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Biology Unit Test Flashcards

1
Q

Cell wall

A

surrounds and protects the cell

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2
Q

Nucleolus

A

contains the DNA

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3
Q

Centriole

A

Helps pull chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

surrounds and protects the cell

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5
Q

Centromere

A

where the spindle fibers attach

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6
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

involuntary striated muscle tissue found in the heart, is responsible for the ability of the heart to pump blood

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7
Q

Ground tissue

A

a plant tissue other than those of the dermal tissues and the vascular tissues, arises from the ground meristem, fills in the soft parts of the plants

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8
Q

Interphase

A

the first and longest phase in a cell’s life

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9
Q

Epiglottis

A

a small, movable “lid” above the larynx that prevents food and drink from entering your windpipe

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10
Q

Stamen

A

the pollen-producing part of a flower

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11
Q

Stem cells

A

the body’s raw materials, cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated, under the right conditions stem cells divide to form more cells called daughter cells

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12
Q

Gall bladder

A

a storage pouch for bile, a liquid that aids digestion

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13
Q

Crop

A

a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion

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14
Q

Metaphase

A

the middle of a cell’s life cycle, beginning of mitosis, everything lined up in the middle

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15
Q

Esophagus

A

the muscular tube that carries food and liquids from your mouth to the stomach

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16
Q

Cell plate

A

the structure found inside the dividing cells of plants

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17
Q

Anaphase

A

the second phase of mitosis where sister chromatids have split up

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18
Q

Digestion

A

the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients

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19
Q

Chloroplast

A

use energy from the sun to make food

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20
Q

Respiratory

A

the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe.

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21
Q

Centrosome

A

a cellular structure involved in the process of cell division, it duplicates and the two centrosomes move to opposite ends of the animal cell

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22
Q

Nervous

A

coordinates the body’s actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts

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23
Q

Connective tissue

A

tissue that supports, protects and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body

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24
Q

Phloem

A

vascular tissue that transports carbon (photosynthates) from the leaves to basal parts of the plant.

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25
Q

Peristalsis

A

a series of muscle contractions in your digestive tract

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26
Q

Arteries

A

blood vessels, carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and deliver it to various organs and tissues

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27
Q

Ovary

A

oval-shaped glands on either sides of uterus, produce and store your eggs

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28
Q

Pancreas

A

a flat gland that sits tucked behind the stomach in the upper abdomen, produces enzymes that help digestion

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29
Q

Liver

A

all the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver, processes this blood and breaks down, balances, and creates the nutrients

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30
Q

Vascular tissue

A

comprised of the xylem and the phloem, the main transport systems of plants

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31
Q

Integumentary

A

the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain (skin)

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32
Q

Reproductive

A

the tissues, glands, and organs involved in producing offspring

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33
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

the dividing wall between two new animal daughter cells in mitosis

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34
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the cell splitting in half to form two new cells, each with its own nuclei and DNA

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35
Q

Mitochondria

A

makes energy for the cell

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36
Q

Central vacuole

A

storage sack in plant cells

37
Q

Skeletal tissue

A

provide support and protect the soft part of the body.

38
Q

Lysosome

A

digest material in the cell

39
Q

Musculoskeletal

A

provide movement and support for the body

40
Q

Smooth muscle

A

provides involuntary movement for the body like breathing

41
Q

G1 G2 S phases

A

interphase

42
Q

Cancer

A

Cancer is a result of a haywire cell cycle, if genes are mutated in some way, they will not work properly, and cell division may become out of control, leading to cancer.

43
Q

Diaphragm

A

helps with respiration, allows your chest to get bigger and smaller

44
Q

Anther

A

the part of the stamen where pollen is produced

45
Q

Organ

A

a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function

46
Q

Colon

A

removes water and some nutrients and electrolytes from partially digested food

47
Q

Tumor

A

abnormal growth of body tissue

48
Q

Homeostasis

A

a state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.

