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GI > mix of GI diseases > Flashcards

mix of GI diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what can H. pylori infection cause?

A
  • inflammation
  • peptic ulcer
  • gastric cancer
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2
Q

How can H.pylori be detected?

A
  • serological tests
  • C urea breath test
  • Stool antigen test
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3
Q

what is used to predict if a patient has appendicitis?

A 
Alvarado score, calculated using MANTRELS (out of 10)
<5=unlikely
5-6= possible
7-8= likely
8-9= very likely
Migration to RIF (1)
Anorexia (1)
Nausea and vomiting (1)
Tenderness in RIF (2)
Rebound pain (1)
Elevated temp (1)
Leucocytes (1)
Shift of white blood cell count to the left (1)
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4
Q

what is acute appendicitis?

A

inflammation of the appendix

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5
Q

what causes appendicitis?

A
  • most of time unknown
  • fecaliths
  • viral/bacterial infection
  • parasites
  • lymphoid hyperplasia
  • tumours
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6
Q

presentation of appendicitis?

A

MANTRELS
Pain in middle of abdomen that may come or go, within hours pain travels to lower right hand side and becomes constant and severe, pain may get worse when pressing the area/walking/ coughing

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7
Q

investigations for acute appendicitis?

A
  • clinical diagnosis
  • USS
  • bloods (neutrophil and leucocytes and elevated CRP)
  • CT may be useful if unclear
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8
Q

management of appendicitis?

A
  • analgesia (pain relief) and antipyretic (reduces fever)
  • ABs (piperacillin/ Tazobactam)

Appendectomy ideally laparascopically

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9
Q

what is cause of achalasia?

A

damage to myenteric plexus of oesophagus

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10
Q

what is achalasia?

A

esophageal aperistalisis and impaired relaxation of LOS

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11
Q

investigations of achalasia?

A
  • Ba swallow
  • CXR
  • endoscopy (endoscope will pass easily through LOS)
  • manometry (pressure check)
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12
Q

treatment of achalasia?

A
  • CCB
  • nitrates
  • antacids
  • balloon stent
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13
Q

what is dyspepsia?

A

indigestion

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14
Q

ALARM symptoms- dyspepsia

A
  • vomiting
  • dysphagia
  • weight loss
  • anorexia
  • haematemesis or malaena
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15
Q

where is gastric cancer derived from?

A

mucose secreting cells

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16
Q

types of gastric cancer?

A

intestinal (type 1) cancer and diffuse (type 2) cancer

17
Q

difference between intestinal and diffuse gastric cancer?

A

intestinal

  • arises from areas of intestinal metaplasia
  • strong association with H.pylori
  • most likely to involve distal stomach

Diffuse

  • arises from areas of normal gastric mucosa
  • occurs in younger population
  • similar frequency through out the body
18
Q

symptoms of gastric cancer?

A

early- usually asymptomatic

Advanced

  • weight loss
  • ulcer like pain
  • anorexia
  • nausea
  • early satiety
  • upper GI bleeding
  • dyspepsia
  • anaemia
19
Q

signs of gastric adenocarcinoma?

A

anaemia and palpable epigastric mass

20
Q

investigations of gastric adenocarcinoma?

A
  • endoscopy with biopsies
  • CT for staging
  • laparoscopy to determine if patient is suitable for surgery to exclude serosal disease
21
Q

treatment for adenocarcinoma?

A

surgery

palliative care

22
Q

most common cause of upper GI bleed?

A

peptic ulcers

23
Q

what do patients with chronic GI bleeding usually present with?

A

anaemia

24
Q

definition of diarrhoea

A

-more than three lose stools in 24 hours

25
Q

what is IBS?

A

bowel disorder characterised by recurrent abdominal pain and abnormal defecation in the absence of a structural abnormality of the gut

26
Q

How is IBS diagnosed?

A

-clinical diagnosis

there should be at least one day per week in 3 months that recurrent abdominal pain is associated with two or more of :

  • related to defecation
  • onset associated with a change in frequency of stool
  • onset associated with change in appearance of stool
27
Q

Management of IBS-D?

A 
1.Positive diagnosis and
reassurance
2. Diet: avoid sorbital, 
sweeteners, caffeine and 
alcohol, reduce fibre intake,
trial low FODMAP/gluten 
free
3. Antidiarrheal drugs: loperamide, codeine phosphate, cholestyramine
4. Anti depressants (low 
dose): amitriptyline
5. Antibiotic: rifamixin
28
Q

what is hemangioma?

A

the most common benign liver tumour world wide

29
Q

who is hemangioma more common in?

A

females> males

GI (34 decks)

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