phase 1 sba and saq Flashcards
what is transceullar space
transcellular fluid is the portion of total body water contained within the epithelial-lined spaces
it is about 2.5% of the total body water.
0.5L
What is the diameter of a tubulin filament
25nm
the medulla oblongata is derived from which embryonic structure
myelenecephalon
Which receptor is most associated with increasing heart rate when acetylcholine binds
Beta-1
General sensation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is by what nerve
mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
does thyroxine increase ADH
no
actions of thyroxine
Fatty acid mobilisation
Increased bone resorption
Formation of oligodendrocytes
Increased carbohydrate absorption
What hormone would be released in response to reduced blood volume
Vasopressin
What level of the vertebral column situates the thyroid gland?
C5-T1
From which blood vessel does the liver receive most of its blood supply
Portal Vein
The ‘functional unit of the liver’ most commonly refers to what?
lobule
Which of these is stored in the liver and is a core component of haemoglobin thus essential for RBC formation?
iron
Roughly how long do vitamin B12 stores in the liver last for
3-5 years
In the urea cycle, what enzyme converts arginine → ornithine + urea
Arginase
Which disease is a result of a single nucleotide polymorphism
Sickle cell disease
patient has sickle cell disease. This patients parents and sibling don’t have the disease. What is the chance that the sibling is a carrier
66%
Where in the respiratory tract is the greatest resistance to airflow?
bronchi
Which cell type in the liver is the site of bilirubin conjugation?
Hepatocyte
which cells make renin
juxtaglomerular cells in kidney
What day of fertilisation does the blastocyst form?
5
Where is the SAN present
crista terminalis
Closure of the mitral valve is indicated by what on a sinus ECG
QRS complex
what inhibits prolactin release
Dopamine
What division of the spermatogenesis cycle forms secondary spermatocytes?
Meiosis I
What is the average lifespan of a platelet
7-10 days
How many layers are present in gas exchange
7
What law dictates that more gas will dissolve in tissues of the body at depth
henrys
decrease in H+ ions in the blood will move the dissociation curve which way
left
A BMI of 19.2 is considered what
normal
Where is leptin released from and what is its function
Adipose tissue - promotes satiety
is chicken pox a notifiable disease
no
What effect does and increase in CO have on the dissociation curve?
Shifts curve left, increased O2 unloading at tissues
According to the Gell and Coombs classification which hypersensitivity reaction involves only IgG antibodies?
Type 3
What is the correct definition of Absolute risk?
The ability of a test to rule out false positives
What is the enzyme that converts succinate to fumarate
succinate synthase
Which report released in the 1980s identified 4 theories for health inequalities which consisted of artifact, selection, behavioral/cultural and structural?
Black report (1) – showed a great detail of how ill-health and death is unequally distributed among the population of Britain
What ethical theory would support a patient dying for their organs to be used to save the lives of 5 other patients?
Utilitarianism/Consequentialism (1) – judges act on the end result- maximize lives saved, allow: survival lottery
Briefly explain the process of neurotransmitter release across the synapse, starting from the action potential arriving at the presynaptic neuron
Calcium ion channels open when an action potential reaches the pre-synaptic terminal (1)
- Ca2+ ions cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter to fuse with the membrane and release their contents (1)
- Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and attaches to receptor sites on the post-synaptic membrane (1)
Name 2 neuromodulators (slower acting
Dopamine (0.5), Serotonin (0.5), Noradrenaline
List 3 protective mechanism of gastric mucosa
Alkaline mucus on luminal surface, tight junctions between epithelial cells, replacement of damaged cells with stem cells to produce new cells
List the role of pepsin in protein digestion
Breaks down collagen in meat helping to increase the surface area for digestion, accelerated protein digestion, essential for vit B-12 in the small intestine
volumes of stomach
1.5l when eating minus 50ml when empty
List two causes of delayed gastric emptying
Idiopathic, abdominal surgeries, autonomic neuropathies, parkinsons
The liver produces bile which is then secreted into the GI tract, give 2 functions of bile
Emulsifies fats/ aids digestion of fats (1 mark), Excretion of certain drugs/toxins
what regulates TSH
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Name two other hormones released by the hypothalamus that stimulate the anterior pituitary.
