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School > Philosophy Quiz - Epistemology > Flashcards

Philosophy Quiz - Epistemology Flashcards

1
Q

Rationalism:

A
  • Rationalists claim sensory knowledge is not a reliable source.
  • They claim that your senses may be wrong.
  • Reason, or rational thought, is a more reliable source.
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2
Q

Plato:

A
  • Believed in the two worlds: the World of Forms and the World of Materials
  • The visible material world changes constantly, poor source of information.
  • The world of forms or ideas is the truest reality, it never changes.
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3
Q

Every human mind has the ability (with degrees) to access the world of forms.

A

a perfect, invisible universe known only to the mind.

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4
Q

Rene Descartes

A

-17th Century France – Descartes doubted that the senses could provide us with reliable knowledge
- The human experience offers no evidence for believing in anything.

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5
Q

The Evil Genius

A
  • Descartes was troubled by the Evil Genius scenario.
  • How do I know that right now, I am not simply under the control of an evil genius, that is making me THINK that this life is real?
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6
Q

Cogito Ergo Sum

A
  • In doubting everything, Descartes realized that there were two things that he knew.
    1 – he could not doubt that he was doubting
    2 – he was doubting, therefore he must exist
  • From this deductive reasoning, he famously concluded, “Cogito ergo sum”. I think, therefore, I am.
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7
Q

Noam Chomsky

A
  • Modern USA
  • Studies linguistics at MIT, is a social critic and philosopher.
  • The structure of human language is hard-wired into the human brain.
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8
Q

Language:

A
  • Learning how to speak properly is an incredibly complex task.
  • Yet most learn it by the time they are 3, without ever really been formally “taught” anything.
  • All languages have a “deep structure” that we have knowledge of already in our brains.
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9
Q

Why Chomsky is a Rationalist

A
  • Only the surface structure changes and forms all the languages of the world that exist today.
  • Chomsky believes (after thousands of experiments) that language is innate in our brains.
  • Innate knowledge used with reason = rationalist.
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10
Q

Rationalism: sense garbage

A
  • A Theory that says that knowledge is a priori - BEFORE YOU USE YOUR SENSES (BECAUSE THEY ARE GARBAGE).
  • Knowledge comes from exercising the human ability to reason
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11
Q

Empiricism

A
  • Empiricists challenged the claim that knowledge comes from your reason (rationalist)
  • All knowledge you have is acquired through the senses.
  • You use inductive reasoning to draw conclusions about the world
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12
Q

Aristotle

A

believed that the world is made up of matter, perceived through the senses.

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13
Q

Inductive Reasoning:

A
  • Aristotle believed that human beings use the process of inductive reasoning to gain knowledge.
  • Make observations about an object and use them to draw conclusions about what that object may be
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14
Q

Aristotle believed…

A

each day we are confronted with objects in the real world that we perceive with our senses.
We then use inductive reasoning to identify them and understand them.

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15
Q

Thomas Aquinas

A

God surrounds us in the world, and the only way we can understand the world and therefore, God, is through the use of our senses

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16
Q

John Locke

A

Locke believed that the mind is a “tabula rasa” or a blank slate, at birth

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17
Q

Our Learning Looks Like This:

A
  1. Sense Experience
  2. Sensation
  3. Impression
  4. Reflection
  5. Idea
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18
Q

Simple versus Complex

A
  • Simple ideas come from one sense, such as bitter, sour, cold, and hot
  • Complex ideas are produced by the mind when it compounds and combines simple ideas.
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19
Q

Locke and the Sceptics

A
  • Primary qualities are objective – like height and weight.
  • Secondary qualities are subjective and rely on the viewer – like colour, taste and sound.
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20
Q

David Hume

A

Hume believed in Locke’s main ideas but took it all even further.

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21
Q

Matter of Fact/Relation of Ideas

A

Hume put all knowledge into one of two categories:
1) Matter of Fact
2) Relation of Ideas.

