Biology Unit Test Flashcards
Cell wall
surrounds and protects the cell
Nucleolus
contains the DNA
Centriole
Helps pull chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell
Cell membrane
surrounds and protects the cell
Centromere
where the spindle fibers attach
Cardiac muscle
involuntary striated muscle tissue found in the heart, is responsible for the ability of the heart to pump blood
Ground tissue
a plant tissue other than those of the dermal tissues and the vascular tissues, arises from the ground meristem, fills in the soft parts of the plants
Interphase
the first and longest phase in a cell’s life
Epiglottis
a small, movable “lid” above the larynx that prevents food and drink from entering your windpipe
Stamen
the pollen-producing part of a flower
Stem cells
the body’s raw materials, cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated, under the right conditions stem cells divide to form more cells called daughter cells
Gall bladder
a storage pouch for bile, a liquid that aids digestion
Crop
a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion
Metaphase
the middle of a cell’s life cycle, beginning of mitosis, everything lined up in the middle
Esophagus
the muscular tube that carries food and liquids from your mouth to the stomach
Cell plate
the structure found inside the dividing cells of plants
Anaphase
the second phase of mitosis where sister chromatids have split up
Digestion
the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients
Chloroplast
use energy from the sun to make food
Respiratory
the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe.
Centrosome
a cellular structure involved in the process of cell division, it duplicates and the two centrosomes move to opposite ends of the animal cell
Nervous
coordinates the body’s actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts
Connective tissue
tissue that supports, protects and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body
Phloem
vascular tissue that transports carbon (photosynthates) from the leaves to basal parts of the plant.
Peristalsis
a series of muscle contractions in your digestive tract
Arteries
blood vessels, carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and deliver it to various organs and tissues
Ovary
oval-shaped glands on either sides of uterus, produce and store your eggs
Pancreas
a flat gland that sits tucked behind the stomach in the upper abdomen, produces enzymes that help digestion
Liver
all the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver, processes this blood and breaks down, balances, and creates the nutrients
Vascular tissue
comprised of the xylem and the phloem, the main transport systems of plants
Integumentary
the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain (skin)
Reproductive
the tissues, glands, and organs involved in producing offspring
Cleavage furrow
the dividing wall between two new animal daughter cells in mitosis
Cytokinesis
the cell splitting in half to form two new cells, each with its own nuclei and DNA
Mitochondria
makes energy for the cell
Central vacuole
storage sack in plant cells
Skeletal tissue
provide support and protect the soft part of the body.
Lysosome
digest material in the cell
Musculoskeletal
provide movement and support for the body
Smooth muscle
provides involuntary movement for the body like breathing
G1 G2 S phases
interphase
Cancer
Cancer is a result of a haywire cell cycle, if genes are mutated in some way, they will not work properly, and cell division may become out of control, leading to cancer.
Diaphragm
helps with respiration, allows your chest to get bigger and smaller
Anther
the part of the stamen where pollen is produced
Organ
a collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function
Colon
removes water and some nutrients and electrolytes from partially digested food
Tumor
abnormal growth of body tissue
Homeostasis
a state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.
Spindle fibers
form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell
Equator
the boundary of a plane through which the division of a cell occurs
Chromosomes
DNA
Bronchi
two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs
Alveoli
where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out
Ribosome
make proteins
Xylem
transports water and nutrients from the soil to the stems and leaves
Veins
keeps blood in the body flowing in one direction
Stomach
Digests food
Petal
to attract pollinators, to protect the reproductive parts of a flower
Gills
a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water
Tissue
a biological organizational level between cells and a complete organ
Eukaryotic
organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
Telophase
the last phase of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes disperse into chromatin, and spindle fibres withdraw
Prokaryotic
organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles
Gizzard
grinds worm food
Microtubules
major components of the cytoskeleton, determine the shape of a cell
Trachea
the windpipe, connects your larynx (voice box) to your lungs
Chromatids
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division
Nasal cavity
a large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face
Nucleus
contains DNA
Meristematic
tissues in which the cells remain forever young and divide actively throughout the life of the plant
Dermal tissue
the outer protective layer of the primary plant body
Small intestine
where absorption of nutrients happens
Carcinogenic
having the potential to cause cancer.
Sepal
the outer parts of the flower.
Pistil
the female reproductive part of a flower.
Prophase
the first phase of mitosis in which the cell prepares for nuclear division by breaking down the nuclear envelope, the chromosomes condense and are now visible, the mitotic spindle is formed, and Centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell
Organelle
specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells
Excretory
removes waste from the body
Apoptosis
the process of programmed cell death.
Difference between Plant and Animal Cells
Plant: Cell wall, chloroplast, one prominent vacuole, no centrosome
Animal: cell membrane instead of a wall, no chloroplast, many non-prominent vacuoles, centrosome
How Cells Differentiate and What Stem Cells Are
Through dividing (mitosis) stem cells are the cells capable of division
How to Calculate Magification Properly
- Draw a Specimen
- Find the diameter of the Field of View (4.4mm)
- Multiply it by 0.1 (4.4mm x 0.1 = 0.44)
- Divide by an estimated guess of how many times the specimen can fit - actual size (0.44/4 = 0.11mm)
- Measure the width of your drawing (25mm)
- Find magnification by dividing the width of your drawing by the actual size (25mm/0.11=227x)
Stages of Cell Life Cycle
(Interphase -G1, G2 and S), Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) and Cytokinesis
Difference between Plant and Animal Mitosis
- Contain centrioles- which are made up of microtubules and help to form the spindle fibers.
- Upon telophase, the spindle fibers tighten around the cell membrane until the animal cell cleaves into two new cells.
Plant cells - Do not contain centrioles, but form a preprophase band made up of microtubules. It forms right before prophase, helps form the mitotic spindle.
- Upon telophase, a cell plate is formed between the two nuclei, which divides the cell wall and creates two new cells
Animal and Plant Tissues and Where they are Found
Animal - connective tissue (between other tissues), muscle tissue (walls of organs), nervous tissue (brain, spinal cord, nerves), epithelial tissue (all inside and outside surfaces)
Plant - meristem tissue (root), dermal tissue (outer layer), ground tissue (arises from ground meristem)
How Pollination Works
Pollen from a flower’s anthers (the male part of the plant) rubs or drops onto a pollinator. The pollinator then take this pollen to another flower, where the pollen sticks to the stigma (the female part). The fertilized flower later yields fruit and seeds.
Organ systems and what they do
Circulatory - moves blood around Digestive - absorbs nutrients Endocrine - regulates hormones Excretory - gets rid of waste Integumentary - protects body (skin) Lymphatic/Immune - fights disease Muscular - helps us move Nervous - involuntary and voluntary actions Reproductive - make babies Skeletal - protection and movement
Organs in each system
Circulatory - heart Digestive - intestine Endocrine - thyroid gland Excretory - bladder Integumentary - skin Lymphatic/Immune - lymph node Muscular - muscle Nervous - brain Reproductive - uterus Skeletal - bone
How systems work together
- the respiratory system relies on your circulatory system to deliver the oxygen it gathers, while the muscles of your heart cannot function without the oxygen they receive from your lungs
- Your skeletal system relies on your urinary system to remove waste produced by bone cells; in return, the bones of your skeleton create structure that protects your bladder and other urinary system organs.
- Your circulatory system delivers oxygen-rich blood to your bones. Meanwhile, your bones are busy making new blood cells.