CRH. GHRH. GnRH.
function of type 1 pneumocytes
allows gas exchange
What connects adjacent alveoli that allows movement of macrophages
Pores of Kohn
In a healthy patient, roughly what is their tidal volume (
500ml
What enzyme converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 and where is it produced
Angiotensin converting enzyme - produced in the lungs
What are 4 functions of the skeleton (
mineral storage, protection, movement/lever system, maintains body shape, supports against gravity, contains bone marrow - allows its function, transmits weight
osteoblast function
secretes osteoid that gets mineralised and builds bone
oesteoclast function
resorbs bone by dissolving the mineralised matrix
what stain may be used to detect iron
Perls’s prussian blue
what are 4 different types of joints found in the body
hinge, pivot, plane, ball and socket, condyloid, saddle
if a patient has lost a lot of water, what will detect this and where are these found
osmoreceptors - found in the hypothalamus
If a patient is hypovolemic, ADH will be released, where is this produced and what cells does it act on
produced in the hypothalamus (released from the pituitary) and acts on the principle cells in the collecting duct
What type of protein structure would zinc fingers, helix-turn-helix and beta-alpha-beta be classed as
Super-secondary
In a 70kg male, how many litres of the total body water distribution are accounted for by the interstitial fluid?
11L
. What point on an ECG corresponds to the plateau (phase 2) of the action potential of myocytes?
ST Segment
what has a similar function to ANP?
Adrenaline acting on α2 receptor
The activation of baroreceptors would cause what
Decreased ADH
Define the functional residual capacity
The volume of air present in lungs after a passive expiration
. Which part of the anatomic dead space has got the largest area?
Trachea
. Which epithelium lines the vocal foldss
Stratified squamous
components of saliva?
Alpha-amylase and lingual lipase
Mucin and muramidase
Bicarbonate and magnesium
Lactoferrin and ABO blood group substances
Scurvy is a condition that results from a diet deficient in a particular vitamin. What vitamin is this?
c
where is mcburneyrs point
Right side of the abdomen that is one-third of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus.
Which enzyme hydrolyses triglycerides?
Lipoprotein lipase
Where is the main site of exocrine secretion within the pancreas?
pancreatic acini
which areas of the pancreas does the ventral pancreatic bud form
Uncinate process, main pancreatic duct and pancreatic head
what are renshaw cells
a specialised population of interneurons that are stimulated by alpha motor neurons and through a feedback system can be inhibited by alpha motor neurons causing autoinhibition.
what decreases in pregnancy
TPR
Why does menopause increase FSH
ue to lack of negative feedback from oestrogen. Whilst there is initially a rapid increase in oestrogen from existing follicles, when these have depleted the increase in FSH no longer stimulates oestrogen release. LH increases, not decreases, due to lack of negative feedback from oestrogen. There is a decline of inhibin which causes further FSH increase.
What do urethral folds develop into
The urethral folds develop into labia minora in females, as well as the corpus spongiosum enclosing the urethra in males.
what does genital tuebcle form
he glans penis in males and the clitoris in females.
what do The labioscrotal folds form
fuse to form the scrotum and ventral penis in males, and the labia majora in females.
Which cells in the kidney tubule are responsible for controlling acid-base balance?
Intercalated cells
Type A control H+ concentration and type B control HCO3- concentration.
where do kidneys develop
the kidneys develop low in the pelvis and ascend.
floor of anatomical snuffbox
scaphoid bone
what causes pelvis drop on right side
weakness on the left side. The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus prevent pelvic drop, and they are innervated by the superior gluteal nerve.
where do monocytes orignate from
hematopoetic stem celsl
collagen structure type IV
Type IV collagen has a non-fibrillar structure
Which part of the gastrointestinal tract normally absorbs the most fluid?
jejunum
what does stimulation of the carotid sinus cause
Reduced blood pressure
does Local nitric oxide release ovveride central control of bp
yes
purpose of coughing?
