History Unit 2 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Stock Market Crash/lack of social safety net

A

On Tuesday, Oct 29th, 1929, also known as “Black Tuesday”, the stock market crashed, leading to a huge loss of money and bank failure, kick starting the Great Depression.
This Great Depression was made worse because of a lack of: Insurance against “Bank Failure”, Unemployment Insurance, Canada Pension Plan, Worker’s Compensation (if you’re injured and can’t work), Free HealthCare, as well as because women couldn’t work themselves and were dependent on men being in the workforce.

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2
Q

Relief

A

As relief there was: Local government “relief” (temporary financial help), and help from Charities, and Religious Institutions.

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3
Q

R.B Bennett (Letters of Bennett) - why did people write to him? What did they ask for/get

A

R.B Bennett was a Consevative Prime Minister of Canada from 1930 - 1935. People wrote to him because they were desperate during the Great Depression and knew he may be able to provide financial support for their hardships. They often asked for/got financial aid for clothing, shoes, medical support, etc.

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4
Q

Relief Camps - what was wrong with them

A

As provinces and municipalities were overwhelmed with the need for relief, the federal government stepped in and created relief camps for unemployed single males – the transients who had been riding the rods! What was wrong with the camps were their conditions: the shacks resembled dog houses, workers lost the right to vote, they worked for 8 hours in order to receive a “gift” of 20 cents as a form of “slave wages”, anyone who left would be denied all further relief, and work sometimes included “building a road from nowhere to nowhere,” digging holes for no reason, or re-grading the same bend in a road every day.

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5
Q

On-to-Ottawa Trek/Regina Riot

A

Over a thousand angry unemployed men left federal relief camps in British Columbia and boarded boxcars to take their demand for work and wages directly to Ottawa.
Regina Riot
Under Bennett’s orders, the RCMP and Regina city police attack a large group of people in support of the strikers, leaving 1 person dead, several hundred injured, and thousands of dollars of property damage in ruins.
The Trek was disbanded, Bennett’s conservatives were voted out, the relief camps were shut down, and plans for a new welfare system started.

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6
Q

Anti-Semitism in Canada and Europe

A

Anti-Semitism was legal in Canada, there were signs that stated Jews weren’t allowed in certain places, swastika clubs, Christe Pie Riots (swastika banners unfurled, cries of “Heil Hitler” appear at a baseball game), The Kristallnach “The Night of Broken Glass” (on Nov 9-10, 1938 hundreds coordinated acts of vandalism occurred against Jewish property in Germany, Austria and Czech. Jews were blamed for the violence, thousands arrested and taken away to “relocation camps” for their own protection).

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7
Q

William Lyon Mackenzie King’s diaries, visit to Hitler

A

William Lyon Mackenzie King kept diaries throughout his whole life, there is a debate on whether or not they should be public as they are a great primary source but also very private information. After he met Hitler, he wrote about him in the diaries and it came across as if he fell under Hitler’s spell because of how fondly he spoke of him e.g. “he smiled pleasantly and indeed had a sort of appealing and affectionate look in his eyes.”

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8
Q

What were the political parties of the 1930s?

A
  1. Social Credit, “Bible Bill” Aberhart
  2. CCF, J.S. Woodsworth
  3. Union Nationale, Maurice Duplessis
  4. Communist Party of Canada, Tim Buck
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9
Q

Social Credit, “Bible Bill” Aberhart

A

An Albertian party led by William Aberhart, known for his religious beliefs. Had the idea to give people $25 dollars/month but never did because the money would eventually become worthless.

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10
Q

CCF, J.S. Woodsworth

A

A more left-wing party located in the Prairie Provinces led by J.S. Woodworth (pacifist during WWI). Had the idea of Social Safety Nets (pensions, health and welfare insurance, unemployment insurance, a family allowance, and workers’ compensation) but they didn’t know where the money would come from.

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11
Q

Union Nationale, Maurice Duplessis

A

A conservative, nationalist, party from Quebec led by Maurice Duplessis. They blamed English businesses that controlled much of Quebec’s commerce for the Depression and overall believed in a strong independent Quebec based on family values as represented by the Quebec Roman Catholic church.

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12
Q

Communist Party of Canada, Tim Buck

A

A far left-wing, communist, federal party of Canada led by Tim Buck. They tried to fight against the harsh conditions of the Great Depression, formed many trade unions, and began a countrywide movement for unemployment insurance. Overall they seek better worker’s rights, expand health care and other social programs, and reduce poverty.

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13
Q

The Road to War: what were the five reasons you studied?

A

The Treaty of Versailles - Harsh terms intended to make Germany powerless.
Rise of Facism - A system of government in which: nationalism is promoted, labour and industry are regulated by a strong national government, all opposition is suppressed.
Failure of the League of Nations - The League of Nations was established in 1920 to prevent war, but its decisions were not legally binding.
The Manchurian Crisis - Sept. 1931: Japan invaded the Chinese province of Manchuria on the pretext that China attacked the Japanese-owned South Manchurian Railroad.
Spanish Civil War - In 1936 a Spanish civil war breaks out between: New Republic government led by communists vs. Fascists led by Francisco Franco.

