justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, colour, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

Answer 203

means that no group of people should bear a disproportionate share of the negative environmental consequences resulting from industrial, governmental and commercial operations or policies.

Answer 204

(1) people have an opportunity to participate in decisions about activities that may affect their environment and/or health (2) the public contribution can influence the regulatory agency’s decision (3) their concerns will be considered in the decision-making process (4) the decision-makers involve those potentially affected

Answer 205

would include your home, place of work, schools, and community parks. These are the places you spend your time, and they play a big role in you’re overall health, happiness and well-being.

Answer 206

a disproportionate number of polluting industries, power plants, and waste disposal areas were located near low-income or minority communities.

Answer 207

was set in place to ensure fair distribution of environmental burdens among all people regardless of their background

Answer 208

any environmental pollutant, hazard or disadvantage that compromises the health of a community or its residents. For instance, one of the environmental justice issues and examples is inadequate access to healthy food.

Answer 209

Even clean, accessible water is an ongoing issue.

Answer 210

The Privatization of Water Unsustainable Oil Development GMO Crop Development Climate Change

Answer 211

That’s because virtually all environmental injustice is shaped by the same patterns of racism and inequality that have existed in the United States since its founding and continue to influence every facet of our society, from education to housing to health care.

Answer 212

According to Rockstrom, we are in a water crisis because we are misusing water, polluting water, and as a result of climate change, changing the whole hydrological cycle.

Answer 213

Can countries be “water independent”? Countries cannot be water-independent because we depend on the water from neighbouring countries. What happens is that water is held in soils and delivered from transpiration in forests and other ecosystems, when plants take up water from the soil and release vapour into the air with their leaves.

Answer 214

We spend $700 billion on water subsidies for agriculture to fuel the overconsumption of water.

Answer 215

Our system of sanitation is a problem because of the system developed countries use for their sewage. The issue resides in the fact that we use safe, fresh water to carry excreta, urine, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Then, we need to have inefficient wastewater treatment plants that leak 30% of all the nutrients into downstream aquatic ecosystems which destroys them and causes dead zones.

Answer 216

Out of the Seven Calls to Action, the two that I think will have the greatest impact are: 1) Take urgent action this decade on issues such as restoring wetlands and depleted groundwater resources; recycling the water used in industry; moving to precision agriculture that uses water more efficiently; and having companies report on their “water footprint”. 2) Manage the global water cycle as a global common good, to be protected collectively and in our shared interests I think these will have the greatest impact because they require companies to be upfront about their water usage and shift the thought process surrounding water to one that urges for its protection on a global scale - as we all need it.

Answer 217

A The use of fossil fuels, especially oil, have allowed us to rapidly increase our birth rate, food production, quality of life and longevity. Petroleum hydrocarbons are in virtually everything – from car fuel, to plastics, to phones, to computers, to fertilizers for food crops, to our medicines, to our clothing.

Answer 218

Have gone up drastically since the 2000s

Answer 219

Have gone up since the 1900s

Answer 220

12.5 years of human labour. That’s 25,000 hours of human work in each barrel.

Answer 221

97,000,000 barrels A DAY. 97 million X 12.5 years = 1.2 billion years of labour EVERY DAY

Answer 222

largest industrial project on earth.

Answer 223

3 to 4 times more greenhouse gases than producing conventional crude oil. This makes it one of the world’s dirtiest forms of fuel.

Answer 224

primary reason Canada will fail to meet its own greenhouse gas reduction targets.

Answer 225

worst in the entire Western world.

Answer 226

no Canadian federal fund.

Answer 227

cancers has been documented in First Nations communities downstream of the oil sands by doctors, the Alberta Health Department and First Nations since 2007.

Answer 228

will be lost over the next 20 years due to tar sands development

Answer 229

woodland caribou populations are expected to disappear.

Answer 230

170 million cubic metres of water yearly to extract bitumen.

Answer 231

has to be stored in toxic tailings ponds. That’s 206,000 litres of toxic waste discharged every day.

Answer 232

process of extracting natural gas from shale rock layers deep within the earth.

Answer 233

produce natural gas extraction in shale sites that were once unreachable with conventional technologies.

Answer 234

‘frack’ a site.

Answer 235

– containing lead, ethylene glycol, uranium, mercury and other chemicals. This fluid is shot into the ground at extreme pressures, which fractures the shale under the ground

Answer 236

This is 72 trillion gallons of tainted water, and 360 billion gallons of chemical dumped into the environment. (estimated)

Answer 237

variety of health issues. This knowledge comes with the ethical question of who is bearing this burden and if they have any input in what is being done.