To move material from the vocal cords to the pharynx
what joins type 1 pneumocytes
tight junctions
what provides the greatest stimulus to increase breathing rate?
High concentration of brain carbon dioxide
Expiration or exhalation is the process of letting air out of the lungs during the breathing cycle. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for this process
Elastic recoil of the lung
how much is hameoglobin saturated throghout the capillary
25%
what does exocrine pancreas secrete
trypsinogen
fat soluble vitamin
retinol
function of pepsin
hydrolyses bonds between aromatic amino acids
In which of the following steps in aerobic glycolysis is adenosine triphosphate produced?
Conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
example of trace element
manganese
A large number of people at a small risk may give rise to more cases of disease than the small number who are at a high risk. Which public health term best describes this scenario?
prevention paradox
During an outbreak we can estimate the probability of an individual developing a particular disease in a particular time period. Which of the following terms best describes this probabilit
absolute risk
Six hundred and ninety-eight elderly people prescribed iron supplements were surveyed and 189 reported symptoms of constipation. Which term describes the level of this condition in this population?
prevalence
There are large geographical inequalities in mortality and morbidity in the UK: Tudor-Hart (1970) suggested that access to health care tends not to be proportionate to the actual need for care in the population served. Which term below best describes this concept?
inverse care law
function of neuronal synaptic clefts
Allow neurons to signal to each other and other types of cells
where do first order olfactory neurones synapse
olfactory bulb
what supplies The external vesical sphincter (micturition)
pundendal nerve
Damage to the LEFT VIth cranial nerve causes double vision. Which of the following is the most likely problem for the patient?
Double vision which is worse when looking to the left`
Some psychiatric diagnoses are associated with issues of either ‘over-control’ or ‘under-control’. Which of the following behaviours would be typical of an individual with ‘over-control’ traits
Good at delayed gratification
where are microglia found
in the meninges, brain parenchyma and vasculature`
A right-handed person has an occlusion (blockage) of their right middle cerebral artery? Which of the following would likely result from the occlusion?
Paralysis or weakness, and sensory loss on the left hand side of the body`
Awareness of pain is associated with activity in which region of the brain?
0/1
pre frontal cortex
Calcitonin is produced in ‘C-cells’ and is involved in calcium homeostasis. In which of the following are ‘C-cells’ located?
0/1
thyroud gland
Which is the primary physiological change that results in the menopause
Reduced production of oestradiol (estradiol) and inhibin B by the ovary
After embryo implantation the luteal phase supports the early days of the pregnancy through production of a hormone. Which hormone is produced?
0/1
progesterone
into which of the following does Type B spermatogonium develop
primary spermatocytes
The micturition cycle has two distinct phases, storage and voiding. What is the primary event in the switch from storage to voiding?
0/1
Relaxation of the urethral sphincter
A 50 year old alcoholic man presents with bilateral peripheral oedema. Blood tests show raised liver enzymes, a low sodium level and a low albumin. Which alteration in normal physiology explains his oedema?
Reduced resorption of tissue fluid due to low plasma osmotic pressure
describe muscle spindles
They are innervated by γ (gamma) motor-neurons and detect the amount and rate of change of muscle length
feature of cardiac muscle
intercalated discs
What is the Na+/K+ -ATPase an example of?
Primary active transport
Enolase converts which substrate into phosphoenolpyruvate in glycolysis?
*
0/1
2-phosphoglycerate
Which enzyme is involved in the production of FADH2 in the Krebs’ cycle?
Succinate dehydrogenase
in which cell type are you most likely to find a perinuclear huff?
Plasma cell
nucelus of monocytes
a reniform (kidney bean-shaped) nucleus
Which artery is the main supply to the atrioventricular node (AVN)?
Posterior interventricular artery
The maxillary artery arises from which of the aortic arches?
1
What does the bulbus cordis develop into?
bulbus cordis develops into the right ventricle.