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22
Q

Relations of Ideas

A
  • Knowledge that arises out of pure conceptual thought.
  • 8 X 10 = 80
  • They are true by necessity because being false would be a logical contradiction.
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23
Q

Matters of Fact

A
  • Arises out of our interaction with the world and our experiences in it.
  • The sun will rise tomorrow.
  • They are not 100% true.
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24
Q

Extreme Scepticism

A

Matter of Fact – useful but not 100% true
Relation of Ideas – not useful but 100% true

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25
Q

Any knowledge we can gain is either ? or ?, according to ?

A

Useless
Flawed
Hume

26
Q

A consequence of Kant’s analysis of perception is that there are really two worlds:

A

The Noumenal World
The Phenomenal World.

27
Q

Noumenal World

A
  • The world of “things in themselves.” (das ding an sich = Kant’s phrase)
  • This is the world from which raw sense data originates.
  • Human beings do not live in this world and have no knowledge of it - BECAUSE WE CAN’T (Kant)
28
Q

The Phenomenal World

A
  • The world of perception.
  • The world of sense data after it has been organized and structured by the mind’s categories.
  • This is the world in which humans live and of which they have knowledge.
29
Q

Kant’s “Copernican Revolution”

A
  • Humans can have no knowledge of “things in themselves.” - das Ding an sich
  • Order and structure, at least those of humans, exist “in here,” i.e. in the phenomenal world of the human mind.
30
Q

What This Means

A
  • The physical world exists, but we all interpret it differently due to our minds structure.
  • By the late 1800s, doctor’s begin studying how the mind imposes itself on the universe and the understanding of it.
31
Q

Definitions are all ? in this way – but we use these ? all the time.

A

Flawed
Words

32
Q

In fact there are no ? problems, just ? problems.

A

Philosophical
Language

33
Q

Wittgenstein also argues that the uses or meaning of words may ?, according to changes in the ? and scene of a ?.

A

Change
Circumstances
Language-Game

34
Q

Wittgenstein says that the failure to understand words, or the failure to use words clearly, may often be caused by ? of how words are ? in a language-game.

A

Misunderstanding
Used

35
Q

Understanding of the meaning of words may also depend on what is meant by the term “?.”

A

Understanding

36
Q

Theory of Truth - Correspondence

A

Correspondence theories emphasize that true beliefs and true statements correspond to the actual state of affairs.

37
Q

Problem of Correspondence

A

The Problem - Us
1. If our language cannot accurately express what is ‘real’ than truth cannot be conveyed. You may be able to translate something, but that isn’t the full meaning. Plus meaning changes over time - common meanings transform or disappear.
2. Do our senses accurately show us ‘reality’? Many would say no. How do we know what reality corresponds to, if our senses don’t work correctly?

38
Q

Theory of Truth - Coherence

A

For coherence theories in general, truth requires a proper fit of elements within a whole system.

STATEMENT - Education is good. Coherence Proof - More education leads to greater happiness, greater job satisfaction, less poverty and longer lifespans.

39
Q

Problem of Coherence

A

The Problem - New Ideas
On the whole, coherence theories have been rejected for lacking justification in their application to other areas of truth, especially with respect to assertions about the natural world, empirical data in general, assertions about practical matters of psychology and society, especially when used without support from the other major theories of truth.
- This is all just saying, we can’t use coherence theory when it comes to NEW ideas, because they have nothing to cohere to.

40
Q

Theory of Truth -Constructivist

A

Constructivism holds that truth is constructed by social processes, is historically and culturally specific, and that it is in part shaped through the power struggles within a community.

41
Q

Problem of Constructivist

A

The Problem - Subjectivity
- In this theory knowledge is socially constructed and not reflective of any sort of objectively ‘real’ things. Reality and truth do not exist - except as defined by society.

42
Q

Theory of Truth - Consensus

A

Truth is whatever reaches consensus within a specific group - that is, truth is whatever we all agree to believe is true.