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14
Q

Appeasement

A

A negotiating strategy where you give the other side a little bit of what they want in the hopes that they will be satisfied with that.

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15
Q

German Rearmament

A

When Hitler broke the Treaty of Versailles, created an air force, expanded his army, and introduced conscription while the rest of the world was understanding.

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16
Q

Rome-Berlin Axis

A

When Hitler created an agreement between Fascist Italy (dictator Benito Mussolini) and Fascist Germany, it’s a new alliance but it seemed peaceful. The rest of the world is fooled and doesn’t know Germany and Italy planned to conquer Europe so they do nothing.

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17
Q

Rhineland

A

When Hitler had an area of Germany bordering France when no German military was allowed there he still moved military into this area, breaking the Treaty of Versailles again. The world was understanding about the unfair treaty again but France was upset.

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18
Q

Anschluss

A

When Hitler invaded the German-speaking country of Austria to make a larger “Germany.” Due to the treaty, Austria had limited military and thus, could not defend themselves. However, the invasion was looked at as “peaceful” as there was no loss of life. Appeasement began, the rest of the world “let” Hitler have this, but promised no more.

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19
Q

The Sudetenland, the Munich Agreement, Neville Chamberlain’s “peace in our time”

A

When Hitler broke the treaty again by invading and taking over a part of Czechoslovakia which is mostly German speaking. The rest of the world reacted with appeasement again with the The Munich Agreement, he can’t have all of Czechoslovakia, just this part. Neville Chamberlain has so much faith in this agreement that he brandished a statement signed by the two leaders which said that it promised “peace for our time.”

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20
Q

Kristallnacht

A

When hundreds of coordinated acts of vandalism against Jewish property occurred in Germany, Austria and Czech. Then Jews were blamed for the violence, and thousands were arrested and taken away to “relocation camps” for their own protection. The rest of the world reacted by protesting at Maple Leaf Gardens (15,000) in Canada, and by nobody believing that the German Jewish people did this to themselves. However, the world leaders let this happen as they believed it was an internal matter, meaning they couldn’t interfere.

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21
Q

Czechoslovakia

A

When Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia, the rest of the world was shocked and confused that the Munich Agreement was broken. It is now more closely judged if appeasement was truly working or not.

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22
Q

Nazi-Soviet Pact

A

When Hitler created an alliance with the USSR, the rest of the world was left completely confused as to why complete opposite wings would join arms. What they didn’t know is that Hitler and the USSR had a plan to split Poland.

23
Q

Invasion of Poland, Sep 10, 1939

A

When Hitler invaded Poland with the new help of the USSR, the rest of the world counted it their “Last Straw”. Britain and France declared war on Sep 3, 1939, and Canada soon after on Sep 10, 1939.

24
Q

Blitzkrieg, April-June, 1940

A

Means “lightning warfare” Mobile; offensive tactics; faster tanks; air support. Germany, with the use of this tactic was able to avoid the stalemate of trenches. They were then able to invade and occupy Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, much of France.

25
Q

Dunkirk, May 26 - June 4, 1940

A

This battle displayed the evacuation of 340,000 troops from France across the English Channel to England. Fog and civilian boats helped troops escape - called a “Miracle” WWII might have been lost if not for the Miracle at Dunkirk.

26
Q

Battle of Britain, Winston Churchill July 1940 - May, 1941

A

Germany’s attempt to force British surrender before invading, fought only in the air. This battle was the first use of Radar as a defence, RCAF (Royal Canadian Air Force) there along with RAF (Royal Air Force) Britain didn’t surrender, and Winston Churchill leadership Germany never did invade.

27
Q

Dieppe, Aug 19, 1942

A

Raid on the port of Dieppe, coast of France. France became occupied by Germany. Though the battle showed that the experimental test of German defences in France was total failure, it took some pressure off USSR fighting Germany on Eastern front of Europe, and preparations began for a full-scale invasion (would come in 1944 - “D-Day”).

28
Q

CWAC, WRN (“Wrens”)

A

The Canadian Women’s Army Corps was a non-combatant branch of the Canadian Army for women with the purpose of releasing men from those non-combatant roles in the Canadian armed forces as part of expanding Canada’s war effort. The Women’s Royal Naval Service was the women’s branch of the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy. First formed in 1917 for the First World War.

29
Q

Elsie MacGill

A

Elsie MacGill was the first woman aeronautical engineer; she oversaw the production of Hawker Hurricane aircrafts.

30
Q

Mona Parsons

A

Resistance worker in German-occupied Holland (considered a spy - only woman sentenced to death for that by the Nazis) Only Canadian woman to be imprisoned by the Nazis.

31
Q

What roles and limitations did Canadian women have?

A

Munitions Worker in a factory and/or Victory Bonds (invest in Canada’s war effort)
Used for publicity or “encouragement”
Still viewed as they should stay at home as mothers.
When the war is over, most of the women will lose their jobs because the men will come back and take over the jobs that were intended for them.

