Equity and Social Justice Unit 2 Test Flashcards

Question

What is Labour Value and Surplus Value?

Answer 1

Theory of Labour Value: The concept is that value should be determined by the labour that goes into the item being produced. ie - a burger’s value should be determined by the value of the labour of the farmer that grew wheat, the farmer that raised the cows, the driver that shipped the products and the labour of those that sell it. Surplus Value Any money that is left at the end of the paying all the labour goes to the bourgeoisie in the form of “profit”. “Profit” is the difference between what it costs to produce, and what it sells for. The hourly wage someone makes is LOWER than the value that person creates. They create more value than they are paid for. Therefore, “profit” is just the business term, for theft from the working class, who could have been paid more, but aren’t because the bourgeoisie takes money, without creating value.

Answer 2

the money used to make more money → taking that made money to turn it into something else

Answer 3

any money that is left at the end of the paying all the labour goes to the owner

Answer 4

the only value worth anything is the labour put into making something

Answer 5

be patriotic to your country and do things that you would not normally do (ex. Propaganda posters - giving people a reason to do something)

Answer 6

dominance by one group or country (creators of the “right” way of doing things) → the group defines how things function → we know our economy doesn’t work well but hegemony means we can’t think of other ways to do things → if you can not think of another better way to do something, you are in a hegemony (i.e. our economic system) Ex. US has hegemony because Canada’s economic system needs to follow it

Answer 7

anything that people find a worth in paying for and buying, which can be tangible or intangible (ex. Clothes, concert tickets, university, etc)

Answer 8

connecting values to our commodities - ex. attaching a monetary value to a diamond ring Purchasing something and being convinced that it will do what it is advertised to do

Answer 9

economics of a society comes first and then everything else is built on top of that (ex. Elections can not function without capitalism, religious can not function without money coming in) The economy determines what is built and made in society Ex. people marry for money instead of love in countries

Answer 10

The five modes of production refers to the theory in which human history is divided into the five progressive stages of primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society, and socialist society.

Answer 11

- dividing up labour amongst workers to make tasks more efficient

Answer 12

- seeing people as an economic relationship, not a person → isolated individuals from the society as a whole

Answer 13

workers of a company → people who need to sell their stuff (time) to earn money for a living

Answer 14

rich people that own the means of production (owner of Amazon)

Answer 15

forming a dictatorship over rich people → people do not want to spend their lives doing something just to have it taken away from them

Answer 16

1. Our economic system is built on exploitation. It isn’t the only system 2. “Profit”= underpaying workers for what they do and taking the rest a. $15= your pay | $100 what we sell it for = if workers were paid fully “profit” wouldn’t exist 3. Divide and conquer = racism, sexism, homophobia, etc… are used to divide working people and have them hating each other, but not hating the group, that’s manipulating and hurting them (the wealthy) 4. Commodity fetishism keeps us buying things 5. We are alienated from each other and the value of our labour a. We like to rank (ranking people at school based on marks) b. Because people who are ranked are in competition with each other and work harder

Answer 17

Takeaway: Poverty is not explained by race, culture or ethnicity Close connecting continents Europe, Asia and Africa caused the Middle East to have so much conflict tons of people intersecting and sharing technology Isolated continents like North and South America are isolated and lack in technological advancement they are behind geographically An abundance of livestock (horses, ox, pigs, etc) provides a source of protein and is a source of labour

Answer 18

The European Society had access to guns that no other areas had yet so they quickly won battles due to this advantage.

Answer 19

The Europeans had trouble domesticating the animals while the Indigenous people of the land did it with ease.

Answer 20

The introduction of diseases by Europeans, such as smallpox and measles, had devastating effects on the indigenous populations of North and South America.

Answer 21

European interactions with Africans involved aspects of trade, colonization, and exploitation, including the transatlantic slave trade.

Answer 22

The Zulu response to new people in their territory involved resistance and conflicts against European colonization, led by figures like Shaka.

Answer 23

European interaction with Africa had far-reaching effects, including cultural, economic, and political transformations, as well as the long-term consequences of the slave trade and resource exploitation.

