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GI > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Role of mouth and pharynx

A

to chop and lubricate food, starting carbohydrate digestion, delivering food to the oesophagus

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2
Q

Role of the oesophagus

A

to propel food to the stomach

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3
Q

Role of the stomach

A

Stores/churns food, continues carbohydrate digestion, initiates protein digestion, regulates delivery of chyme to duodenum

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4
Q

Role of small intestine

A

principle site of digestion and absorption of nutrients

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5
Q

Role of large intestine

A

Colon reabsorbs fluids and electrolytes, stores faecal matter before delivery to rectum

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6
Q

Role of rectum anal canal and anus

A

regulates expulsion of faeces

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7
Q

What are the accessory structures?

A

Salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver and gall bladder

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8
Q

What is the mucosa of the digestive tract?

A

the inner part of the wall, it is a mucous membrane containing epithelial cells, exocrine and endocrine glands

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9
Q

what is the submucosa?

A

thick later of loose connective tissue that surrounds the mucosa, it contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and the submucosa plexus (neurone network)

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10
Q

What is the muscular external?

A

it has an inner circular muscle layer and a longitudinal outer muscles layer, it contains the myenteric plexus which is a neutron network and is responsible for the segmental contractions and peristaltic movement in the GI tract

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11
Q

What is the serosa?

A

the outermost layer, made up of loose connective tissue

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12
Q

What are the four major functions of the alimentary canal?

A

Motility, secretion, digestion and absorption

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13
Q

What is meant by motility in the alimentary canal?

A

Mechanical activity mostly involving smooth muscle (skeletal at mouth, pharynx, upper oesophagus and external anal sphincter)

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14
Q

What is meant by secretion in the alimentary canal?

A

Into the lumen of the digestive tract from itself and accessory structures in response to the presence of food, hormonal and neural signals. Required for digestion, protection and lubrication.

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15
Q

What is meant by digestion in the alimentary canal?

A

The chemical breakdown of enzymatic hydrolysis of complex food to smaller absorbable units.

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16
Q

What is meant by absorption in the alimentary canal?

A

transfer of the absorbable products of digestion (with water, electrolytes and vitamins) from the digestive tract to the blood or lymph

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17
Q

What occurs to the lumen during circular muscle contraction

A

the lumen becomes narrower and longer

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18
Q

What occurs to the intestine during longitudinal muscle contractions

A

intestine become shorter and fatter

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19
Q

How does spontaneous electrical activity occur in the stomach, small and large intestines ?

A

It occurs as small waves

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20
Q

What does slow wave electrical activity determine?

A

the frequency, direction and velocity of rhythmic contractions

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21
Q

What cells control the electrical activity and where are they located?

A

ICC cells and they are located largely between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers but may be found elsewhere

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22
Q

What do ICCs form gap junctions with?

A

Each other and smooth muscle cells

23
Q

What is needed for contraction to occur in the intestines?

A

The depolarising slow waves must have a sufficient amplitude to reach a threshold to trigger smooth muscle cell calcium potentials

24
Q

what’s another name for slow waves?

A

Basic electrical rhythm

25
Q

What determines whether slow wave amplitude reaches threshold?

A

neuronal stimuli, hormonal stimuli and mechanical stimuli

26
Q

Excitatory effect that parasympathetic has on the GI tract

A

increased gastric, pancreatic and small intestinal secretion, blood flow and smooth muscle contraction

27
Q

Inhibitory effect that parasympathetic has on the GI tract

A

relaxation of some sphincters, receptive relaxation of stomach

28
Q

What is more important the sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

29
Q

excitatory effects that sympathetic has on GI tract?

A

some sphincter contract

30
Q

inhibitory effects sympathetic has on GI tract?

A

decreases motility, secretion, blood flow

31
Q

what us the enteric nervous system?

A

the system of nerve cells located in the gut wall

32
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Wave of relaxation followed by contraction that normally proceeds a short distance along the gut in an aboral direction

33
Q

What is segmentation?

A

rhythmic contractions of the circular muscle layer that mix and divide luminal contents

34
Q

where does segmentation occur?

A

the small and large intestine

35
Q

What is colonic mass movement?

A

The powerful sweeping contraction that forces faeces into the rectum (occurs a couple times a day)

36
Q

What is tonic contraction

A

sustained contractions

37
Q

Where does low pressure tonic contraction occur?

A

organs with a major storage function such as stomach

38
Q

where does high pressure tonic contraction occur?

A

sphincters

39
Q

What are the six sphincters?

A

Upper eosophageal sphincter (UOS), lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS), Pyloric sphincter, Ileocaecal sphincter, the internal and external anal sphincters

40
Q

What is the function of the upper oesophageal sphincter?

A

made up of skeletal muscle, relaxes to swallow and closes during inspiration to prevent air in stomach

41
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

regulates gastric emptying, usually prevents duodenal gastric reflux

42
Q

What is the function of the ileocaecal sphincter?

A

regulates flow from ileum to caecum, distention of ileum it opens and distention of proximal colon is closes

43
Q

What is the function of the internal and external anal sphincters?

A

are regulated by defaecation reflex

44
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jujunum and ileum

45
Q

What are the three types of salivary glands?

A

parotid, submandibular and sublingual

46
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

the appendix, caecum, the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon

47
Q

What joint is used to open the mouth?

A

temporomandibular joint

48
Q

what are the ‘closing’ muscles of the mouth?

A

masseter, temporalis and medial pterygoid

49
Q

What is the ‘opening’ muscle of the mouth?

A

the lateral pterygoid

50
Q

What nerve facilitates the opening of the mouth?

A

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve CN V3

51
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

A

glossopharyngeal

52
Q

Is the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue in the oral cavity?

A

no

53
Q

What direction does the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue face?

A

vertical

GI (34 decks)

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