32
Q

In what various ways were they shown on propaganda posters?

A

As a mother, CWAC recruitment, commercializing.

33
Q

Japanese-Canadian Internment

A

Beginning in early 1942, the Canadian government detained and dispossessed more than 90 percent of Japanese Canadians, some 21,000 people, living in British Columbia. They were detained under the War Measures Act and were interned for the rest of the Second World War. Their homes and businesses were sold by the government to pay for their detention.

34
Q

Issei

A

Translates to First generation (born in Japan).

35
Q

Nissei

A

Translates to Second generation (born in Canada).

36
Q

Conscription

A

Compulsory or mandatory military service. After the events of WWI, William Lyon Mackenzie King promised that there would be no conscription for overseas service. Yet through a plebiscite, in later years he took back his promise. Although the majority voted yes for this, 73% of Quebecers voted against it.

37
Q

Plebiscite

A

The direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question. Mackenzie Lyon King called a plebiscite to take back his previous promise to prevent conscription.

38
Q

Quebec alienation

A

Quebec faced a low degree of integration or common values and a high degree of distance or isolation to the rest of Canada at the time; this is Quebec alienation. The force of conscription on Canada was highly disliked and voted against.

39
Q

The Holocaust

A

Destruction or slaughter on a mass scale.

40
Q

What are the stages of the Holocaust?

A
  1. Stripping of Rights and Freedoms
  2. Segregation (Ghettos)
  3. Concentration
  4. Extermination
  5. Aftermath
41
Q

Stripping of Rights and Freedoms

A

Jewish people were stripped of German citizenship
Jews were forced to carry ID cards
Jewish people were forced to wear the armband of the yellow “Star of David”

42
Q

Segregation (Ghettos)

A

Jews were forced to live in designated areas called “ghettos” to isolate them from the rest of society
Ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and extreme overcrowding
Disease was rampant and food was in such short supply that many slowly starved to death

43
Q

Concentration

A

Essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany (Jews, Communists, homosexuals, opponents)
Slave labor “annihilation by work”
Prisoners faced undernourishment and starvation

44
Q

Extermination

A

Prisoners were sent to gas chambers disguised as showers
DEATH FACTORIES: Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the singular function of mass murder
Euthanasia program: Nazi policy to eliminate “life unworthy of life” (mentally or physically challenged) to promote Aryan “racial integrity”

45
Q

Aftermath

A

Creation of Israel
Nuremberg Trials: 1945-1949 were trials for war crimes of Nazi officials (24 Nazi leaders tried)
Anti-Semitism in the world today

46
Q

Auschwitz-Birkenau

A

Auschwitz acted as one more concentration camp of the type that the Nazis had been setting up since the early 1930s. It functioned in this role throughout its existence, even when, beginning in 1942, it also became the largest of the extermination centers where the “Endlösung der Judenfrage” (the final solution to the Jewish question - the Nazi plan to murder European Jews) was carried out.

47
Q

Extermination Techniques

A

Death marches, Euthanasia, mobile death units, gas chambers.

48
Q

Battle of the Atlantic

A

Canada built “corvettes” to combat German U-Boats; German U-Boats hunted in “wolf packs”; U-Boats entered St. Lawrence River in Canada in 1942. In 1943; HMCS St. Croix was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic. This battle was also the longest campaign of the war that lasted all of WWII, Canada’s Merchant Marines (transporting food, fuel, war supplies) had the highest casualty rate of WWII (1 in 7 killed) Canada had the 4th largest Navy in the world at the end of the war.

49
Q

Battle of Hong Kong

A

Due to Hong Kong being a colony of Britain, they were being defended by a not fully trained Canadian force. They were surprise-attacked by Japan. This battle pitted Japan against the Allied Forces in WWII, and also made a lot of Canadians prisoners of war.

50
Q

Pearl Harbor

A

Japan surprise-attacked the US Military Base in Hawaii. USA joins WWII, declares war; Germany declares war on USA to support Japan. This battle becomes a rallying cry / revenge motive for the USA.

51
Q

Ortona, the Italian campaign

A

Allied Forces land in Sicily, Italy; Mussolini is arrested by Italians; Italy surrenders to the Allies but Germany invades and occupies Italy. The battle for the strategic river town Ortana made it so Canada had to confront the Germans in Italy.

52
Q

D-Day, Juno Beach

A

The long-awaited full-scale invasion of Nazi-Occupied France commences with US, Britain, Canada and other allies invading by air and water on 5 beaches. Canada’s beach was code-named Juno Beach. This was the largest military invasion of all-time, turning out completely successful despite the heavy losses.

53
Q

Liberation of the Netherlands

A

After the Battle of Normandy, Canadian troops deployed to The Netherlands (aka “Holland” are the “Dutch” people) to free the Dutch people from the Nazis. The Dutch were on the verge of starvation. Canadians were welcomed as heroes for liberating The Netherlands. Helped protect their royal family in Canada, was never forgotten: annual tulip gift to Ottawa, parade in The Netherlands.