Answer 24

Diamond's theory attributes societal dominance to environmental factors, geography, and access to resources rather than inherent racial superiority, challenging notions of cultural superiority based on race. The dominance is explained through environmental advantages rather than intrinsic qualities.

Answer 25

Term used to describe the absurdities and injustices that surround our current capitalist system - and try to show that they cannot continue forever.

Answer 26

The term has seen a HUGE increase since the 2008 Financial Crisis in the USA. In the simplest terms, the financial crisis was caused by wealthy banks and corporations lobbying the government to remove rules and regulations. Then the banks gave away mortgages to people who couldn’t afford them, charging very low interest rates. Many banks then SOLD the debt to other banks, who didn’t know how bad the mortgages were. When people couldn’t pay their mortgages (because they never should have been approved in the first place), they started defaulting on their loans, causing panic in the stock market. Panic = mass selling of stocks.

Answer 27

When the banks complained that they were at risk of going bankrupt and destroying the whole economy, the US government decided the banks were “too big to fail” and gave them bailout money, totalling around $500,000,000,000. (500 BILLION). Most of the bailout money was unsecured and not tied to any larger goals = it was free money - and many companies did nothing productive with it.

Answer 28

Economic activity (the stock market, the GDP) has less and less relevance to the regular person’s life. GDP measures the value that a country produces, but not how wealth is distributed. The stock market can be doing great, but more and more people can be living in poverty. The GDP measurements do not tell you anything about equity or the state of the environment. In fact, GDP’s have been increasing around the world. We are more productive today, then at any other point in history.

Answer 29

This is complicated…but the Gini Coefficient IS an index that measures the distribution of wealth within a society. It doesn’t measure what is produced, like a GDP, it measures how well distributed that wealth is. It is almost never discussed in politics, or on the news. The lower the number, the more equal the income distribution. 0 is perfect equality. 100 is perfect inequality - (one person owns everything) Canada is at 33, which is roughly the same as the UK, Switzerland, Ireland and Portugal. The US is at 41 - about the same as Haiti, Turkey and the Congo. Russia is at 37. Scandinavian countries are all below 30.

Answer 30

Human beings have been producing more value every year. But how that value is given out in a society, isn’t even close to being equitable in most countries. As we are producing more and more, the Gini Coefficient in the US is at its highest point EVER. So we are creating more value, and more and more is going to the wealthiest members of society. The spending power of wages, compared to inflation, has also BARELY grown since the 1970s. This isn’t the “rich get rich” cliche. It’s measurable data. It’s real. Not just a feeling.

Answer 31

Marx initially predicted that Capitalism would destroy itself due to its internal contradictions. By that he means that capitalism is a logically flawed system. THE FLAW: As capitalism gets more efficient at making things, it’s profits will fall (too much stuff on the market decreases the value). So factories will have to pay workers less, or take more and more from the environment in order to make money. We saw this happen in the 1990s, as North American factories moved overseas - to a cheaper labour market, in places with no environmental laws. But this will hurt the finances of the workers (fewer jobs), and further reduce the market for the products = lowering the profits even more.

Answer 32

Capitalism’s strength is that is can produce goods efficiently and quickly. But that causes OVERPRODUCTION. Goods sit in warehouses, NOT being sold, but lowering the prices. Lower prices are good, right? Not if all the jobs exist elsewhere, and people here are buying on credit.

Answer 33

But literally EVERYONE knows that this isn’t a sustainable economic model. So news agencies and public officials tend to blame the public for going into debt, to buy things that were much easier to buy decades ago.

Answer 34

Marx also discusses how the Bourgeoisie will create the working Proletariat, the class of people taken advantage of, that will be determined to destroy the Bourgeoisie when they realize that they are being oppressed.