Answer 238

groundwater. Dissolved methane is 17x times higher in wells around fracking sites.

Answer 239

the power within a society is actually within the hands of the people, not the wealthy because what happens when you deny the general public their basic needs like food and water? Outrage. Your ability to live or die should not be based on a company’s profit.

Answer 240

It is expected that 500,000 - 7 million people may get sick from drinking tap water A lot of bugs are in our tap water system which can pass viruses Pesticides used for agriculture get into our tap system Hormones like estrogen can get into our water when people flush their birth control pills Exposer to pollutants from water actually mainly come from showering The chemicals we make get into our water The water from the sewage systems ends up back into the rivers we drink from All the makeup, other chemicals, etc that go down the drain end up back in our system and affect our bodies The chemical atrazine is our water and is demasculinizing male bodies and causing breast cancer in women Atrazine can travel 8000 miles in the rainwater and come back into the water system

Answer 241

Unclear water kills more than war and AIDS combined Because if they don’t drink the dirty water then control of their water will be handed away to a developed country farther away - privatization Oftentimes the only choice for developing countries is to wake up and walk to the nearest source of water, if it is dirty, that is their only choice of drinking water for the day Bolivia did not want to have their water privatized but they had to have it privatized because it was forced on them by the World Bank, if they did not privatize it then they would be cut off from water loans from the bank Dirty water is the biggest source of the worst diseases Dirty water kills more than war and AIDS combined Privatization of water means that the water will be more expensive, and then the quality of the water will not improve, and there will be no policing for what is going on The people of poorer countries cannot afford to pay for water in the way that privatization will require You should not have to force people in developing countries to pay for water when they cannot afford it they are then forced to use the dirty water and blamed for being uncleanly Oftentimes when the World Bank and the International Trade Centre privatize a developing country’s water for money, the price goes up, and then when people can't afford to pay for electricity because they are paying so much for water, they are asked to sell off their electricity and more and more to a developed country

Answer 242

The major river systems in North America no longer make it to the ocean and are not able to continue the cycle Now the river just dries up Climate change is a real problem and it is making it so that the water that comes down from the mountains, highlands, etc, and into rivers and and out into the ocean is no longer happening We are running out of water Nobody cares because we can still turn on the tap and see it All of the water in the Colorado’s river is being used to supply golf courses

Answer 243

Water is a $400 billion dollar industry People are going to take advantage of the pollution happening Buying the companies that distribute our water supply If companies can make you pay for something you need to live then they will

Answer 244

Companies have advertised to us that bottled water is somewhat cleaner than tap water Show pictures of “mountains” etc

Answer 245

It is really the same but with a pretty bottle that makes you think it is cleaner Oftentimes bottled water is just tap water or underground water and is not at all cleaner than tap water

Answer 246

Dams are being built to make sure there is a way for water to flow to rivers and oceans Because rivers are drying up in the US, dams built to aid with the control of water throughout the country hopefully It also provides a way for water to reach areas that lack access to water Furthermore, dams are built to hopefully filter the water that is flowing through, as well The concern with building dams is that: There could be a lot of destruction to nature by destroying ecosystems and disturbing the habitat of aquatic animals Dams also block the migration of fish and deplete aquatic species Increased dams could lead to more floods, which would ruin agriculture and crops nearby

Answer 247

The wealthy people running the corporations benefit from water being a property Companies controlling your money will inherently control how you live People will pay as much as they have to get this neccessity You have to get your food and water from a company and to get this money, you need to work for a company Humans need to work for their money all their life to live

Answer 248

Plastic from bottled water affect ecosystems, as it does not break down naturally in our environment → they need to be burned This causes health issues because burning plastic can cause lung health issues and cancer

Answer 249

I think the greatest global concern regarding water is how water is being sold in our free market economy today Because there are limited laws and regulations put on water, companies are using it as an opportunity to make money Companies do not see it as a human right for everyone and they will neglect the human need for water, if it means they will earn lots of money from privatizing it Moreover, bottled water companies like Nestle have a huge markup on their bottled water, which earns them lots of revenue per year. However, that money isn’t going towards any water relief programs in developing countries. They are using their money to provide bottled water for citizens, but not provide any help to those in need of water

Answer 250

Yes, I believe that clean, accessible water is a human right because everyone should be able to access this item that is essential to survival, regardless of who they are in the world. We are all considered to be seen equal under the law, why can’t the same thing apply to providing water? If something as essential as water is needed for humans, it should be part of our rights to have access to it. Certain groups and minorities should not be at a disadvantage simply because they are living in different countries that have different economic circumstances. Furthermore, those economic issues were not created by them, rather their government and leaders should be held accountable. The people should not need to suffer through the lack of water as a price to pay for something they did not do.

