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GI > pharmacology > Flashcards

pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What do mucus cells secrete?

A

mucus and bicarbonate

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2
Q

what do parietal cells secrete?

A

hydrochloric acid

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3
Q

what do enterochromaffin cells secrete?

A

histamine

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4
Q

what do G cells secrete?

A

gastrin

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5
Q

What do D cells secrete?

A

somatostatin

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6
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen

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7
Q

Role of chloride bicarbonate exchanger?

A

It transports bicarbonate out of the cell and into the blood and chlorine out of the blood and into the cell.

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8
Q

Role of chloride potassium symport?

A

transports potassium and chloride out of the cell into the lumen

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9
Q

What is the role of H+/K+ ATPase (proton pump) ?

A

transports H+ out of the cell and into the lumen and it transports potassium from the lumen into the cell

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10
Q

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase?

A

Its the enzyme that plays a role in the rection of CO2 + H2O= H2CO3-

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11
Q

When is histamine released?

A

enterochromaffin like cells secrete histamine in response to stimulation by acetylcholine

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12
Q

What receptors does histamine bind to?

A

H2 receptors

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13
Q

What does the binding of histamine to H2 receptors trigger?

A

activation of adenylyl cyclase

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14
Q

What does activation of adenylyl cyclase trigger?

A

an increase in cAMP

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15
Q

What does an increase in cAMP trigger?

A

an increase in the number of proton pumps, increasing gastric acid secretion from parietal cells

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16
Q

What is ACh released by?

A

parasympathetic cholinergic neurons

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17
Q

What does ACh bind to?

A

muscarinic (M3) ACh receptors on parietal cells

18
Q

What happens when ACh binds to the M3 ACh receptors on the parietal cells?

A

Phospholipase C (PLC) is activated

19
Q

What does phospholipase C do?

A

It increases intracellular Ca2+ levels

20
Q

What does an increase of intracellular Ca2+ lead to?

A

a number of signalling pathways which leads to an increase in proton pumps and so an increase in the gastric acid secretion (hydrochloric acid) by the parietal cells

21
Q

What does gastrin bind to?

A

CCK2 receptors on parietal cells

22
Q

What does the binding of gastrin to CCK2 receptor cells trigger?

A

activation of phospholipase C

23
Q

Where are enterochromaffin, D and G cells located?

A

the gastric glands

24
Q

What does somatostatin bind to?

A

SST2R receptors

25
Q

What does binding of somatostatin to SST2R receptors in parietal cells trigger?

A

inhibition of adenylyl cyclase

26
Q

What does decrease in adenyly cyclase lead to?

A

decrease in cAMP, decrease in proton pumps and decrease in gastric acid secretion

27
Q

What does binding of somatostatin to SST2R receptors on enterochromaffin cells lead to ?

A

reduce histamine release

28
Q

what does reduced histamine release cause?

A

decrease in activated adenylyl cyclase, so decrease cAMP and decrease in number of proton pumps and so causing a decrease in the gastric acid secreted by parietal cells

29
Q

What are examples of antiacids?

A

Gaviscon and peptac

30
Q

How to antiacids work?

A

they reduce the symprotms of excessive gastric acid by buffering HCl, this is done by them binding to the excess hydrogen greating H2CO3 which then becomes CO2 and H2O

31
Q

Describe what effect do NSAIDS have on gastric secretion?

A

NSAIDS inhibit COX-1 decreasing production of prostaglandins, triggering histamine to be produced from the enterochromaffin cells which promotes HCl secretion from the parietal cells

32
Q

What medication can be given to prevent NSAID induced peptic ulcer?

A

Misoprostol

33
Q

What is misoprostol similar to?

A

Prostaglandin E1

34
Q

What are the side effects of misoprostol?

A

abdominal pain, diarrhoea, may induce labour

35
Q

What are examples of proton pump inhibitors?

A

Lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole

36
Q

What effect do PPIs have?

A

irreversibly inhibit H+/K+ ATPase pump, leading to reduction of HCl secretion

37
Q

When are PPIs used?

A

for benign gastric ulceration, NSAID gastric ulceration, gastro- oesophageal reflux disease and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

38
Q

What are the side effects of PPIs?

A

they reduce the pH in stomach, reducing defecne against infection via the GI tract

39
Q

What are examples of histamine antagonists?

A

ranitidine, cimetidine, famotidine, and nizatidine

40
Q

What do histamine antagonists do?

A

Block the H2 receptors, eventually leading to decrease in HCl

41
Q

When are histamine antagonsits used?

A

benign gastric ulceration and NSAID gastric ulceration

GI (34 decks)

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