Answer 35

This is a profoundly illogical and immoral response to the problem. 1. To get a better job usually requires more education. More education costs time and money. To get more money, you require free time without work and more money to get an education that will get you more money. How do the working poor have the time and money, to get the job that gives them more money? 2. It's like saying “I know your job is relevant and necessary to our economy because literally every job is, but even though it's necessary, we’re going to pay you poverty wages, and shame you for doing something that we need done.” 3. This isn't an individual problem. It is systemic (a problem within the system itself).

Answer 36

Capitalism requires a free market, with competition. A monopoly is when ONE business interest controls a sector of the economy, or the entire production/sale of an item. Use shoes as an example. Let’s say we have a company that makes shoes. If people like them more than others, they will buy them. It is a direct competition, that in theory, brings out the best products and most efficient manufacturing. Monopolies destroy the market, because they work to set prices and take over the entire industry, which makes fair competition impossible. If only one company controls the shoe market, competition doesn’t exist, and capitalism reason for existing doesn’t exist either.

Answer 37

An ‘externality’ is something that a business/corporation can make someone else pay for. Example - the roads to and from a factory are necessary to the factory, but aren’t paid for by the business. Example - a factory causes pollution, but the larger society must pay for the costs Businesses and politicians no longer feel that problems are real, or that they are their responsibility. Their job is to make money or get re-elected.

Answer 38

The more efficient we get, the less the system can provide $ for workers. The more that is produced, the more the environment is destroyed. The more capitalism creates, the more it destroys. We can have more stuff and look wealthy, but we go into debt to do it. The more vapid and vacuous ‘entertainment’ exists, the more likely it is that we will not be intelligent enough to discern fact from fiction - leading to political leaders that appeal to our emotions (not to facts) leading to some sort of destruction. The more absurd it all gets, the ‘leadership’ has to become more strict - and the more people push back against it = and the system falls apart.

Answer 39

Sweatshops are cheap ways to make money and therefore pay people unfairly Deliberately not treating workers fairly No minimum wage laws, or health and safety laws in some countries Takeaway: only exist because the rich are exploiting the working class

Answer 40

a factory that violates 2 or more labour laws. Sweatshops often have poor working conditions, unfair wages, unreasonable hours, child labour, and a lack of benefits for workers. children ages 5 to 14 are forced to work Workers are subjected to verbal, physical, and sexual abuse in factories by their managers and supervisors. They are sometimes trapped in the factory and forced to work overnight or across multiple shifts. violate the minimum wage and overtime laws, and have broken health and safety laws. people who are forced to work must spend the majority of their paycheck on food for their families to survive Women sewing NBA jerseys make 24 cents per garment that will eventually sell for $140 Workers are paid wages insufficient to meet their basic needs, are not allowed to organize independent unions, and often face health and safety hazards. Workplace injuries and exposure to toxic chemicals also pose a daily risk to clothing workers. To prevent workers from stealing the items they are producing, factories sometimes lock the plant’s doors and windows, creating a fire hazard.

Answer 41

Products that commonly come from sweatshops are shoes, clothing, rugs, toys, electronics, and household textiles. It is virtually impossible to NOT purchase items made in sweatshops.

Answer 42

One study showed that doubling the salary of sweatshop workers would only increase the consumer cost of an item by 1.8%, while consumers would be willing to pay 15% more to know a product did not come from a sweatshop.

Answer 43

Traditional Gender Roles: Women are assigned certain types of work. Limited Education Access: Women with fewer opportunities for formal education. Global Supply Chains: Industries prioritize cost-effective female labour. Weak Labor Rights: Limited enforcement contributes to gender inequality. women make up 85 to 90% of sweatshop workers, employers force them to take birth control and routine pregnancy tests to avoid supporting maternity leave or providing appropriate health benefits. In the maquiladoras along the US-Mexico border, factory managers have in the past forced women workers to prove they are menstruating.

Answer 44

One of the deadliest factory fires in US history. Just under 150 workers, mostly young women, died as a result of the exits being locked to prevent unauthorized breaks by employees. Some sources have stated that fire exits were actually fake - some were fake doors, and others were painted on. Many died of asphyxiation or of burn wounds. However some died by jumping from the 10th floor factory windows because of the locked exit doors.