Answer 251

The statement, “The 21st century will be the century of the common people” implies that improvements in our current century will be made to benefit everyone in our world for the better. The statement suggests that there will be hope for humanity to solve and mitigate our world issues from the past. However, his vision is not a clear statement of the present and therefore will not be a true prediction of our future. Here are a few points of why my opinion is shown through our global issue of water currently. Water is a scarce resource and the scarcity of water will not be solved through replenishment. Many developing countries are suffering from a lack of water due to companies privatizing their water making them resort to drinking contaminated water. Furthermore, large amounts of water are being used to produce oil through oil sands production and fracking, which further contaminate clean water and dump them into our waters. In effect, we can see the melting glaciers and decreasing sea levels in various rivers in the US.

Answer 252

Food insecurity is defined as a lack of consistent access to enough food for every person in a household to live an active, healthy life. This can be a temporary situation for a household or can last a long time. Food insecurity is one way we can measure how many people cannot afford food. According to the USDA, more than 38 million people, including 12 million children experience food insecurity in the United States. In 2017-18, 1 in 8 households in Canada was food insecure, amounting to 4.4 million people, including more than 1.2 million children living in food-insecure households.

Answer 253

Has become 4.4 million in 2018

Answer 254

57% of Nunavut is food insecure. 78.7% of the children in Nunavut like in a “food insecure” environment.

Answer 255

are generally employed

Answer 256

All ‘ethnicities’ are more likely to be food insecure, than “White”.

Answer 257

mental health - increasing problems exponentially.

Answer 258

The causes of food insecurity are complex. Some of the causes of food insecurity include: - Poverty, unemployment, or low income - Lack of affordable housing - Chronic health conditions or lack of access to healthcare - Systemic racism and racial discrimination

Answer 259

Food insecurity can have a wide impact, depending on each individual’s circumstances. Some of the most common, yet complex, effects of food insecurity include: Serious health complications - nutrient deficiency, neurological issues, hunger Damage to a child’s ability to learn and grow - learning doesn’t happen where hunger is present Difficult decisions such as choosing between paying for food or heat, electricity, rent, and transportation Increased family issues - parents working multiple jobs to provide for their families aren’t at home to assist with schooling, food insecure families are more likely to eventually divorce

Answer 260

Animals SHOULD have the right to a certain quality of life but with the current state of our food industry animals do not Cows live in their own manure Boy chickens are killed because they cannot lay eggs Beaks are taken off of them because chickens peck each other Chickens are mass-produced and are in their filth - like an assembly line in a factory, They’re forced to grow too fast, they cannot carry their weight and break their legs

Answer 261

People SHOULD have the right to know what is in their food but companies have made it so that we are naive to where our food comes from There are only a few companies and crops involved in the creation of all the food in our supermarkets Unknown to us, almost all of our food contains corn We feed corn to animals (chickens, cows, fish, etc) because it is cheap but it increases E. coli in their gut which is dangerous to us Cows are not supposed to eat corn but grass The E. coli in the cow manure gets into fruits and veggies because it’s used as fertilizer and water runoff from the manure gets into the crops

Answer 262

Not farmers or people actually involved in the production of the food but rather lobbyists and CEOs The lobbyists and CEOs of Tyson - the biggest meat producer - take turns in government positions so that they can change the laws and make it easier for them to mass produce food They do not care about keeping our food safe, they care about making laws easier for meat-producing plants

Answer 263

We SHOULD consider the actual workers we pick process and transport it BUT… The meat-packing companies got too big and cut wages, stopped unions, and created one of the most dangerous jobs These companies even went to Mexico to recruit illegal immigrants to work for them but now that there are too many the companies aren’t facing repercussions from the government, and the workers are

