phase 2 endo Flashcards
how to remember addisons symptoms
“lean, tanned, tired, tearful”
what Abnormalty is seen in SIADH
hyponatraemia
1st line test for acromegaly
IGF-1
describe calcium in primary hyperparathyroidism
raised
what produces and secretes corticosteroids such as cortisol
Zona fasciculata
what does zona glomerulosa produce
mineralocorticoids e/g aldosterone
what does zona reticularis produce
produces and secretes androgens
what can corticosteroid withdrawal lead to
Secondary adrenal insufficiency
because the adrenal glands atrophy
types of cancers that can cause SIADH.
Small cell carcinoma
Prostate cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Lymphomas
Cancer of the thymus
hyperkalaemia signs/symptoms
Muscle weakness/ Painful cramping / Paraesthesia
Neurological derangement/ irritability/ anxiety
Palpitations
Abdo cramping and diarrhoea
Dyspnoea
Hyperreflexia
what is a loss of peripheral vision called
Bitemporal hemianopia – pressure on the optic chiasm from a pituitary adenoma
first line treatment for GH secreting pituitary adenoma
Transsphenoidal resection of the pituitary adenoma
how do thyroid adenomas usually present
as solitary thyroid nodules
first line test for cushings
Overnight dexamethasone suppression test
most common cause of Cushing’s Syndrome?
exogenous causes e.g. glucocorticoid use (corticosteroids)
which artery does the superior thyroid artery branch from?
) External carotid artery
what causes Hypercalcaemia of malignancy
by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone released
peptide (PTHrP)
What drug is commonly used to reduce thyroid hormone production? (
Carbimazole
how does carbimazole work
Blocks thyroid peroxidase from coupling and iodinating the tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, this
leads to decreased thyroid hormone production.
pathophysiology of Primary hyperthyroidism`
TSH-R autoantibodies formed (1) - Autostimulation of thyroid gland(1)`
signs of hyperthyroid disease
tachycardia, fine tremor, thin hair, ptosis, lid lag, opthalmoplegia, pretibial myxoedema, goitre,
medical treatments for hyperthyroidism
- Carbimazole, either titrated to effective dose or given concurrent with thyroxine to prevent iatrogenic hypothyroidism
- Beta-blockers (eg. propanolol) for rapid symptom control
- Radioiodine
What is HbA1C a measure of, and how often is it usually taken
Glycated haemoglobin, a form of haemoglobin that is measured to identify the three- month average plasma glucose concentration- accept glycated haemoglobin.
what hormone is decreased in conns syndrome
Renin, produced in the kidneys
hypokalameia ecg
- Prolongation of the PR interval
- T wave flattening and inversion
- ST depression
- Prominent U waves (best seen in the precordial leads)
two places where alpha adrenorecptors can be found and what it does there
Blood vessels; Constricts
Sphincters (e.g bladder neck); Contracts
two places where beta adrenergic receptors are found and what they do there
Beta 1 - contract heart muscle
Beta 2 - bronchodilation of airways
How to avoid hypertensive crisis in surgery for phaechromocytoms
Give phentolamine (an Alpha receptor blocker)
why does a dopamine blocker cause hyperprolactinoma
Prolactin is inhibited by dopamine so the use of a dopamine blocker will cause prolactin levels to increase due to the reduced inhibition
first line treatment for hyperprolactinoma
a dopamine agonist such as bromocriptine or cabergoline
gold standard treatment for hyperprolactinom
transsphenoidal surgery and removal of the tumour
classic triad of symptoms for t1dm
polydipsia, polyuria and weight loss