Answer 45

Considered the dangerous garment factory accident in history. The building contained numerous workhouses, and a few banks and offices. Cracks were discovered in the upper floors, and everyone was sent home – except for all the factory workers. The factories were warned about thee condition, and refused to close. The building collapsed during rush hour – killing 1,100, and injuring 2,500. Manufacturers included Benetton, Walmart, Joe Fresh, The Children’s Place and many others.

Answer 46

1) Laws are much more difficult to pass in many of these countries 2) Private security firms do much of the policing & legal police forces are much corrupt and/or violent 3) The offending corporations will simply leave if the laws are changed. 4) Many international trade agreements will not permit unionizing or environmental laws. 5) The consumers of most of these goods, simply don’t care enough, or don’t want to know about.

Answer 47

Some will argue that sweatshops are a stepping stone in development, and many of these countries will be better off in the future. This has worked in a few locations, but not often. It ignores the dignity of human life and human labour. It ignores that the workers have little legal ability to change their circumstances. It ignores that the companies using sweatshops can benefit hundreds of thousands of people by raising wages slightly, while not affecting the bottom line - and they don’t.

Answer 48

People on the land are pushed off and not allowed to live on it - lives are disrupted The wealthy people land grab to extract resources and then leave The rich trying to get richer Negatively affects developing countries Does not have access to resources - do not have land to grow crops

Answer 49

he purchase or lease of large tracts of fertile land by public or private entities.

Answer 50

food sovereignty and their very existence.

Answer 51

favouring intensive monoculture farming reliant on fertilizers and pesticides.

Answer 52

World Bank

Answer 53

A hedge fund is an investment fund aimed at generating very high returns through aggressive management and high-risk investments

Answer 54

Generally, a pension fund is an asset pool run by an employer or a government to provide retirement income for employees.

Answer 55

This is a “state-owned investment fund(s) composed of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate, or other financial instruments”.

Answer 56

they have no idea.

Answer 57

- Foreign investors will often promise development, but leave before it happens, with no penalty. - Deals are sometimes negotiated with individuals, not groups. This leads to corruption, and displacement of people. - Farmers will be removed from the area, often violently – without compensation. - Some of these lands were pristine environment areas. - The resources are no longer the property of the country – they are owned by the investing agency. - Large-scale industrial farms often move in, and use large amounts of fertilizers, and machinery – with the resulting pollution. - Governments lose potential money from their natural resources, and lose the ability to better the lives of their citizens. - Foreign-owned real estate can be purchased by the rich from ANYWHERE, and made off-limits to the local real estate market.

Answer 58

Hurts the economy and loss of money Developed countries do not have to worry about these diseases, but developing countries do Devastating adults in developing countries and their children need to live alone No education, no access to nutrients/healthy food, lack of water diseases

Answer 59

HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, TUBERCULOSIS, SCHISTOSOMIASIS, CHAGAS

Answer 60

is most commonly spread through sexual contact with an infected partner and infected blood contamination HIV impacts the patient’s mental health and increases the risk of developing mood, cognitive and anxiety disorders (ex. depression) (“NIMH » HIV and AIDS and Mental Health”). Untreated HIV leads to job loss, decreased family income due to medical treatment, strained relationships, and increased spending for care (“Socioeconomic consequences of HIV/AIDS in the family system”).

Answer 61

Malaria is spread when one gets bitten by an infected Anopheles mosquito. It may also be spread through contamination of blood from a person who has been infected, or through contaminated needles or syringes. Getting infected by malaria reduces school attendance for children and adults’ productivity at work (“Malaria | WHO | Regional Office for Africa”). The impacts of Malaria on a country’s economy reaches around 1.1% of their GDP, which makes the country increase their public health spending by 39% (Andrade et al.).

Answer 62

This disease is spread through close contact with someone who has untreated tuberculosis through coughing, sneezing and laughing. Tuberculosis often affects the poor, who live in poverty and unequal societies, those who are homeless, people who were imprisoned and people with weakened bodies due to prior illnesses (“TB and poverty”). People lose their productivity as they are not able to attend work or school for months, have piling costs when seeking treatment for their disease, and the stigma associated with the fears of tuberculosis (“TB and poverty”).

