phase 2 endo

Question 1

how to remember addisons symptoms

Answer 1

“lean, tanned, tired, tearful”

Question 2

what Abnormalty is seen in SIADH

Answer 2

hyponatraemia

Question 3

1st line test for acromegaly

Answer 3

IGF-1

Question 4

describe calcium in primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 4

raised

Question 5

what produces and secretes corticosteroids such as cortisol

Answer 5

Zona fasciculata

Question 6

what does zona glomerulosa produce

Answer 6

mineralocorticoids e/g aldosterone

Question 7

what does zona reticularis produce

Answer 7

produces and secretes androgens

Question 8

what can corticosteroid withdrawal lead to

Answer 8

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

because the adrenal glands atrophy

Question 9

types of cancers that can cause SIADH.

Answer 9

Small cell carcinoma
Prostate cancer
Pancreatic cancer
Lymphomas
Cancer of the thymus

Question 10

hyperkalaemia signs/symptoms

Answer 10

Muscle weakness/ Painful cramping / Paraesthesia
Neurological derangement/ irritability/ anxiety
Palpitations
Abdo cramping and diarrhoea
Dyspnoea
Hyperreflexia

Question 11

what is a loss of peripheral vision called

Answer 11

Bitemporal hemianopia – pressure on the optic chiasm from a pituitary adenoma

Question 12

first line treatment for GH secreting pituitary adenoma

Answer 12

Transsphenoidal resection of the pituitary adenoma

Question 13

how do thyroid adenomas usually present

Answer 13

as solitary thyroid nodules

Question 14

first line test for cushings

Answer 14

Overnight dexamethasone suppression test

Question 15

most common cause of Cushing’s Syndrome?

Answer 15

exogenous causes e.g. glucocorticoid use (corticosteroids)

Question 16

which artery does the superior thyroid artery branch from?

Answer 16

) External carotid artery

Question 17

what causes Hypercalcaemia of malignancy

Answer 17

by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone released
peptide (PTHrP)

Question 18

What drug is commonly used to reduce thyroid hormone production? (

Answer 18

Carbimazole

Question 19

how does carbimazole work

Answer 19

Blocks thyroid peroxidase from coupling and iodinating the tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, this
leads to decreased thyroid hormone production.

Question 20

pathophysiology of Primary hyperthyroidism`

Answer 20

TSH-R autoantibodies formed (1) - Autostimulation of thyroid gland(1)`

Question 21

signs of hyperthyroid disease

Answer 21

tachycardia, fine tremor, thin hair, ptosis, lid lag, opthalmoplegia, pretibial myxoedema, goitre,

Question 22

medical treatments for hyperthyroidism

Answer 22

• Carbimazole, either titrated to effective dose or given concurrent with thyroxine to prevent iatrogenic hypothyroidism
• Beta-blockers (eg. propanolol) for rapid symptom control
• Radioiodine

Question 23

What is HbA1C a measure of, and how often is it usually taken

Answer 23

Glycated haemoglobin, a form of haemoglobin that is measured to identify the three- month average plasma glucose concentration- accept glycated haemoglobin.

Question 24

what hormone is decreased in conns syndrome

Answer 24

Renin, produced in the kidneys

Question 25

hypokalameia ecg

Answer 25

• Prolongation of the PR interval
• T wave flattening and inversion
• ST depression
• Prominent U waves (best seen in the precordial leads)

Question 26

two places where alpha adrenorecptors can be found and what it does there

Answer 26

Blood vessels; Constricts

Sphincters (e.g bladder neck); Contracts

Question 27

two places where beta adrenergic receptors are found and what they do there

Answer 27

Beta 1 - contract heart muscle

Beta 2 - bronchodilation of airways

Question 28

How to avoid hypertensive crisis in surgery for phaechromocytoms

Answer 28

Give phentolamine (an Alpha receptor blocker)

Question 29

why does a dopamine blocker cause hyperprolactinoma

Answer 29

Prolactin is inhibited by dopamine so the use of a dopamine blocker will cause prolactin levels to increase due to the reduced inhibition

Question 30

first line treatment for hyperprolactinoma

Answer 30

a dopamine agonist such as bromocriptine or cabergoline

Question 31

gold standard treatment for hyperprolactinom

Answer 31

transsphenoidal surgery and removal of the tumour

Question 32

classic triad of symptoms for t1dm

Answer 32

polydipsia, polyuria and weight loss