43
Q

Problem of Consensus

A

The Problem - Competing Truths
EXAMPLE - “Donald Trump was the greatest President” could be a true statement in Wyoming, and completely false in California.
If truth is whatever our group agrees is true, than multiple ‘truths’ are possible - each being equally true (to those involved).

44
Q

The 4 Theories of Truth

A

Correspondence
Coherence
Constructivist
Consensus

45
Q

Gettier Problem:

A
  • A philosophical question about whether a piece of information that happens to be true but that someone believes for invalid reasons, does it count as knowledge.
  • Something is true but it is believed for an invalid reason
  • For example, a person thought that what they see is true but it is not correct, though it happens to be true anyway
  • Hinged on instances of epistemic luck: cases where a person appears to have sound evidence for a proposition, and that proposition is in fact true, but the apparent evidence is not causally related to the proposition’s truth.
46
Q

JTB

A

Justified True Belief –
A subject S knows that a proposition P is true if and only if:
1.P is true, and
2.S believes that P is true, and
3.S is justified in believing that P is true

47
Q

Infinite Regression

A
  • There is no proof that your justification is accurate, so you need to justify your justification with more proof, and then that proof needs to be justified with more proof, and on and on and on
  • Thus, we don’t actually know anything because nothing is properly justified
48
Q

Molyneux

A

If a man born blind, and able to distinguish by touch between a cube and a globe, were made to see, could he now tell by sight which was the cube and which the globe, before he touched them?

49
Q

Munchhausen Trilemma

A

It is impossible to prove any certain truth even in fields such as logic and mathematics
Three main modes of thought:
1. circular reasoning -
2. infinite regress -
3. unproven axioms. -

50
Q

Theseus’ Ship

A

“The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned from Crete had thirty oars, and was preserved by the Athenians down even to the time of Demetrius Phalereus, for they took away the old planks as they decayed, putting in new and stronger timber in their places, in so much that this ship became a standing example among the philosophers, for the logical question of things that grow; one side holding that the ship remained the same, and the other contending that it was not the same.”

51
Q

FST

A
  1. Knowledge is socially situated. There is no objective or universal truth.
  2. Marginalized groups are socially situated in ways that make it more possible for them to be aware of things and ask questions than it is for the non-marginalized.
  3. Research, particularly that focused on power relations and knowledge of them, should begin with the marginalized.
52
Q

Points of epistemic privilege allow people (women, minority groups, the disabled) to see and know more “?”, as they would be the outside looking in.

A

Clearly

53
Q

Female philosophers have a unique perspective, in that they can be insiders looking ? (as educated academics), and outsiders looking ? (as women in a male-dominant society).

A

Out
In

54
Q

Like philosophic Marxism, it proposes that some groups (due to their lack of social position) are given a better ? to perceive outside of the cultural ‘? of a society.
Ex - People living in poverty have a different understanding, than those living in privilege

A

Ability
Norms

55
Q

Crisis #1 - #1 - There’s too much to ? and too little ?. ? helped create this one.

A

Know
Certainty
Philosophy

56
Q

Crisis #2 - #2 - Increased emphasis on ? over ?. ? helped create this one.

A

Feeling
Facts
Child Psychology

57
Q

Crisis #3 - #3 - The ? has carved out its audience and feeds them ?.
? helped create this one.

A

Media
Amusements
Capitalism

58
Q

Crisis #4 - The Internet has created ? bubbles tied with ? ?, not knowledge. ? as social animals helped create this one.

A

Information
Social Standing
Humans

59
Q

Crisis #5 - Dunning-Kruger Effect - The ? informed are the ? confident, and the least ?. Our ? helped create this one.

A

Least
Most
Correct
Psychology

60
Q

Crisis #6 - The ? system is consistently being starved for ?. Our ? helped create this one.

A

Education
Funds
Politics

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