Answer 264

It does but there are so few options, a lot of companies are bad

Answer 265

I don’t think so, we are changing the genes of our crops Monsanto makes it so that they own the patent and thus farmers cannot plant their own seeds they have to repurchase them from Monsanto If you ever switched over to Monsanto you can never replant your own seeds now No more public seeds, Monsanto owns the intellectual property behind food Monsanto targets small farmers who replant their own seeds under things like encouraging others to plant their own seeds Now people don’t talk to those farmers It is often cheaper to pay a $25,000 fine

Answer 266

Companies should have to tell us everything but the people who should be fighting for the labelling, the government, are working for the companies The food industry has the power to sue people for speaking against their products - it is a felony to - criticize ground beef in Colorado You can even show photos of a meat operation

Answer 267

In plants, all of our crops were developed over time by breeding wild plants together. Like Gregor Mendel, we would take the plants with the largest seeds, breed them with other variations that have large seeds, and over time a basic grass is transformed to corn

Answer 268

This is an Auroch. It is a cow, BEFORE it became a domesticated animal. Before we domesticated this, most adult humans could not digest lactose. Lactase is the enzyme that breaks down lactose. Most mammals only produce lactase when they are babies, which makes sense. Areas of the world that domesticated mammals and used them for milk production have far LOWER rates of lactose intolerance. People in those areas eventually evolved to continue the production of lactase into adulthood. Our biology changed to allow us to use milk as a food source.

Answer 269

For thousands of years, humans have bred specific animals or plants in order to attain traits we wanted. Natural genetic mutations are bred more or less often to attain this result.

Answer 270

The direct manipulation of a organism’s DNA in order to achieve the desired results.

Answer 271

Pioneer Hi Bred developed a soy plant that also used Brazil nut genes Inserting brazil nut genes into soybeans Was not labelled on their products It triggered anaphylactic responses in children They pulled it out after several children nearly died

Answer 272

GMO maize (corn) that used an antibiotic marker gene Increased the use of antibiotics in the plant Overuse of antibiotics causes them to become less effective and eventually, not work at all

Answer 273

Cotton farming uses lots of pesticides Monsanto Engineering BT cotton is a plant that produces its own pesticide inside the plant Tolerant insects have already developed Eventually, this will make BT useless If we make it so that insecticides don’t work, then we have no protection against sickness or disease carried by insects

Answer 274

Specific type of Monsanto cotton First attempt by Monsanto to genetically modify cotton It was a GMO crop and it didn’t live up to any expectations and it had not been studied enough Farmers were angry and felt cheated It had diseases and made people sick - but it was illegal to sue Monsanto in the US

Answer 275

Roundup is a commonly used herbicide Monsanto developed soybean that was round-up resistant so that farmers can spray it on all fields, but it would just kill weeds This leads to a huge increase in roundup pollution and the runoff from the roundup will pollute rivers Superweeds are developing. It affects birds and insect life

Answer 276

Farmers must pay Monsanto for their seed This legal agreement says that Monsanto then controls every aspect of the seed, its growth and its usage Monsanto must be given access to the farm and any records of the farmer Monsanto can sue the farmer if they violate the contract. Many farmers have lost their farm They can take your land and take advantage of the farmer’s inability to get a legal team and have enough money to defend themselves The problem: seeds are travel through wind and birds

Answer 277

A common GMO technique It makes the plant produce sterile seeds, so that the farmer must repurchase the seed every year Not letting a plant/species reproduce itself “War” on farming, agriculture Ex. seedless watermelon The companies claim it will help them control these genes, should they escape Others say it gives the company total control of essentially all food

Answer 278

The EU has banned all GMOs until they can be proven to be safe Problems: it restricts your market (not necessarily legal under the WTO) USA will not ban GMOs until they are proven harmful See the two opposite takes? USA is considering suing the EU over WTO agreements. It says that the EU is not following WTO guidelines It hasn’t been to court yet - if it goes, there is good reason to think that the EU will lose. When this goes to the WTO, the USA has more power in there and most likely will win

Answer 279

Hunt’s was the first to label that their product was genetically modified Clearly labelled GMO tomato paste has been selling very well. It has been tested, and it is clearly labelled as a GMO product It is subject to regulations and the customers have still purchased it

Answer 280

GMO products can be sold in Australia, but they must be clearly labelled. Businesses didn’t like this, because they saw it as discriminatory.

Answer 281

Very highly controlled and well tested. Large-scale impact assessments of health and environment done. Should be used as a model in all countries.

Answer 282

GMO ingredients do not have to be labelled in Canada or the USA.