Answer 63

Transmission of schistosomiasis occurs when those who are infected contaminate freshwater with their feces or urine. The parasite eggs that are contained in the excretion results in the eggs hatching into the water This disease affects people’s ability to work, as those who are infected become disabled and in some cases can lead to death (“Schistosomiasis”). Schistosomiasis also leads to loss of agricultural production, which averages 6.6% for most countries with infected citizens (“The economic impact of schistosomiasis…”).

Answer 64

Chagas is transmitted through the triatomine bug either orally, food-borne, through blood/blood products, congenital transmission, organ transplantation or laboratory mishaps This disease affects the cycle of poverty as it reduces people’s learning ability, productivity rate, and earning capacity (“PAHO/WHO…”). If the disease is untreated, 30% of those who are infected can have chronic and irreversible effects on the inner body systems (“PAHO/WHO…”).

Answer 65

Hurts the economy and loss of money Developed countries do not have to worry about these diseases, but developing countries do Devastating adults in developing countries and their children need to live alone No education, no access to nutrients/healthy food, lack of water

Answer 66

Banks, other countries and governments give dictators money, which is spent with corruption Incurs debt and the country has to repay that debt back Dictators flee or die

Answer 67

debt accrued (created) by a dictator, usually spent on vain or illogical projects, that the country's citizens still owe to the creditors, even upon the removal of the dictator. So the dictator treats the country like his own plaything, spends HUGE sums of money that they don't have and even when they have fled or are dead (bars!!) the country still owes that money back.

Answer 68

'multiplier effect' because that money can't go towards economic development, education, and health care because it has to go towards paying interest on the debt.

Answer 69

developed countries (often previously colonizing countries themselves) it seems pretty clear that this problem is actually a systemic issue.

Answer 70

World Trade Organization Stated goal: reduce trade barriers to increase free trade, and help poverty-experiencing countries The rich countries have more influence in the WTO (US, Britain, France) Developing countries can not dispute and sue rich countries because they do not have the money to hire lawyers or the power to influence

Answer 71

the primary international body to help promote free trade, by drawing up the rules of international trade. hijacked by rich country interests, thus worsening the lot of the poor, and inviting protest and intense criticism.

Answer 72

Non discrimination - National treatment implies both foreign and national companies are treated the same, and it is unfair to favor domestic companies over foreign ones. Reciprocity - Nations try to provide similar concessions for each other. Transparency - Negotiations and process must be fair and open with rules equal for all. Special and differential treatment - A recognition that developing countries may require “positive discrimination” because of historic unequal trade.

Answer 73

Disputes can be settled in a legal framework that all members sign on to. The legal nature conflicts with the informal nature of rule making, so smaller countries may be subject to laws they did not make. Developing nations are also less likely to use the dispute system due to high costs and an inability to enforce sanctions In 15 years, NO African country has brought forward a dispute. Only one was brought by a “least developed” country.

Answer 74

Trade Related Intellectual Property Any product cannot be copied and is therefore internationally protected. Poorer countries cannot make cheaper, generic versions. (think medicines and vaccines). This benefits the corporations at the expense of the poor. Critics say the TRIPs agreement limits developing countries from utilizing some technology that originates from abroad in their local systems (including medicines and agricultural products).

Answer 75

Does not protect the environment Does not allow people to unionize under the current WTO regulations.

Answer 76

The WTO appears democratic, but critics say it isn’t. Many member countries will negotiate to win the votes of other countries for their cause. Wealthy countries have more negotiation power. – “If you vote with us, we have some prime aid $ for you next year.” The US gives 17% of the funds, and gets 17% of the vote (most out of any country) An 85% majority is required - therefore the US has veto power. Many say there should be a WTO parliamentary assembly to allow for more democratic participation in WTO decision making = this motion is constantly blocked.