. Respiratory epithelium is found in many parts of the respiratory tract but is not found in which of the following?
Bronchioles - ciliated columnar epithelium with a few goblet cells & Clara cells
function of the periciliary fluid?
It keeps the mucous at an optimum distance from the epithelia
What is the purpose of exhaled nitric oxide test
ndirect measuring of airway inflammation
What percentage of the surface area of an alveoli does a type 1 pneumocyte usually make up?
90%
What percentage of fluid is absorbed in the small intestine
80%
etween which chambers of the heart is the foramen ovale located?
left and right atria
define penetrance
Proportion of people with a gene/genotype who show the expected phenotype
Where does haematopoiesis occur in an adult and where does it occur in a foetus?
Adult = axial bone marrow (1 mark)
*Foetus = one of: yolk sac OR liver OR spleen
Name a method that can be used to measure total lung capacity.
Gas dilution OR total body plethysmography
What type of prevention is smoking cessation with regards to lung cancer?
primary
where are melanocytes
stratum basale
In the blood supply to the kidneys, which vessel follows the interlobar artery?
arcuate artery
renal artery –> segmental artery –> interlobar
artery –> arcuate artery –> interlobular artery –> afferent arteriole –> glomerular capillary –>
efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillary
Which vertebral levels do the kidneys sit between?
T12-L3,
Rebecca is a 22 year old who has been rushed into hospital with a severe
everything is reduced, as FEV1 is majorly reduced (<80%) and FVC is reduced to a lesser
extent, meaning the FEV1/FVC ratio is also overall reduced.
Which type of white blood cell lives for 1-2 days, has a granular histological
appearance and releases histamine?
basophils
51: Arteries and veins have many of the same layers, which of the following does an
artery have but a vein lacks?
veins do not have external elastic lamina
Which substrate, produced from the breakdown of adipocytes, can be used for
gluconeogenesis?
glycerol
Which enzyme catalyses the rate-limiting step of the urea cycle?
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
resting potential of myocardial cells
-90mV
At which vertebral level does the renal artery come off the abdominal aorta?
L1 (or L2) vertebral body level.
define hyper-osmolality
a condition in which the blood has a high concentration of salt (sodium), glucose, and other substances
Where is rRNA synthesised in the cell
nucleolus
In which type of cells would you find desmin
muscle cells
when does primitive streak appear
week 3
what collagen in bone
type 1
How would you calculate the total peripheral resistance?
TPR = MAP/CO
In which of the cardiac layers can Purkinje fibres be found?
endocardium - the innermost layer of the heart
Which structure allows transmission and equilibrium of air pressure between the alveoli?
pores of kohn
definition of a “generator potential”
All graded, non-propagated potential changes seen in sensory end organs
muscle layers of stomach
the stomach has 3 muscle layers: oblique, circular and longitudinal
how is glucose absorbed
through a sodium dependent carrier system
which molecule transports the most copper around the body
ceruloplasmin transports most of the copper, albumin transports some
How many millilitres of pure alcohol is in 1 UK unit of alcoho
10 ml
which molecule decreases satiety
Ghrelin increases hunger ( decreases satiety
what causes yellow urine
urobilin
What does the vas deferens pass over at the posterior aspect of the bladder
Ureters
Where is the only place in the body where you can find a double layer of stratified columnar cells
conjuctiva of the eyelid
in which cells would you find Reinke’s crystalloids
Leydig cells
Where is EPO produced?
by the interstitial cells of the renal cortex
Which type of bone is most numerous in the human body?
long bones
function of osteocytes?
Regulate bone mass and maintenance of bone
Which nerve is compressed in tarsal tunnel?
tibisl
how much of pancreas is exocrine
80 - 85% digestive enzymes
how much of pancreas is endocrine
1-2%
insulin & glycogen
which ducts in pancreas
intercalated
main component of liver
hepatocytes & sinusoidal
aterioles
portal triads
compare thyroid and parathyroud histology
thyroid - lobulated
parathyroid - poorly defines lobules, within capsule of thyroid