49
Q

Spindle fibers

A

form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell

50
Q

Equator

A

the boundary of a plane through which the division of a cell occurs

51
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA

52
Q

Bronchi

A

two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs

53
Q

Alveoli

A

where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out

54
Q

Ribosome

A

make proteins

55
Q

Xylem

A

transports water and nutrients from the soil to the stems and leaves

56
Q

Veins

A

keeps blood in the body flowing in one direction

57
Q

Stomach

A

Digests food

58
Q

Petal

A

to attract pollinators, to protect the reproductive parts of a flower

59
Q

Gills

A

a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water

60
Q

Tissue

A

a biological organizational level between cells and a complete organ

61
Q

Eukaryotic

A

organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

62
Q

Telophase

A

the last phase of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes disperse into chromatin, and spindle fibres withdraw

63
Q

Prokaryotic

A

organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

64
Q

Gizzard

A

grinds worm food

65
Q

Microtubules

A

major components of the cytoskeleton, determine the shape of a cell

66
Q

Trachea

A

the windpipe, connects your larynx (voice box) to your lungs

67
Q

Chromatids

A

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

68
Q

Nasal cavity

A

a large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face

69
Q

Nucleus

A

contains DNA

70
Q

Meristematic

A

tissues in which the cells remain forever young and divide actively throughout the life of the plant

71
Q

Dermal tissue

A

the outer protective layer of the primary plant body

72
Q

Small intestine

A

where absorption of nutrients happens

73
Q

Carcinogenic

A

having the potential to cause cancer.

74
Q

Sepal

A

the outer parts of the flower.

75
Q

Pistil

A

the female reproductive part of a flower.

76
Q

Prophase

A

the first phase of mitosis in which the cell prepares for nuclear division by breaking down the nuclear envelope, the chromosomes condense and are now visible, the mitotic spindle is formed, and Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell

77
Q

Organelle

A

specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells

78
Q

Excretory

A

removes waste from the body

79
Q

Apoptosis

A

the process of programmed cell death.

80
Q

Difference between Plant and Animal Cells

A

Plant: Cell wall, chloroplast, one prominent vacuole, no centrosome
Animal: cell membrane instead of a wall, no chloroplast, many non-prominent vacuoles, centrosome

81
Q

How Cells Differentiate and What Stem Cells Are

A

Through dividing (mitosis) stem cells are the cells capable of division

82
Q

How to Calculate Magification Properly

A
  1. Draw a Specimen
  2. Find the diameter of the Field of View (4.4mm)
  3. Multiply it by 0.1 (4.4mm x 0.1 = 0.44)
  4. Divide by an estimated guess of how many times the specimen can fit - actual size (0.44/4 = 0.11mm)
  5. Measure the width of your drawing (25mm)
  6. Find magnification by dividing the width of your drawing by the actual size (25mm/0.11=227x)
83
Q

Stages of Cell Life Cycle

A

(Interphase -G1, G2 and S), Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) and Cytokinesis

84
Q

Difference between Plant and Animal Mitosis

A
  1. Contain centrioles- which are made up of microtubules and help to form the spindle fibers.
  2. Upon telophase, the spindle fibers tighten around the cell membrane until the animal cell cleaves into two new cells.
    Plant cells
  3. Do not contain centrioles, but form a preprophase band made up of microtubules. It forms right before prophase, helps form the mitotic spindle.
  4. Upon telophase, a cell plate is formed between the two nuclei, which divides the cell wall and creates two new cells
85
Q

Animal and Plant Tissues and Where they are Found

A

Animal - connective tissue (between other tissues), muscle tissue (walls of organs), nervous tissue (brain, spinal cord, nerves), epithelial tissue (all inside and outside surfaces)
Plant - meristem tissue (root), dermal tissue (outer layer), ground tissue (arises from ground meristem)

86
Q

How Pollination Works

A

Pollen from a flower’s anthers (the male part of the plant) rubs or drops onto a pollinator. The pollinator then take this pollen to another flower, where the pollen sticks to the stigma (the female part). The fertilized flower later yields fruit and seeds.

87
Q

Organ systems and what they do

A 
Circulatory - moves blood around
Digestive - absorbs nutrients
Endocrine - regulates hormones
Excretory - gets rid of waste
Integumentary - protects body (skin)
Lymphatic/Immune - fights disease
Muscular - helps us move
Nervous - involuntary and voluntary actions
Reproductive - make babies
Skeletal - protection and movement
88
Q

Organs in each system

A 
Circulatory - heart
Digestive - intestine
Endocrine - thyroid gland
Excretory - bladder
Integumentary - skin
Lymphatic/Immune - lymph node
Muscular - muscle
Nervous - brain
Reproductive - uterus
Skeletal - bone
89
Q

How systems work together

A
  • the respiratory system relies on your circulatory system to deliver the oxygen it gathers, while the muscles of your heart cannot function without the oxygen they receive from your lungs
  • Your skeletal system relies on your urinary system to remove waste produced by bone cells; in return, the bones of your skeleton create structure that protects your bladder and other urinary system organs.
  • Your circulatory system delivers oxygen-rich blood to your bones. Meanwhile, your bones are busy making new blood cells.

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