Answer 77

Makes the prices of things go up

Answer 78

To examine income distribution, economists divide Canadian income earners into groups called “quintiles” A quintile represents 1/5 or 20% of the total number of earners First quintile = lowest earners etc.

Answer 79

A state of utter destitution Due to Canada’s social welfare system, the incidence of this extreme form of poverty is rare in Canada

Answer 80

Not necessarily a Canadian that lacks food, safe water, shelter, or clothing A Canadian that feels poor and that other Canadians see as poor compared to (relative to) others

Answer 81

Average Canadian household spends 35% of its before-tax income on food, clothing, and shelter A household that is “relatively worse off” spends more than 20% above the national average on the three necessities

Answer 82

LICO’s are calculated using both before-tax income and after-tax income Before-tax income is easier to calculate, but after-tax income is used more…why? …because it provides a truer picture. All necessities are purchased with after-tax dollars Money that people really do not have would have been considered.

Answer 83

The working poor – people who work, but whose wages do not keep them out of poverty (absence of unions, market power of employers) The welfare poor – people who do not work and are experiencing poverty (elderly, poor health, single parents, job loss)

Answer 84

taxes higher-income at a higher percentage. The more you make the more tax you pay.

Answer 85

act of charity (no-commitment)

Answer 86

obligated donation (yearly commitment) → must go towards a just cause People like to know where their money is going and what it is supporting → beneficial for charitable organizations

Answer 87

Europeans took the resources from Africa during colonization and then people within Africa fought eachother to survive

Answer 88

Countries are left alone to deal with (economic health, and supply chain issues) No more stability or guidance to run the country Countries that are decolonized try to use the methods of the colonizers to regain stability, but it just makes things worse

Answer 89

Dictator of Uganda from 1971-1979 Amin reportedly ate dissidents to his regime or fed them to his pet crocodiles Some of his titles were “Conqueror of the British Empire” and “President for Life” Banned all Asians from Uganda because the daughter of an important Asian family refused to marry him. Claimed to be the King of Scotland Apparently wrote love letters to Queen Elizabeth. Fled to Libya after the demise of his regime, then to Saudi Arabia, where he died in 2003

Answer 90

Mobutu was the President of Zaire (Now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) He made a law saying that TV in Zaire cannot mention anybody but him by name. He banned all leopard print hats from Zaire, except for his own. He commanded that all evening news begins with a scene of him descending from the heavens. He chose many names for himself, including one that translates in English to “the all-powerful warrior who, because of his endurance and will to win, will go from contest to contest leaving fire in his wake.“ He jailed anyone who did not have an African name. Overthrown in 1997 and died on September 7, 1997, of Prostate Cancer, in Morocco

Answer 91

President For Life Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier was dictator of Haiti from 1957-1971. He once had a heart attack, and chose Clement Barbot, leader of the Tonton Macoutes,a paramilitary group, to become acting president while he recovered. Duvalier believed his opposition had turned into a black dog. He then ordered the death of all black dogs in Haiti. Duvalier kept the head of one of his political enemies In 1961, he ordered elections. He received 100% of the vote. He made Haitians recite a prayer every day, which went like this: “Our Doc, who art in the National Palace for life, hallowed by Thy name by present and future generations. They will be done in Port-au-Prince as it is in the provinces. Give us this day our new Haiti and forgive not the trespasses of those anti-patriots who daily spit upon our country…“. He once said that he controlled Lee Harvey Oswald to shoot JFK with voodoo. He finally died in 1971, and was succeeded by his son, Jean-Claude Duvalier, who was known as “Baby Doc”.

Answer 92

Malaria is spread when one gets bitten by an infected Anopheles mosquito. It may also be spread through contamination of blood from a person who has been infected, or through contaminated needles or syringes. Getting infected by malaria reduces school attendance for children and adults’ productivity at work (“Malaria | WHO | Regional Office for Africa”). The impacts of Malaria on a country’s economy reaches around 1.1% of their GDP, which makes the country increase their public health spending by 39% (Andrade et al.).