Answer 283

Weather records from across Canada show that every year since 1998—that’s over 20 years ago now—has been warmer than the 20th-century average. This means that a whole generation of Canadians has never experienced what most of modern history considered a “normal” Canadian climate.

Answer 284

Determining the average temperature of the entire planet is an amazing scientific achievement. The data used to calculate the average comes from a variety of sources. Air temperature is recorded around the world at weather stations and by weather balloons. Ocean temperatures are measured using thousands of buoys and ships. Orbiting satellites continually monitor the ocean and air temperatures all over the world.

Answer 285

Has gone up dramatically This modern global warming is a sudden departure from the temperatures that have been typical for the past 10,000 years. Evidence shows that only increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere—specifically carbon dioxide concentrations—can explain Earth’s observed warming trend. Greenhouse gases are called that because they effectively act like a greenhouse or a layer of insulation for the Earth: they trap heat and warm the planet.

Answer 286

Has gone up dramatically

Answer 287

97% or more of these scientists agree that the planet is warming and that human beings are the cause.

Answer 288

3-degree increase on average…

Answer 289

Melting permafrost, threatening northern buildings and transportation and releasing methane, which further accelerates global warming. East and West coast sea level rise, threatening to flood cities, increase storm damage, and accelerate erosion. Increased activity of pests and invasive species, posing risks to our ecosystems and our economy. More variable and more extreme weather, with increased risk of weather-related catastrophes such as droughts and floods. Hotter summers, bringing increased risks of heat-related health problems as well as longer and more severe forest fire seasons.

Answer 290

Contributing to a doubling of people living in water-stressed basins by 2050.

Answer 291

In some African countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture may halve by 2030.

Answer 292

Increasing population at risk of malaria in Africa by 170 million by 2030, and at risk of dengue by 2 billion by 2080s.

Answer 293

Increasing exposure to coastal flooding by a factor of 10, and land area in extreme drought by a factor of 10-30.

Answer 294

Undernutrition kills 3.5 million. Diarrhoea kills 2.2 million. Malaria kills 900,000. Extreme weather events kill 60,000. All of these factors are made worse by climate change. As climate change continues, these numbers will grow if the issue is not addressed.

Answer 295

The white rich countries produce the most

Answer 296

The people dying from Climate Change are poor, minority places like Africa and Asia

Answer 297

Will have the largest effect on those countries with the least amount of capital ($) to deal with it, it will disproportionately affect poor countries. Syria - many people have linked the Syrian Civil War and the resulting migration crisis with the drought that took place for 3 years before the conflict. An unstable government, religious discord, lack of wealth and resources all combined together with the massive, climate-change-induced, drought to reach this result…

Answer 298

Access to healthy food SHOULD be a right for everyone but it is often more costly so low-income communities are stuck eating unhealthy foods Food from the grocery store that is healthy is a lot of money Double cheeseburgers, chips, candy, etc are so much cheaper than healthy food Commodity crops Obesoty = lower income Not personal responsibility Healthy foods target your brain’s insulin needs for sugar, fat. and salt

Answer 299

Bill HR933

Answer 300

Allergic reactions

Answer 301

Natural gas

Answer 302

Higher cancer rates

Answer 303

tailings pond

Answer 304

to be carbon neutral with the next 50 years

Answer 305

Genetically Modified Foods

Answer 306

Natural Gas

Answer 307

Earthquakes

Answer 308

Is still unsafe

Answer 309

bitumen extraction

Answer 310

Terminator Seeds

Answer 311

Tailings pond

Answer 312

Mini earthquakes occured

Answer 313

Anaphylaxis

Answer 314

The same ssyetmic issues that cause issues such as racism, sexism, etc also play theoir role in terms of how environmentla issues negatively affect poor and marginalzied communities

Answer 315

Bottled watter is less regulated Anyone can sell it Uses pretty packaging to make you think it’s more thna tap water, it’s just tap

Answer 316

Becuase thye aren’t real product the cheapest foods are just versions of corna d high fructose corn syrup with more easily to produce cards This creates hea;th issues for the poor that leads to diseases they won’t be able to afford the healthcare for

Answer 317

Cancer, earthquakes etc Because the choice of wear these fracking an fbitumen sites are is often in marginalzied communities that cannot afford to figt the placement

