Pharmacology- Other Systems Flashcards
What is Enteral Administration of drugs?
involves the use of the GI tract for drug admintistration
What is Parenteral Administration of drugs?
any form of drug administration that does not use the GI tract
What are the drawbacks of oral drug administration?
must be lipid-soluble
has to be filtered by the liver before reaching target
Why would sublingual medications be faster acting than oral?
It is absorbed under the tongue and taken immediately into the circulatory system and into the heart thus bypassing the liver
Which method of administration of drugs is absorbed by the body more easily, sublingual or rectal?
Sublingual
What is the difference between topical and transdermal drug administration?
both are put directly on the skin but topical agents are used for superficial conditions such as a rash or cut while transdermal aims to have a slow absorption of a drug through the skin into the circulatory system
What is an intrathecal injection?
injecting a drug into a sheath such as the subarachnoid space of the spinal meninges to bypass the blood brain barrier for CNS drugs
What is Bioavailability?
percentage of a drug that makes it into the systemic circulation from the site of original administration, (drugs injected intravenously are 100% bioavailable)
What is the Dose-Response Curve?
a graphic representing how the more medication is used the body response increases but only up to a certain point at which point it plateaus
can be used to compare the potency of two drugs
What are pharmacodynamics?
the study of how a drug exerts it therapeutic effect on the body at the cellular or organ level
What are pharmacotherapuetics?
division of pharmacology that deals with the use of drugs for preventing, treating, and diagnosing diseases
What is the therapeutic index?
a measurement of the safety of a drug which is calculated as a ratio to compare the effectiveness of a drug against it’s lethal effects, lower TI scores are worse
What is the Action of Bone Mineral Regulating Agents?
attempt to enhance and maximize bone mass along with preventing bone loss or rate of bone reabsorption and can include estrogens, calcium and vitamin D, bisphophonates, calcitonin, and anabolic agents
What is the action of Hormone Replacements Agents?
restore normal endocrine function when endogenous production of a particular hormone is deficient or absent
What is the action of Hyperfunction Agents?
manage hyperactive endocrine function to allow for inhibition of hormone function, which is accomplished through negative feedback loops or through hormone antagonists
What is the action of Antacid Agents?
used to chemically neutralize gastric acid and increase the intragastric pH
classified as aluminum containing, calcium carbonate containing, magnesium containing, or sodium bicarbonate containing
When are antibiotics usually prescribed for GI issues?
for issues with an H. Pylori infection with the goal of facilitating more rapid healing of associated gastric ulcerations
What is the action of anticholinergics in the GI system?
block the effects of acetylcholine on parietal cells in the stomach and decrease the release of gastric acid
What is the action of antidiarrheal againts?
used to slow the serious debilitating effects of dehydration associated with prolonged diarrhea
What is the action of Antiemetic Agents in the GI system?
used to decrease symptoms of nausea and vomiting
What is the action of Emetic Agents in the GI system?
used to induce vomiting
What is the action of H2 Receptor Blockers in the GI system?
bind specifically to histamine receptors to prevent the histamine-activated release of gastric acid normally stimulated during food intake
used for peptic ulcers and GERD
What is the action of laxative agents?
used to facilitate bowel evacuation and should be used sparingly
What is the action of Proton Pump Inhibitors in the GI system?
inhibit the H+/K+ -ATPase enzyme, blocking secretions of acid from gastric cells into the stomach to prevent erosive esophagitis and may also possess antibacterial effects against H. pylori
Used for GERD
What is the action of Overactive Bladder Agents?
relieve the symptoms of an overactive bladder which is noted by involuntary contractions of the bladder
What is the action of Urinary Anti-infective Agents?
treat urinary tract infections but are not traditional antibiotics or sulfonamide agents, these can be used independently or in combination to treat UTIs
What is the action of Alkylating Agents for Oncology?
bind the DNA strands together to prevent replication, if the DNA cannot untwist then it cannot divide and replicate it’s genetic code, these agents help initiate cell death by altering DNA function and releasing enzymes which destroy the cell
Why are some antibiotic agents used to fight cancer?
due to their high toxicity and ability to interfere with RNA and DNA synthesis and subsequent cell division
What is the action of antimetabolite agents for oncology?
impairs biosynthesis of genetic material and interrupt the cellular pathways that synthesize DNA and RNA, these agents create an impostor to the endogenous metabolites within the body to form a nonfunctional genetic product that is incapable of reproduction
How are Heavy Metal Compounds used in Oncology?
used as antineoplastic agents which act as alkylating agents that inhibit DNA translation and replication
How are Hormones used in Oncology pharmacology?
some hormones can exacerbate or facilitate proliferation of some forms of cancer while others can attenuate some cancers, hormones can be used as an adjunct treatment alongside more specific treatment
What is the action of Antianxiety Agents?
they collectively target the CNS through facilitating GABA effects or targeting dopamine and serotonin within the brain
What is the action of Antidepressant Agents?
attempt to increase aminergic transmission and normalize neurotransmission activity
What is the action of Antipsychotic Agents?
block dopamine receptors and reduce the overactivity of dopamine typically transmitted in areas such as the limbic system, agent will bind with dopamine receptor but allow for activation
What is the action of Bipolar Disorder Agents?
focus on preventing manic episodes in order to avoid extreme mood swings, primarily using lithium