Answer 93

People on the land are pushed off and not allowed to live on it - lives are disrupted The wealthy people land grab to extract resources and then leave The rich trying to get richer Negatively affects developing countries Does not have access to resources - do not have land to grow crops

Answer 94

World Trade Organization Stated goal: reduce trade barriers to increase free trade, and help poverty-experiencing countries The rich countries have more influence in the WTO (US, Britain, France) Developing countries can not dispute and sue rich countries because they do not have the money to hire lawyers or the power to influence

Answer 95

Colonial powers exploited indigenous resources, such as gold, silver, and land, leading to economic and environmental devastation. In Canada, when the Indigenous peoples’ land was colonized for pelts (beavers) and then they faced genocide Canada was not really seen as valuable once all the pelts were gone

Answer 96

President For Life Francois “Papa Doc” Duvalier was dictator of Haiti from 1957-1971. He once had a heart attack, and chose Clement Barbot, leader of the Tonton Macoutes,a paramilitary group, to become acting president while he recovered. Duvalier believed his opposition had turned into a black dog. He then ordered the death of all black dogs in Haiti. Duvalier kept the head of one of his political enemies In 1961, he ordered elections. He received 100% of the vote. He made Haitians recite a prayer every day, which went like this: “Our Doc, who art in the National Palace for life, hallowed by Thy name by present and future generations. They will be done in Port-au-Prince as it is in the provinces. Give us this day our new Haiti and forgive not the trespasses of those anti-patriots who daily spit upon our country…“. He once said that he controlled Lee Harvey Oswald to shoot JFK with voodoo. He finally died in 1971, and was succeeded by his son, Jean-Claude Duvalier, who was known as “Baby Doc”.

Answer 97

Chagas is transmitted through the triatomine bug either orally, food-borne, through blood/blood products, congenital transmission, organ transplantation or laboratory mishaps This disease affects the cycle of poverty as it reduces people’s learning ability, productivity rate, and earning capacity (“PAHO/WHO…”). If the disease is untreated, 30% of those who are infected can have chronic and irreversible effects on the inner body systems (“PAHO/WHO…”).

Answer 98

Banks, other countries and governments give dictators money, which is spent on corruption, Incurs debt and the country has to repay that debt back, Dictators flee or die. Makes it so that the people have to pay off this debt and go poor.

Answer 99

The term "persistently difficult to educate" generally refers to groups of people facing persistent challenges in accessing and benefiting from educational opportunities. These groups often include people in poverty, women, refugees, and minorities. RURAL WOMEN The problem because it keeps people in poverty.

Answer 100

Talking to Ammar’s family Wavng to the people in the detention centres

Answer 101

Absolute is a state of utter destitution while relative is not necessarily a Canadian that lacks food, safe water, shelter, or clothing but a Canadian that feels poor and that other Canadians see as poor compared to (relative to) others Structural Assistance: Focus: Addresses underlying, systemic issues and root causes of a problem. Timeframe: Longer-term approach, aiming for sustainable change over time. Nature: Involves policy reforms, institutional changes, and addressing structural inequalities. Examples: Education reform, economic policy changes, institutional capacity building. Immediate Assistance: Focus: Provides quick and direct support to address urgent needs or crises. Timeframe: Short-term focus to provide immediate relief or response. Nature: Involves emergency aid, humanitarian assistance, and rapid response. Examples: Food aid during a famine, medical assistance in a health crisis, disaster relief.

Answer 102

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were created to assist countries financially and promote development. However, some argue that the conditions attached to their help, like cutting government spending, can make poverty worse. For instance, when countries have to reduce spending on essential services, it often impacts the poor the hardest. The emphasis on specific economic rules and indicators, rather than directly helping people in need, may widen the gap between the rich and the poor, making it more challenging for those in poverty to improve their lives.

Answer 103

If you could choose one change to make in the factors that create poverty - disease, economic disparity, education issues, unfair land distribution, or poor political leadership. What change would you choose to make and what do you think that it would accomplish? Education.

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Equity and Social Justice Unit 2 Test Flashcards

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