Answer 318

The people who contributed to it the least are paying for it the most

Answer 319

Race: first nations Poor: too poor to fight it Colonisamism: were formerly conlized by the people of Canada The lead caused by the dumping of mercury in their river by an industrial company has health effects as they eat the fish from the ponf and get mercury poisoning

Answer 320

climate change

Answer 321

Chickens cannot support their weight The lobbyists and CEOs of Tyson - the biggest meat producer - take turns in government positions so that they can change the laws and make it easier for them to mass produce food Allowing this stuff to get away We SHOULD consider the actual workers we pick process and transport it BUT… The meat-packing companies got too big and cut wages, stopped unions, and created one of the most dangerous jobs These companies even went to Mexico to recruit illegal immigrants to work for them but now that there are too many the companies aren't facing repercussions from the government, and the workers are

Answer 322

Climate change and earthquakes

Answer 323

Cancer alley Industrual plants in poor black communtiies Causing cancer An inssue of environmental racism

Answer 324

Cancer alley Grassy narrows Climate change in africa In some African countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture may halve by 2030 & increased malaria cases Kiribati - drowning

Answer 325

Fire happened in USA sweatshop The doors were locked and workers couldn't leave - died

Answer 326

“Heterotopia” the idea that society is constantly telling us what we should be Even places like schools have “prom king” and “rpom queen” Always enforcing behavingours that makes those who are the “other” feel bad

Answer 327

Your perspective is shaped by your race

Answer 328

IMF provides loans to countries in need WB provatizes the land and tries to help by providing the water WTO increases trade

Answer 329

deceived customers by failing to disclose alleged child and slave labor practices in its supply chain ...

Answer 330

Monsanto makes it so that they own the patent and thus farmers cannot plant their own seeds they have to repurchase them from Monsanto If you ever switched over to Monsanto you can never replant your own seeds now No more public seeds, Monsanto owns the intellectual property behind food Monsanto targets small farmers who replant their own seeds under things like encouraging others to plant their own seeds Now people don't talk to those farmers It is often cheaper to pay a $25,000 fine

Answer 331

People allergic

Answer 332

If youre a little blakc youre all black Kinda - obama - he is half white but who knows

Answer 333

In Guatamala, what Gerber refused to do: delete the baby face add the words, Breastmilk is the Best for baby omit reference to their Information Service and indicate the age for introduction of the food into the baby's diet. Idealized the use of baby formula over the use of breastfeeding which was aganislt laws as obviously breastfeeding is better if one is able to breastfeed (for the fist two years of life is what the law said)

Answer 334

Considered the dangerous garment factory accident in history. The building contained numerous workhouses, and a few banks and offices. Cracks were discovered in the upper floors, and everyone was sent home – except for all the factory workers. The factories were warned about thee condition, and refused to close. The building collapsed during rush hour – killing 1,100, and injuring 2,500. Manufacturers included Benetton, Walmart, Joe Fresh, The Children’s Place and many others.

Answer 335

The idea that members of certain dominant groups in society have been given greater access to materials and greater ability to succeed, based on their membership within that dominant group.

Answer 336

History is a class struggle. The names change - king, pope. landowner, noble, capitalist, bourgeoisie, etc.. but one class is always exploiting another. The goal is to end exploitation and give power to the people.

Answer 337

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were created to assist countries financially and promote development. However, some argue that the conditions attached to their help, like cutting government spending, can make poverty worse. For instance, when countries have to reduce spending on essential services, it often impacts the poor the hardest. The emphasis on specific economic rules and indicators, rather than directly helping people in need, may widen the gap between the rich and the poor, making it more challenging for those in poverty to improve their lives.

Answer 338

People tend to obey orders from other people if they recognize their authority as morally right and/or legally based. This response to legitimate authority is learned in a variety of situations, for example in the family, school, and workplace.

Answer 339

This is the creation of meaning around ideas involving race, gender, class, etc...These attributes are not inherently meaningful, society gives them meaning.

Answer 340

Chagas is transmitted through the triatomine bug either orally, food-borne, through blood/blood products, congenital transmission, organ transplantation or laboratory mishaps

Answer 341

People on the land are pushed off and not allowed to live on it - lives are disrupted The wealthy people land grab to extract resources and then leave The rich trying to get richer Negatively affects developing countries Does not have access to resources - do not have land to grow crops

Answer 342

Extracting natural gas causes earthquakes

Answer 343

Rural women

Answer 344

The name of Monsanto's most sold herbicide

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Equity andd Social Justice Exam Flashcards

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